Asphalt Test

ASPHALT
TECHNOLOGY
IMPORTANCE OF ASPHALT
ASPHALT
A dark brown to black cementitious
material, solid to semi-solid in
consistency in which the
predominating constituents are called
bitumen, which are found in nature, or
as residue in petroleum refining.
Properties of Asphalt
Physical
a. Consistency ranges from a very thin liquid to a stiff semisolid state.
b. Temperature Susceptibility thermoplastic substance.

c. Adhesion ability to stick to the agg.
d. Cohesion ability to hold the agg. particle firmly
e. Durability resistance of asphalt to changes in properties due
to weathering or aging.
f. Hardening asphalt hardens when heated to higher

temperature.
Chemical Composition of Asphalt

1. Asphaltenes
a. Gives Color
Black
b. Hardness
2. Maltenes
a. Resin provides stickiness (adhesiveness)
b. Oil influences viscosity of asphalt & imparts softness
Uses of Asphalt
1.
Binder
2.
Water proofing material
3.
Joint and crack filler
4.
Roofing
5.
Prime Coat
6.
Tack Coat
7.
Sealing (PCCP)
8.
Pipe Coating
Kinds of Asphalt
1. Natural Asphalt
a. Rock Asphalt
b. Lake Asphalt or Pure Deposit
2. Manufactured Asphalt
a. Asphalt Cement Penetration grade 40 to 300
b. Blown Asphalt Penetration grade 0 to 30
c. Liquid Asphalt Cutback asphalt & emulsified asphalt
Refining Process of Petroleum Asphalt

Asphalt is a natural component of
petroleum crude oil taken from the
hundred of thousand of oil wells
throughout the world today
CLASSIFICATION OF PAVING ASPHALT

A. Asphalt Cement or Hot Asphalt, 99% (bitumen) pure, 1%
impurities
Characteristics
1. Solid to semi-solid in consistency
2. Odorless
3. Black in Color
- Penetration Grades:
40-50, 60-70, 85-100, 120-150, 200-300

B. Liquid Asphalt
Cutback Asphalt blend of Asphalt Cement
+ Solvent
Classification:
1. Slow Curing (SC) Asphalt Cement + Non-volatile or
slowly volatile roads oils
- liquid at room temperature
- SC 70
- SC 250
- SC 800
- SC 3000

B. Liquid Asphalt
+ Solvent
Classification:
2. Medium Curing (MC) Asphalt Cement + Kerosene
- characteristic smell of kerosene
- MC 30
- MC 70
- MC 250
- MC 800
- MC 3000

B. Liquid Asphalt
+ Solvent
Classification:
3. Rapid Curing (RC) Asphalt Cement + Gasoline
- characteristic smell of gasoline
- RC 70
- RC 250
- RC 800
- RC 3000

B. Liquid Asphalt
Emulsified Asphalt blend of Asphalt Cement
+ Water + Emulsifier
- usually 60% asphalt and 40% water
Characteristics:
- Pungent Odor
- Chocolate brown in color

Emulsified Asphalt
Anionic Emulsified Asphalt
- Negatively Charged globules
Classifications:
- Rapid Setting (RS-1, RS-2)
- Medium Setting (MS-1, MS-2)
- Slow Setting (SS-1, SS-1h)

Emulsified Asphalt
Cationic Emulsified Asphalt
- Positively Charged globules
Classifications:
- Rapid Setting (CRS-1, CRS-2)
- Medium Setting (CMS-1, CMS-2)
- Slow Setting (CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Asphalt/Concrete Joint Sealer/Filler

- Hot poured elastic type
- Preformed/Pre-molded
Asphalt Cement
QUALITY/PHYSICAL TESTS:
1. Specific Gravity
2. Penetration
3. Loss on Heating
4. Penetration after Loss
5. Spot test
6. Flash Point
7. Ductility
8. Solubility
Emulsified Asphalt
1. Viscosity
2. Distillation
3. Cement Mixing
4. Sieve Test
5. Storage Stability
6. Test on Residue
a.
Penetration
b.
Ductility
c.
Stability
Cutback Asphalt
1. Viscosity
2. Flash Point
3. Distillation
4. Test on Residue
a. Penetration
b. Ductility
c. Solubility
d. Spot test
QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY indicates the uniformity of the
product/supply
APPARATUS: Fisher pycnometer, heating device, balance
a. Weigh pycnometer empty

product/supply
Fill the pycnometer with water

product/supply
b. Then weigh the pycnometer

product/supply
Pour the heated asphalt sample into the pycnometer to about

three fourths of its capacity.

