THE EFFECTS OF BATHING PRACTICES

DURING MENSTRUAL PERIOD

ROMAR D. ALBERCA
MARK JAYSON E. ALISASIS
WARPELITO N. ANDO
CHRISTINE MARIE ANNTONIETTE C. GOMEZ
ROBERTO A. MANCAO JR.

October 2009
 THE EFFECTS OF BATHING PRACTICES
DURING MENSTRUAL PERIOD

A THESIS PRESENTED TO
THE FACULTY OF THE NURSING DEPARTMENT
SOUTH PHILIPPINE ADVENTIST COLLEGE-
ADVENTIST UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES,
CAMANCHILES, MATANAO DAVAO DEL SUR

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

ROMAR D. ALBERCA
MARK JAYSON E. ALISASIS
WARPELITO N. ANDO
CHRISTINE MARIE ANNTONIETTE C. GOMEZ
ROBERTO A. MANCAO JR.

October 2009
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis attached hereto, entitled, “The Effects of Bathing Practices During

Menstrual Period,” prepared and submitted by Romar D. Alberca, Mark Jayson E.

Alisasis, Warpelito N. Ando, Christine Marie Anntoniette C. Gomez, Roberto A. Mancao

Jr., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in

Nursing is hereby accepted.

CONSORCIO S. LAVADOR, MS
Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

JEE ANN M. MARATAS, RN, MAN, Ph. D

Chair

JARED R. MARATAS, Ph. D ________________

Member Date Signed

BERNARD A. CORDITA, MAT ________________

Member Date Signed

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Nursing.

JIMMY F. FADEROGAYA, Ph. D

Dean, Academic Affairs
________________
Date Signed

JEE ANN M. MARATAS, RN, MAN, Ph. D

Chairperson, Nursing Department
________________
Date Signed
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers wish to extend their unending gratefulness to Jared R. Maratas,

Ph.D., Jee Ann M. Maratas, RN, MAN, Ph.D., and Bernard A. Cordita, MAT; the

members of the panel, for their unconditional commitment, dedication, and hard work,

precious, time and their intelligent comments and corrections;

To Consorcio S. Lavador, MS, many thanks for the assistance, advice and

encouragement that challenge us to pursue this study;

To Karel Mei G. Navora, MALE, and Moises R. Perral, MALE, for the

corrections of the grammar of this manuscript;

To the administrators of South Philippine Adventist College, the researchers

would like to express their heartfelt gratitude and appreciation for they were allowed to

gather the necessary data that made this study possible;

To their parents, sincerest thanks and appreciation for the financial support and

fervent prayers, without them, their work would never come into reality;

Above all to God, the source of inspiration, wisdom, and saving grace, thanks be

to You.
 DEDICATION

This work is humbly dedicated to our supportive parents:

Mr. and Mrs. Romeo B. Alberca Sr.

Mr. and Mrs. Jimmy V. Alisasis

Mr. and Mrs. Wariole G. Ando

Mr. and Mrs. Roberto C. Mancao Sr.

Mr. and Mrs. Wilson F. Gomez

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
DEDICATION iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
ABSTRACT x

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3
Objectives of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Limitation of the Study 6

II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 7

Review of Related Literature and Studies 7

Bathing 7
Warm/Hot Water Bath 9
Cool/Tap Water Bath 9
Menstruation 10
Emotional Manifestations 12
Irritability 12
Insomnia 13
Loneliness 13
Tendency to Cry Easily 14
Mood Swing 14
Physical Manifestations 16
Headache 16
Breast Tenderness 17
Abdominal Bloating 19
Backache 19
Constipation 20
Changes in Appetite 20
Acne 21
Fatigue 23
Menstrual Cramps 23
Conceptual Framework 24
 Research Paradigm 25
Hypotheses 26
Definition of Terms 26

III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 28

Research Design 28
Locale of the Study 28
Respondents of the Study 30
Sampling Procedure 31
Data Gathering Procedure 31
Research Instrument 32
Statistical Treatment 33

IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF 34

DATA

Monthly Menstruation of the Respondents 34

Frequency of the Respondents’ Bathing Practices during Menstrual 35
Period
Respondents Using Warm/Hot Water Bath and Cool/Tap Water Bath 36
During Menstrual Period
The Respondent’s Level of Emotional Manifestations in terms of 37
Warm/Hot Water Bath
The Respondent’s Level of Emotional Manifestations in terms of 38
Cool/Tap Water Bath
The Respondent’s Level of Physical Manifestations in terms of 39
Warm/Hot Water Bath
The Respondent’s Level of Physical Manifestations in terms of 40
Cool/Tap Water Bath
The Significant Difference of the Level of Emotional Manifestations in 41
terms of Warm/Hot Water Bath and Cool/Tap Water Bath
The Significant Difference of the Level of Physical Manifestations in 42
terms of Warm/Hot Water Bath and Cool/Tap Water Bath

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 44

Summary of Findings 45
Conclusions 46
Recommendations 47

BIBLIOGRAPHY 48

APPENDICES 52
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1 Distribution of Respondents 31

2 Monthly Menstruation of the Respondents 34

3 Frequency of the Respondents’ Bathing Practices during Menstrual 35

Period 36

4 Respondents Using Warm/Hot Water Bath and Cool/Tap Water Bath

During Menstrual Period 37

5 The Respondent’s Level of Emotional Manifestations in terms of

Warm/Hot Water Bath 38

6 The Respondent’s Level of Emotional Manifestations in terms of

Cool/Tap Water Bath 39

7 The Respondent’s Level of Physical Manifestations in terms of

Warm/Hot Water Bath 40

8 The Respondent’s Level of Physical Manifestations in terms of

Cool/Tap Water Bath 41

9 The Significant Difference of the Level of Emotional Manifestations in

terms of Warm/Hot Water Bath and Cool/Tap Water Bath 42

10 The Significant Difference of the Level of Physical Manifestations in

terms of Warm/Hot Water Bath and Cool/Tap Water Bath

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1 Research Paradigm 25

2 Map of South Philippine Adventist College 29

 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

1 Survey Questionnaire 52

2 Communication Letter 54

3 Curriculum Vitae

4 Pictures
 ABSTRACT

Alberca, R.D., Alisasis, M.J.E., Ando, W.N., Gomez, C.M.A.C., and Mancao,

R.A., South Philippine Adventist College-Adventist University of the Philippines.

October 2009. The Effects of Bathing Practices During Menstrual Period.

The study was conducted at South Philippine Adventist College, Camanchiles,

Matanao, Davao del Sur. A descriptive type of research and a purposive sampling design

were used in this study. A self made questionnaire was used to gather the data.

The data shows that that an overall mean of 3.83 which means “Always” as a

response of the respondents indicates that women always take a bath during their

menstrual period. The mean score of 2.13 indicates that women sometimes when taking a

bath during menstruation, use warm/hot water, while the mean score of 3.03 shows that

women always use cool/tap water when taking a bath.

An overall mean of 2.07 indicates that the women must be moderate in taking a

bath during their menstrual period to avoid the severe level of emotional manifestations.

The level of emotional manifestations in terms of using cool/tap water has an overall

mean of 2.05 and this indicates that women who take a bath using cool/tap water bath

during menstruation period has a moderate level of emotional manifestations.

The level of physical manifestations in terms of cool/tap water bath has an overall

mean of 2.04 which indicates that using such water during menstruation, there would be

no severe physical manifestations.

Furthermore, the level of physical manifestations in terms of warm/hot water bath

has an overall mean of 2.23 which indicates that women who bathe with warm/hot water

during menstruation would have no severe physical manifestations while the level of
physical manifestations in terms of cool/tap water bath has an over all mean of 2.04

which indicates that women who take a bath using cool/tap water during menstruation

has a moderate level of physical manifestations.