product/supply
c. Cool the pycnometer and sample, then weigh with the cover.

product/supply
Fill the pycnometer with sample plus water

product/supply
d. Then weigh
Formula:
Specific Gravity = (c - a) [(b - a) - (d - c)]

2. PENETRATION determines the hardness of asphalt
Apparatus: Penetrometer, timer, mc can, water bath, thermometer
a. Pour heated sample in MC can then cool

b. Immerse in a water bath for 1-1/2 to 2 hours at a temperature

of 250C

c. Immediately after the curing period, perform the test. Take at

least three (3) penetration trials/readings, report the penetration
as the average of the three

3. LOSS ON HEATING determines the rate of loss of
volatile oil on asphalt when heated and the change in
penetration caused by excessive heating
Apparatus: Oven with revolving shelf, mc cans, balance
a. Weigh MC cans empty (take at least two trials)

b. Pour 50 grams each of the heated sample in the two MC cans.

c. Cool and weigh

3. LOSS ON HEATING determines the weigh of loss of
d. Place the samples in the rotating shelf of the oven maintained

at a temperature of 1630C for five (5) hours

d. Cool and weigh
Computation/Formula:
% loss = weight loss after heating x 100
mass of original sample

4. SPOT TEST determines if asphalt is over heated during
production
Apparatus: Florence flask, filter paper, pipette or buret,
balance, 25% xylene-heptane solution
a. Weigh 2 grams of the heated sample in a florence flask

production
b. Pour 10 ml of the solvent (25 % xylene heptane solution) in

the florence flask

production
c.
Swirl the flask to dissolve the sample with the aid of a boiling water bath.
The process is repeated until complete dispersion has taken place. Cool the
asphalt solvent mixture to room temperature for 30 min. then warm again
for 15 min in a water bath at 320C

production
c.
A drop of warm mixture shall be placed on the filter paper. Examine the
drop after 5 min. if the drop forms a brown or yellowish brown circular
stain, with a darker solid or annular nucleus in the center, the tests shall be
reported as positive. But if the drop forms a uniformly brown circular stain,
repeat placing the drop on another filter paper the following day. And if it
forms the same uniformly brown circular stain, then report it as negative,
but if the drop forms a solid or annular nucleus report it as positive.

5. FLASH POINT indicates the safe heating temperature
of asphalt
Apparatus: Cleveland Open Cup, thermometer
a. Fill the cup with the heated sample

of asphalt
b. Place the cup in the heater. Apply heat until the temperature of
the sample reaches at least 280C below the flash point

of asphalt
Test
flame
c. Pass the test flame across the center of the cup. Record as the
observed flash point the temp. when a flash appears at any
point on the surface of the sample.

6. DUCTILITY measures the ability of the asphalt to
stretch without breaking
Equipment/Apparatus:
1. Ductility machine

2. Ductility molds/base plate (brass plate)

Procedure:
a. Pour the heated sample into the prepared mold until it is level
full

b. Cool the sample and the mold for at least 30 mins. and then
place the mold in the water bath maintained at a temperature of
250C for 85 to 95 mins.

c. Remove the briquette from the plate, detach the side pieces and attach the
clips to the pins/hooks of the testing machine with a bath of the machine
maintained at 250C. Pull the clips apart at a rate of 5 cm/min. Measure and
record the distance through which the clips have been pulled to produce
rupture
JOB MIX FORMULA

The job-mix formula is the
primary quality control
mechanism for the production of
asphalt mixture, mixture, which
shall conform with following
ranges of tolerance:
Passing No. 4 and larger sieves

Passing No. 8 to No. 100 sieves
Passing No. 200 sieves
Bituminous material
Temperature of mixture
+/-7%
+/-4%
+/-2%
+/-0.4%
+/-10C
a.mixture shall have a minimum dry comprehensive

strength of 1.4Mpa (200psi)
b. The mixture shall have a mass percent air voids with
the range of 3 to 5.
c. The mixture shall have an index of retained strength of
nor less than 70%
The Marshall Stability

Method is the most commonly
used method in the design
and evaluation of bituminous
concrete mixes.
QUALITY CONTROL TEST

FOR ASPHALT MIX
A.
The immersion/Compression test
determines
the index of Retained
Strength of the mix.
Which is the ratio
of wet to dry stability of
the mix
(compressive strength).
QUALITY CONTROL TEST

FOR ASPHALT MIX
B. Extraction and Grading tests determines
asphalt content and practice size
distribution of coarse and fine
aggregates, respectively.
C. The laboratory density test determines
the degree of compaction.
Gradation Ranges Hot Plant Mix Bituminous Pavements

(Mass percent passing square sieves, AASHTO T 11 and T 27)
Sieve
Designation, mm
37.5 (1 inch.)
100
25 (1 inch.)
95-100
100
100
19 (3/4 inch)
75-95
95-100
95-100
100
100
12.5 (1/2 inch.)
68-86
68-86
95-100
100
100
9.5 (3/8 inch.)
54-75
56-78
56-78
74-92
95-100
95-100
4.75 (No.4)
36-58
36-60
36-60
48-70
75-90
45-85
30-50
2.36 (No. 8)
25-45
27-47
27-47
33-53
62-82
33-53
5-15
1.18 (No. 16)
18-37
18-37
22-40
38-58
0.600 (No. 30)
11-28
11-28
13-28
15-30
22-42
0.300 (No. 50)
6-20
9-20
10-20
11-28
10-20
0.075 (No. 200)
0-8
0-8
4-8
4-9
2-10
3-8
2-5
ITEM 310 BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SUREFACE COURSE

1995 STANDARD SPECIFICATION, GRADING E
JOB-MIXING FORMULA
ITEM 310-B
I. Gradation
Sieve Sizes
Inch
mm
Job Mix
Gradation
Job Mix
Specifications
Min.
Max.
General
Specifications
Min.
Max.
25.4
100
100
100
100
100
19
99
95
100
95
100
12.5
81
74
86
68
86
3/8
9.5
68
61
75
56
78
#4
4.75
50
43
57
38
60
#8
2.36
38
34
42
27
47
#16
1.18
28
24
32
18
37
#30
0.600
18
14
22
11
28
#50
0.300
11
15
20
#200
0.075

JOB-MIXING FORMULA
II. Asphalt Content

a. Asphalt Cement
b. % be Weight of Aggregates
c. % Weight of Mix
Penetration 60/70
5.52
5.23
III. Filler
Fly Ash
IV. Additives
Hydrated Lime
V. Temperature
Asphalt Cement
Aggregates
Mixing
Compaction
135oC
150oC
145oC
140oC
160oC
175oC
107oC minimum

JOB-MIXING FORMULA
B. BLENDING COMPOSITION OF
AGGREGATES
Bin No. 1 -- Sand
Bin No. 2 -- 3/8 Agg.
Filler Bin -- Cement
83.5%
16.0%
0.5%

JOB-MIXING FORMULA
C. GRADATION OF AGGREGATES
Sieve Designation
Result
General
Specification
Job-Mix
Specification
(12.5)
100
100
100
3/8
(9.5)
89
95-100
95-100
No.4
(4.75)
82
75-90
75-89
No.8
(2.36)
64
62-82
62-68
No.16
(1.18)
40
38-58
38-44
No.30
(0.60)
26
22-42
22-30
No.50
(0.30)
15
11-28
11-19
No.200
(0.075)
2-10
3-7
(inch)
(mm)

JOB-MIXING FORMULA
D. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific Gravity of Asphalt Cement =
Effective Sp. Gr. of Aggregates
=
1.03
2.79

JOB-MIXING FORMULA
E. TEST ITEM
Specifications
Items
Result
1. Optimum Asphalt Content (%) by. wt. of

mix
2. Stability (lbf)
3. Number of blows each face
4. Flow (0.01 in.)
5. Air Voids
6. Compacted Pavement Density (%)
7. Mixing Temperature, C
8. Compaction Temperature, C
9. Laying Temperature, C
5.50
2700
75
13
3.75
90
150
130
130
Min.
5.10
Max.
5.90
1800
8
3
90
130
120
120
16
3
+
165

MARSHALL TEST
Procedure:
1. Segregate the aggregates in different size according to their grading.
2. Batch wt.
3. Heating of aggregates.
A. Heating temperature of Aggregates - 177C-191C
B. Heating temperature of Asphalt 121C-138C
4. Mix mixing temperature
5. Mold the specimens
163C
Compaction Temp. 124C
Mold it by compaction 25 times with a heated Spatula fifteen times

around & remaining with at random over the mixture. The remaining
half of the mixture similar spading action repeated. No. of blows
depends on traffic you are designing.
MARSHALL TEST
6. The cool the specimen extrude the mold
after 24 hours.
7. Measure the specimen at four (4) angles
and get the average.
8. Get Gmb (Bulk Specific Gravity)
9. Water Cure 30-40 minutes at a
temperature of 60C.
10. Take the stability test by means of
Marshall apparatus and flow test.
Table 5.2 MARSHALL MIX DESIGN CRITERIA