The study shows that there is no significant difference on the level of emotional

manifestations observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period

in terms of having warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath. Furthermore, it was also

found out that there is no significant difference on the level of physical manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period in terms using

warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

Therefore, based on the findings of the study, those women who have bathing

practices in terms of using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath during their

menstrual period perceived moderate level of physical and emotional manifestations.

Based on the findings of the study, the following are the recommendations:

women are encouraged to take a bath during menstrual period to avoid severe level of

emotional and physical manifestations; second, the public health nurse and other health

care personnel must conduct community teachings that the practice of not taking a bath

during menstrual period for fear of having future complications is not true; and, they

must emphasize in their health teaching that women may and must take a bath during

menstruation.

On the other hand, the clinical instructors must stress out the effects of bathing

practices during menstrual period in their classes. And lastly, further study will be

conducted on the variables which are not included in the study such as the effects of

practicing indoor bathing and outdoor bathing during menstrual period.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Bathing is already a part of a human being’s life by the time he/she is born until

the time he/she grows and matures. This is due to hygienic purposes. Bathing is one of

the practices a person does everyday. In bathing, every person has his/her own preference

on what to use, either warm/hot water bath or cool/tap water bath.

Bathe (2009) stressed further that bathing it is the most enjoyable time of the day

to a man’s life. Bathing charges body with both vitality and vigor, cleansing both body

and mind.

Bathing and menstruation are seemingly conflict with each other because some

women do not take a bath and others do take a bath during menstruation. Women have

different beliefs on bathing during menstrual period that’s why some of them do not take

a bath during their menses.

But nowadays, many women practice bathing during their menstruation. They

found out that bathing during their menstrual period has a soothing effect in their body.

Some of them also found out that bathing during menstrual period makes them

comfortable despite of the discomfort or manifestations they are experiencing during

menstruation.

During menstrual period, women may experience physical and emotional

manifestations which makes them uncomfortable. These physical and emotional

symptoms that occur during menstruation have a different impact to each woman. This
impact or effect can range from a minor inconvenience to a major disruption. Some

women may find that their symptoms are severe enough to keep them from their daily

activities (http://www. knowmycycle.com/ menstrual-symptoms.aspx).

During menstruation a woman feels hot due to the hormonal changes happening

in her body, and bathing is the most convenient way to alleviate this discomfort. The

number of times a woman should take a bath in a day during menstrual period is a

personal choice as well as the temperature of the water to be used (Bate, 2009).

There are lot of wrong information and myths about menstrual period which

mislead the women of today. One of which is when a woman takes a bath during

menstrual period, she may develop a disease in the reproductive system. is a woman may

become crazy when she takes a bath during menstruation. Many women still believe this

wrong information and myths despite of the absence of evidence. These reasons opened

the interest of the researchers to have this study because their aim is to discover the

effects of bathing during menstrual period whether it could lessen or worsen the

emotional and physical manifestation experienced by a woman during menstruation. It is

their goal to provide factual information to the readers of this study about the effects of

taking a bath during menstrual period.

 Statement of the Problem

The study discusses on how often should the women observe bathing practices

with warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath during menstruation. The study shows

also the effects of warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath during menstrual period

to the level of emotional and physical manifestations as experienced by a woman during

menstruation.

Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. To what extent do women observe bathing practices with the use of:

1.1) Warm/Hot Water Bath,

1.2) Cool/Tap Water Bath

2. What is the level of emotional manifestations observed by women who has bathing

practices during menstrual period with:

2.1) Warm/Hot Bath,

2.2) Cool/Tap Water Bath

3. What is the level of physical manifestations observed by women who has bathing

practices during menstrual period in terms of:

3.1) Warm/Hot Bath,

3.2) Cool/Tap Water Bath

4. Is there a significant difference on the level of emotional manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period using

warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

 5. Is there a significant difference on the level of physical manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period in using

warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to determine the bathing practices using

different kinds of water temperature (warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath)

during menstrual period.