Light Traffic
Surface and Base
Marshall Method Mix Criteria 1
Min
Compaction, number of blows

each end of specimen
Max
Medium Traffic
Surface & Base
Min
35
Max
Heavy Traffic
Surface & Base
Min
50
Max
75
Stability, N
(lb.)
3336
(750)
5338
(1200)
8006
(1800)
Flow, 0.25 mm (0.01 in.)
18
16
14
Percent Air Voids
65
75
Percent Voids in Mineral

Aggregate (VMA)
Percent Voids Filled With Asphalt
(VFA)
See Table 5.3
70
80
65
78
Common Distresses for Asphalt

Concrete Pavements
QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF CUTBACK ASPHALT

1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Apparatus: same
as in asphalt
cement
a. Weigh the pycnometer empty.

b. Weigh the pycnometer with water
c. Weigh the pycnometer filled with sample
c - a
Specific Gravity = ----------------b - a

1. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY measures the resistance of
the asphalt to flow
Viscometer, water bath, thermometer,
a.
Mount the viscometer in

the bath maintained at
600C
b. Mix the sample thoroughly

and measure a 20 ml
representative sample

the asphalt to flow
c. Introduce sample through the big tube into the cross arm until
the leading edge stands within 0.5ml of the fill mark

the asphalt to flow
d. Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath for around

ten(10) minutes to attain temperature equilibrium.

the asphalt to flow
e. Start the flow of asphalt in the viscometer by applying pressure

to the big tube or slight vacuum to the small tube, until gravity
flow is initiated.

the asphalt to flow
f. Record the time required for the leading edge of the meniscus
to pass from the first timing mark to the second.
Viscosity @ 600C, Cst = time in seconds x Calibration Constant of
viscometer, Centistokes / Second

2. DISTILLATION determines the asphalt content of
liquid asphalt
Distilling flask, condenser, adapter, shield, shield and flask
support, heat source (bunsen burner), graduated cylinder,
thermometer, balance
a. Weigh in a 500 ml flask the mass of a 200 ml of the sample

calculated based from the specific gravity of the material

liquid asphalt
b. Place the flask in the shield

supported by wire gauze in a
ring/tripod
c. Assemble the distillation

apparatus

liquid asphalt
d.
Pass cold water through the

condenser jacket. Apply heat
to the distilling flask
e. Record the volume of distillate

starting from 225C, 260 C ,
3150C

liquid asphalt
f.
When the temperature reaches

3600C, extinguish the flame &
remove the flask and
thermometer. Immediately pour
the contents of the flask in the
residue container
g. Record the total volume of

distillate collected at 3600C
Residue, % by volume
vol.of orig sample-total vol.of distillatex100
vol of original sample
TEST ON RESIDUE:
1. Penetration
2. Ductility
3. Solubility
4. Spot

3. FLASH POINT same significance as in asphalt cement
The procedure is similar to asphalt cement, the difference is just in
the method of heating the sample, since the flash point of cutback is
lower than asphalt cement: heating of sample is through a water
bath, not direct heating.
Apparatus: Tag open cup, thermometer
a.
Pour sample into the glass

container
b. Place the glass container in the

water bath and attached the
thermometer to the heater

3. FLASH POINT
c. Start heating the water bath with the glass container filled with
sample. Pass a test flame across the center of the cup. Record as
the observed flash point the temperature reading on the
thermometer when a flash appears at any point on the surface
of the sample.
QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALT

1. VISCOSITY SAYBOLT
Saybolt Viscometer and bath, 60 cc receiving flask, #100 sieve,
thermometer
b.
a.
Stir the sample thoroughly and pour

into a 100 ml. flask. Place the flask in
the water bath at 250C for 30 mins.
Place the cork stopper in

position and pour the sample
into the viscometer through
the No. 20 sieve

1. VISCOSITY, SAYBOLT
c.
Place a 60 cc receiving flask

under the outlet tube. Snap the
cork at the same time starting
the timer
d. Stop the timer the moment the

lower meniscus on the flask
reaches the 60 cc mark. Record
the effluent time in second.

2. SIEVE TEST determines the presence of larger globules
of asphalt in the emulsion
Sieve #20, pan, sodium oleate solution/distilled water, balance
a.
Record the mass of the sieve +

pan
b. Weigh 1000 gms of the emulsified

asphalt into a suitable container

c.
Pour the sample through sieve

No. 20.
d. Wash the container and residue

until the washwater is clear

e. Place the pan under the sieve and

f. Cool and weigh
oven dry for two hours at 1100C
Weight Residue
Sample Retained,% = ----------------------------X 100
1000

3. CEMENT MIXING determines the resistance of the emulsion
to breakdown on the job. It indicates the rate at which the
emulsion will break when mixed with aggregates
Apparatus/Materials: Sieves(#80 &14), dish(watch glass),

stirring rod, graduated cylinder, balance, cement, oven
a. Dilute the emulsion with distilled water to a residue of 55%, as determined

by the distillation test
Example: % residue = 58
55 58 x 100 = 95 ml of sample
For 100 ml solution:
100 - 95 = 5 ml of water for dilution

c. Sieve 50 grams of portland

cement through No. 80 sieve
d. Measure a 100 ml solution with the

computed proportion

e. Add the diluted solution to the 50

grams cement
f.
Stir the mixture at once with the

steel rod using a circular motion
at a rate of 60 rpm

g.
At the end of the one minute

mixing period, add 150 ml of
distilled water and continue the
stirring for 3 mins.
h. Weigh the No. 14 sieve with a pan

or watch glass

i.
Pour the mixture through a

weighed No. 14 sieve. Use
repeated washings to completely
remove material from the
mixing bowl
j. Pour the washings over the sieve

k.
Rinse the sieve using distilled

w a t e r, h e l d a t a h e i g h t
approximately 6 inches until the
water is clear.
l.
Place the sieve in the weighed

watch glass/shallow pan and oven
dry at 1630C until constant weight
Amount of Residue
Cement Mixing, % = -------------------------------- x 100
100

4. STORAGE STABILITY detect the tendency of the asphalt
globules in the emulsion to settle during storage
-- measures the permanence of the
dispersion as related to time
Apparatus/Materials: two(2) 500 ml cylinders, glass pipet,

balance, beakers(1000 ml cap), oven
a. Place a 500 ml sample to a glass cylinder

-- measures the permanence of the
dispersion as related to time
b. Stopper the cylinder and allow to stand undisturbed at

laboratory air temperature for 24 hours.
c. Remove approximately 55 ml from the top of the emulsion by
means of a pipet
d. Weigh 50 gms into the previously weighed beaker with a 7
inches glass rod inside and a watch glass
e. Take the total weight of the beaker
f.
Siphon off the next 390 ml from the cylinder without any
disturbance to the bottom sample

g.
Mix the emulsion remaining in the cylinder and weigh 50

grams into the previously weighed beaker with glass rod and
watch glass
h. Take the total weight of the beaker

i. Heat the two beakers containing the top and bottom sample in
a stove for an hour to remove water and then transfer in an
oven at a temperature of 1630C for an hour. Cool and weigh
j. The numerical difference in the asphalt contents of the top
and bottom samples represents the storage stability of the
emulsion

5. DETERMINATION OF RESIDUE BY EVAPORATION
determines the asphalt content of liquid asphalt
Apparatus: Iron still, heat source, thermometer
a. Weigh iron still empty. Pour 200 grams sample in the iron
still

b. Heat the iron still with sample until all water has evaporated,
increase the temperature to 260 C for 15 minutes. Extinguish
the flame and weigh the iron still with residue

c. Immediately pour the contents of the iron still into a residue

container
d. Calculate the percent residue
Formula:
Weight Residue
%, Residue = ------------------------------------ x 100
200
TESTS ON RESIDUE:
1. Penetration
2. Ductility
3. Solubility
Note: Same test procedures as in asphalt cement
BITUMINOUS MIXTURES
Bituminous Mixture
- is a combination of aggregate that are uniformly mixed
and coated with bituminous/asphalt materials such as
asphalt cement, cutback asphalt or emulsified asphalt
Kinds of Bituminous Mixture
- Bituminous/Asphalt Hot Mix
- Bituminous/Asphalt Cold Mix
BITUMINOUS MIXTURES
Composition of Bituminous Mixture
- Bituminous Mix or Hot Mix
Aggregate
+ Asphalt Cement
92% 95%
5% - 8%
- Bituminous Cold Mix

Aggregate + Cutback Asphalt
4.5% - 7%
Aggregate + Emulsified Asphalt
6% - 10%
AGGREGATES
Three kinds of aggregates for bituminous mix:
a. Coarse Aggregates retained on No. 8 and larger sieve

b. Fine Aggregates passing # 8 and retained on # 200
c. Mineral Filler passing # 200
Properties of Aggregates
1. Strength
2. Particle Shape
3. Surface Texture
4. Absorption and Specific Gravity
5. Gradation
6. Cleanliness
7. Affinity for asphalt
Properties of Bituminous Mixture