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. Identify what extent do women observe bathing practices using warm/hot water

bath and cool/tap water bath.

2. Determine the level of emotional manifestations observed by women who have

bathing practices during menstrual period using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap

water bath.

3. Determine the level of physical manifestations observed by women who have

bathing practices during menstrual period using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap

water bath.

4. Identify the significant difference on the level of emotional manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period using

warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

5. Identify the significant difference on the level of physical manifestations observed

by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period using warm/hot

water bath and cool/tap water bath.

 Significance of the Study

The study was conducted to determine the effects of bathing practices during

menstruation. It was done to give additional information about the bathing practices

during menstrual period to the following groups of people:

Women. This study would give factual information about the truth if bathing during

menstruation can really worsen the physical and emotional manifestations.

Community. The study would help the people understand that the notion on taking a

bath during menstruation has bad effects is just a myth.

Public Health Nurse. The result of the study would give additional knowledge on the

health information drive of the public health nurse about the effects of warm/hot water

bath and cool/tap water bath to the women during menstruation.

Clinical Instructors. The study would help the Clinical Instructors as they discuss the

class about the topic on menstruation. This would serve as one of the references the

effects of bathing practices during menstrual period.

Future Researchers. This would serve as a reference and a guide to the future

researchers on what variables they would include or focus as they conduct another study

related to this topic.

 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of the study is on the bathing practices of women during menstrual

period. Specifically, it discusses on the effects of warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water

bath during menstruation to the level of emotional and physical manifestations

experienced by women during menstruation.

This study was conducted at South Philippine Adventist College, Camanchilles,

Matanao, Davao del Sur. There were 30 respondents in this study: 15 of them are the

college women who take a bath with warm/hot water and the other 15 are those college

women who used to take a bath using cool/tap water during menstruation.

This study was limited only to the respondents whose age cluster from fifteen to

twenty one years old. In addition, this limits also on the discussion of emotional

manifestations and physical manifestations to women who practice bathing during

menstrual period.
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter discusses on the review of related literature and studies, conceptual

framework, research paradigm, hypothesis of the study and the definition of terms.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Bathing

The skin is the first line of defense against microorganisms entering the body.

Thus, keeping skin intact and healthy is important in preventing infection. Increased

perspiration interacts with bacteria on the skin to cause body odor, which can be

offensive and promote bacterial growth. Regular bathing removes excess oil,

perspiration, and bacteria from the skin surface (Craven and Hirnle, 2007).

Ramont, Maldonado, and Towle (2006) stated in their book that bathing also

produces a sense of well being. It is refreshing and relaxing and frequently improves

morale, appearance, and self-respect. Some people take a morning shower for its

refreshing, stimulating effect. Others prefer an evening bath because it is relaxing. Criven

and Hirnle (2007) emphasized in their book that some people prefer to bathe in the

morning and others find that an evening bath is relaxing and promotes a good night’s

sleep.

The term bathing refers to “the art of cleansing one's body for hygienic or

therapeutic purposes.” It is a part of the daily activity of a human being and taking a bath

is usually necessary in order to prevent various germs and diseases from contaminating
the body. And hydrotherapy is a common means of bathing by which it is possible for

one to heal injuries or attain relaxation of the mind and body (http://

www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/bathing-and-cleansing-300031.html).

The use of water to stimulate healing may be the next-oldest form of medical

treatment. The hydrotherapy is among the treatments used in ancient Egypt and India and

is mentioned in the oldest writings known to still exist, the Vedas

(http://www.southbaytotalhealth.com/Hydrotherapy.htm). Even with the Roman

civilization’s low-tech approach the promotion and preservation of health was strongly

rooted to natural health as stated in http://naturalhealthperspective.com/ tutorials/

history.html.