1. Stability -- ability to resist deformation from imposed
loads
* ability to resist shoving and rutting under
traffic
Causes and Effects of Pavement Instability
Causes
Effects
Excess asphalt in mix
Rutting and flushing or bleeding
Excess medium sand in

mixture
Tenderness during rolling & for

period after construction,
difficulty in compacting
Rounded aggregate, little

or no crushed surfaces
Rutting

2. Durability ability to resist the detrimental effects of air,
water, temperature and traffic
Causes and effects of lack of durability

Causes
Effects
Low asphalt content

High void content
through design or lack of
compaction
Water susceptible
(hydrophilic) aggregate
in mixtures
Dryness or raveling
Early hardening of asphalt
followed by cracking or
disintegration
Asphalt film strips from
aggregate leaving an
abraded, raveled or mushy
pavement

3. Flexibility ability to bend slightly without
cracking and to conform to gradual settlements and
movements of the base and sub grade.
Factors affecting Flexibility

- High asphalt content
- Gradation (open graded)

4. Fatigue Resistance ability to withstand repeated
flexing caused by the passage of wheel loads
Causes and effects of Poor Fatigue Resistance
Causes
Low asphalt content
High design voids
Effects
Fatigue cracking
Lack of compaction
Early aging of asphalt

followed by fatigue cracking
Inadequate pavement
thickness
Excessive bending followed

by fatigue cracking
Early aging of asphalt

followed by fatigue cracking

5. Skid Resistance ability to offer resistance to
slipping or skidding of the vehicle tires
Causes and effects of Poor Skid Resistance
Causes
Excess asphalt
Effects
Bleeding, low skid
resistance
Poorly textured or graded Smooth pavement,
aggregate
potential for
hydroplaning
Polishing aggregate in
Low skid resistance
mixture
6. Workability ease with which paving mixture

maybe placed and compacted
Causes and effects of Workability Problems
Causes
Effects
Large maximum-size particle
Rough surface, difficult to place
Excessive coarse aggregate
May be hard to compact
A mix temperature that is too

low
Uncoated aggregate, not

durable,rough surface hard to
compact
Too much medium-size sand
Mix shoves under roller,

remains tender
Low mineral filler content
Tender mix, high permeable
High mineral filler content
Mix may be dry or gummy hard

to handle, not durable

7. Impermeability - prevents the passage of air and
water into or through the asphalt pavement.
Causes and effects of Permeability
Causes
Effects
Low asphalt content
Thin asphalt films will cause

early aging and raveling
High voids content in design

mix
Water and air can easily enter

pavement, causing oxidation
and disintegration
Inadequate compaction
Will result in high voids in

pavement, leading to water
infiltration and low strength
QUALITY TESTS ON BITUMINOUS MIXES

1. EXTRACTION
2. GRADING/MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF
EXTRACTED AGGREGATES
3. BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY
4. STABILITY TEST
1. Immersion Compression test
2. Marshall Stability

1. EXTRACTION determines the amount of
asphalt present in the mix
W1 - W2
% Extraction
= ------------------------- x 100
(% Asphalt, by wt. of mix)
W1
Where:
W1 = weight of sample
W2 = weight of sample after extraction

2. GRADING determines the size distribution of aggregates
whether it is in conformance with the approved design
Sieve Size
Wt. Retained
Wt. Passing
3/8
No. 4
No. 8
No. 16
No. 30
No. 50
No. 200
SPECS refer to the approved job mix formula
% Passing
SPECS

Example: Job-Mix Formula: READYCON Trading
GRADING: Based on Grading E Item 310 =2004 DPWH
SPECS
Sieve Size
Cumulative, % Passing
100
3/8
98
No. 4
82
No. 8
64
No. 16
40
No. 30
26
No. 50
15
No. 200
Asphalt Content: % By Mass of Aggregates = 5.8

Example: Evaluation of a Job-Mix Formula
Sieve Size
%, Passing
Applying
Tolerances
100
100
3/8
98
95 100
No. 4
83
75 90
No. 8
64
62 82
No. 16
40
38 58
No. 30
26
22 42
No. 50
15
11 28
No. 200 of Tolerances:5