Hydrotherapy takes advantage of water's unique ability to store and transmit both cold

and heat (http://www.backpainhelpsite.com/balneotherapy.php). The water temperature is

an important element in hydrotherapy. The greater the difference in alternating water

temperatures used during a treatment, the better the effects will be. Heat applied to the

skin draws blood to the surface temporarily, while cold water has the initial effect of

driving it away. The lasting effect is of warmth, since, by the laws of action and reaction,

blood must circulate back to the vessels and tissues it came from

(http://www.womensonlinespa.com/hydrotherapy_baths.htm states).

Taking a bath or shower during menstrual period is really important to keep clean

and to fight off any odors that may occur. Also, women tend to sweat more during their

period so taking a bath or a shower will also help them feel fresher

(http://www.kotexfits.com/faqs/menstruation/#a12).
Warm/Hot Water Bath

A Hot bath or shower consists of a water temperature ranging between 35.5°C to

40.6°C. Hot baths or hot water showers can stimulate the immune system and increase

circulation. By soothing nerves, hot water calms and relaxes the body. Hot water can also

cleanse the skin, and moisturize it too; pores are opened and take in water. (http://www.

womenshealthcaretopics.com/bn_bodysoul_Benefits_Varying_water_temperatures.htm).

Hot water acts as a sedative on the sensory and motor nerves and relieves pains,

cramps and spasms. Hot water application can raise local temperatures, metabolic rate

and oxygen consumption, thus increasing blood volume and pulse rate (http://www.

lifepositive.com/Body/naturopathy/hydrotherapy/water-healing.asp).

Norton (2009) stressed out in his article that warm water helps to calm and relax

the body. By putting yourself in the warm water bath or shower, it helps to relieve the

tension of the body resulting in lessening the symptoms of anxiety, emotional and

physical stress, tiredness and fatigue.

Cool/Tap Water Bath

The cold bath or showers which consists of temperatures varying from 10°C to

21°C may be used to stimulate a woman’s metabolism. Cold baths can wake both you

and your muscles up during morning hours, revitalize the body after work; help cool

down a sunburn and prevent it from penetrating to deeper layers of the skin, and it can

temporarily alleviate skin irritations such as insect bites and minor skin allergies

(http://www.womenshealthcaretopics.com/bn_bodysoul_Benefits_Varying_water_temper

atures.htm).
 Norton (2009) stated, “Cold water reduces the inflammation or infection caused

by inability of immune system or liver function in fighting against the invasion of

bacteria and virus or forming of free radicals. By increasing the function of immune

system, it helps to reduce stress and lessen the symptoms of PMS.”

A study performed at the University of Hull found the regime of cold showers taken by

athletes could reduce stress levels and create mental toughness. But a word of caution, be

sure that your heart, arteries and blood pressure can stand the shock. Because of the

sudden drop in body temperature, the increase in pulse and respiration, as well as the

dilation of blood vessels, this temperature should only be used for short periods of time,

not over 3 minutes, more as a dip than an actual immersion. After the cold water

experience, always towel dry completely and quickly. The use of cold water temperatures

should only be used by the healthiest of individuals

(http://www.womenshealthcaretopics.com/bn_bodysoul_Benefits_Varying_water_temper

atures.htm).

Menstruation

Menstruation is a woman's monthly bleeding, it is also called a period. When you

menstruate, your body is shedding the lining of the uterus (womb). Menstrual blood

flows from the uterus through the small opening in the cervix, and passes out of the body

through the vagina. Most menstrual periods last from three to five days. Menstruation is

part of the menstrual cycle, which prepares your body for pregnancy each month. A cycle

is counted from the first day of one period to the first day of the next period. The average

menstrual cycle is 28 days long. Cycles can range anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults
and from 21 to 45 days in young teens. Body chemicals called hormones rise and fall

during the month to make the menstrual cycle happen (http://www.womenshealth.

gov/faq/menstruation.cfm).