Ranges
Passing No. 4 and larger Sieves 7%
Passing No. 8 to No. 100 Sieves - 4%
Passing No. 200 Sieve - 2%
Bituminous Material - 0.4%
DPWH
SPECS
2 - 10
Grading
Specs to
Adopt

- for unit weight determination
- used in design computation
- used in computation of the degree of compaction:
Field Density/Specific Gravity
% of compaction = -------------------------------------------- x 100
Laboratory Density/Specific Gravity
Specs = 95%-97 %

4. STABILITY TEST
4.1 Immersion - Compression test (4 in dia. X 4 in ht)
- measurement of the loss of cohesion or adhesion
resulting from the action of water
- Dry Stability
- Wet Stability
Wet Stability
Index of retained strength, % = --------------------- x 100
Dry Stability
Specs = 70% minimum

4. STABILITY TEST
4.2 Marshall Stability = (4 in dia. X 2-1/2 in ht)
- intended for laboratory design and field control of
asphalt paving mixtures
Specs = refer to Marshall Design Criteria
TESTS ON BITUMINOUS MIXES
1. EXTRACTION
Apparatus/Material: Extraction machine, oven, pans,filter rings,graduated

cylinder, solvent(gasoline)
a. Place the sample in a pan and

heat/warm until it can be
handled or mixed
a. Mix the sample thoroughly,

quartering first before
sampling

1. EXTRACTION
c. Weigh an 850 grams sample
d. Place the sample in the bowl

1. EXTRACTION
e. Cover the sample with the

solvent (gasoline)
f. Weigh the filter ring

1. EXTRACTION
g. Fit the filter ring around the

edge of the bowl
h. Clamp the cover on the bowl

tightly.

1. EXTRACTION
i. Place container under the drain to collect the solvent. Start the
centrifuge revolving slowly and gradually increase the speed to a
maximum of 3600 RPm until the solvent ceases to flow from the
drains. Allow the machine to stop, add 200 ml (or more as appropriate
for mass of sample) solvent and repeat the procedure at least three (3)
times.

1. EXTRACTION
j. After the completion of the

process transfer the aggregates
from the bowl to the pan
k. Dry to constant mass together

with the filter ring in an oven at
110 50C. Cool and weigh

1. EXTRACTION
l. Cool the aggregates and the filter ring and weigh

1. EXTRACTION
Formula:
W1 - (W2 + W3)
Asphalt Content, %
= ------------------------------- x 100
by mass of dry aggregates
W2 + W3
where:
W1 = mass of sample, grams
W2 = mass of extracted aggregates, grams
W3 = increase in mass of filter ring, grams

2. GRADING/MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTED
AGGREGATES
Apparatus/materials: set of sieves, pans,heating device,balance, disbursing agent
a. The test sample (aggregate from

extraction test) after being dried &
weighed shall be placed in a container &
covered with water. Add a sufficient
amount of wetting or disbursing agent
such as calgon or soap which will
promote the separation of fine material
b. The contents of the container shall be

agitated vigorously

AGGREGATES
c. The wash water shall be poured over a

0.075 mm wash sieve. The operation
shall be repeated until the wash water
is clear.
d.. The washed aggregates in the

container shall be dried to constant
mass at a temperature of 110 50C
and weighed

AGGREGATES
e. The aggregate shall be sieved over

sieves of the various sizes required by
the specification covering the mixture,
including the 0.075 mm sieve
f.. The weight of material passing each

sieve and retained on the next and the
amount passing the 0.075 sieve shall
be recorded. Compute & report
percent (%) passing on each sieve

Apparatus:
specific gravity balance,
App
App
a. Weigh the specimen in air
b. Immerse the specimen in

water bath at 250C for 3 to 5
minutes. Weigh.

c. Surface dry the specimen by blotting with a damp towel/cloth. Weigh

Formula:
mass of the dry specimen in air, in grams
Bulk Specific Gravity, Gmb = ----------------------------------------------------------mass of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, in grams
-
mass of the specimen in water, in grams

3. IMMERSION COMPRESSION TEST
Apparatus: Testing machine,
balance, molds, supports, heating
device, oven, water bath, spatula
a. Weigh around 2000 grams of the

sample. The weighed sample shall
be brought to the molding
temperature which is 124 100C
b. Approximately one-half of the heated

mixture shall be placed in the molding
cylinder & spaded virgously 25 times
with 15 of the blows being delivered
around the inside of the mold & the
remaining 10 at random over the
mixture

c. The sample shall be spaded

vigorously 25 times with 15 of the
blows being delivered around the
inside of the mold & the remaining 10
at random over the mixture. The
remaining half of the mixture shall be
quickly transferred to to the molding
cylinder & the same spading action
d. The mixture shall be compressed

between the top & bottom plungers
under an initial load of 150 psi to set
the mixture against the sides of the
mold.

e. The mixture shall be compressed

between the top & bottom plungers
under an initial load of 150 psi to set
the mixture against the side of the
mold. The support bars shall then be
removed an the entire molding load of
3000 psi shall be applied for 120
second.
f. The specimen shall be remove from

the mold with an ejection device.
Make at least four specimen

g. After removal from the mold

specimen shall be oven cured for 24
hours at 600C
h. Allow the specimen to cool to room

temperature for at least two hours then
determine the bulk specific gravity

i.
Air dry the two specimens for at

least four hours prior to the
determination of the dry stability
j. Immerse the other two specimens in a

water bath with a temperature of 500C
for four days

k. Transfer the two specimens to another

water bath with a temperature of 250C
& store them there for two hours
l. Determine the wet stability
Formula:
Wet Stability
Index of retained strength, % = ----------------------------- x 100
Dry Stability

1. Hot Poured Elastic Type
TESTS
AASHTO M 173
Specification
a. Safe heating temperature,C
b. Pour Point,C
242 max
c. Flow at 60 C,mm
5.0 max
Penetration at 25C,
d.
150grams, 5 sec
90 max

2. Preformed:
S PE C I F I CAT I O N S
AASHTO M-33
AASHTO M-153
AASHTO M-213
689 5171 KPa
0.34 10.35 Mpa
689 5171 Kpa
Recovery
90% (min.)
70% (min.)
Density
304 Kg/m3 (min)
Compression
Water Absorption
Depends on thickness
AASHTO M-153
Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork Expansion Joint fillers for Concrete
Paving and Structural Construction
AASHTO M-213
Preformed Expansion Joint Fillers for Concrete Paving & Structural

Construction (Non extruding and Resilient Bituminous Type)
AASHTO M-33
Preformed Expansion Joint filler for Concrete (Bituminous Type)
MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS

One quality test for every . . . . . . . . . .
Kind of Materials
Quantity
Represented
Minimum Quantity
of Sample
Asphaltic Material
40 tonnes or 200 drums
4 liters/1 gallon
130 tonnes
20 kilograms
a. Hot Poured Elastic Type
Per shipment/Delivery
400 grams
b. Premolded/Preformed
Per shipment/Delivery
1 (400 mm x 400 mm)
I.
II. Asphalt Mix

III. Asphalt/Concrete Joint
Filler/Sealer
THANK YOU
GOD BLESS YOU !!!

Asphalt Test

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ASPHALT

b. Temperature Susceptibility thermoplastic substance.

f. Hardening asphalt hardens when heated to higher

Chemical Composition of Asphalt

Water proofing material

Joint and crack filler

Refining Process of Petroleum Asphalt

CLASSIFICATION OF PAVING ASPHALT

CLASSIFICATION OF PAVING ASPHALT

CLASSIFICATION OF PAVING ASPHALT

CLASSIFICATION OF PAVING ASPHALT

CLASSIFICATION OF PAVING ASPHALT

CLASSIFICATION OF PAVING ASPHALT

CLASSIFICATION OF PAVING ASPHALT

Asphalt/Concrete Joint Sealer/Filler

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

a. Weigh pycnometer empty

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

Fill the pycnometer with water

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

b. Then weigh the pycnometer

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

Pour the heated asphalt sample into the pycnometer to about

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

Fill the pycnometer with sample plus water

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

a. Pour heated sample in MC can then cool

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

b. Immerse in a water bath for 1-1/2 to 2 hours at a temperature

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

c. Immediately after the curing period, perform the test. Take at

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

a. Weigh MC cans empty (take at least two trials)

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

b. Pour 50 grams each of the heated sample in the two MC cans.

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

c. Cool and weigh

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

d. Place the samples in the rotating shelf of the oven maintained

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

d. Cool and weigh

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

a. Weigh 2 grams of the heated sample in a florence flask

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

b. Pour 10 ml of the solvent (25 % xylene heptane solution) in

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

a. Fill the cup with the heated sample

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

2. Ductility molds/base plate (brass plate)

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

QUALITY/PHYSICAL TEST OF ASPHALT CEMENT

JOB MIX FORMULA

Passing No. 4 and larger sieves

a.mixture shall have a minimum dry comprehensive

The Marshall Stability

QUALITY CONTROL TEST