Menstruation is the term given to the periodic discharge of blood, tissue, fluid and

mucus from the reproductive organs of sexually mature females. The flow usually lasts

from 3 - 6 days each month and is caused by a sudden reduction in the hormones estrogen

and progesterone. It is the hormones that govern this process. Hormones are a chemical

substance, produced by an organ, gland or special cells, that is carried through the

bloodstream to regulate the activity of certain organs. It is the balance and interplay

between these hormones which regulate the specific events that make up the menstrual

cycle (http://www.menstruation.com.au/periodpages/menstrualcycles.html).

The area of the brain called the hypothalamus, together with the pituitary gland,

control the hormones necessary for reproductive health. Six hormones serve as chemical

messengers to your reproductive system. These hormones include gonadotropin-releasing

hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH),

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. During menstrual cycle, GnRH is released first

by the hypothalamus. This causes a chemical reaction in the pituitary gland and

stimulates the production of FSH and LH. Estrogen, progesterone, and are produced by

the ovaries in reaction to stimulation by FSH and LH. When these hormones work in

unison, normal menstrual cycles occur (Tracee, 2008).

During menstruation, women experiences discomforts or manifestations that may

hinder their daily activity. These manifestations are grouped into two: physical

manifestations and emotional manifestations.

Emotional Manifestations

A number of symptoms can be associated with the menstrual cycle. Generally,

these symptoms fall into one of two categories: physical or emotional. Some of the

emotional symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle are depression, angry outburst,

irritability, anxiety, confusion, social withdrawal, and mood changes (http://www.

knowmycycle.com/menstrual-symptoms.aspx).

It is also enumerated in the article found in http://www.imaginis.com/womens

health/menstruation2.asp the lists of emotional symptoms associated with the menstrual

cycle. These symptoms are difficulty concentrating, anxiety, depression, irritability,

sleeplessness, and mood swing.

Irritability

Irritability is a state of extreme sensitivity to stimulation of any kind. Very often

these people feel stressed, impatient or might easily become angry. Irritability is a kind of

signal, that an unpleasant or potentially threatening situation cannot be avoided or solved

in an appropriate way (Winkler, 2008).

Hutchinson and Love (2009) emphasize in their article that the primary

underlying cause of irritability during menstrual period is hormonal imbalance.

Fluctuating estrogen levels have a direct, though complex, effect on the brain's regulation

of mood and emotion. Thus, changing levels of estrogen in the body can increase the risk

of experiencing irritability.
Insomnia

According to Berkow (1997) in his book, “Insomnia is difficulty falling asleep or

staying asleep that makes people feel as if they’ve had insufficient sleep when they

awaken. Insomnia isn’t a disease—it’s a symptom that has many different causes,

including emotional and physical disorders and medication use.”

Insomnia is the inability to sleep when sleep should normally occur. Insomnia

may stem from a disruption of the body's circadian rhythm, an internal clock that governs

the timing of hormone production, sleep, body temperature, and other functions

(http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/insomnia-000096.htm).

Progesterone promotes sleep, and levels of this hormone plunge during

menstruation, causing insomnia. When they rise during ovulation, women may become

sleepier than usual (http://adam.about.com/reports/000027_1.htm).

Michaud and Julie (2009) stressed out in their article that many women will have

trouble sleeping due to bloating, breast tenderness, backaches, or pelvic aches and pains

during their periods. It is also associated with a rapid drop in the hormone progesterone.

Progesterone is a soporific, a sedative-type drug that your body gives you every month

when you ovulate. Then, just before the period, its production either slows to a trickle or

falls dramatically.

Loneliness

Loneliness is one of the scourges of humanity. It seems to affect everyone

regardless of age or ethnicity. Whether one is a PhD or high school dropout, rich or poor,

everyone is equally vulnerable. What exactly is loneliness? It is a feeling that intimacy,

understanding, friendship, and acceptance are missing from one's life. It is a feeling of

isolation or separation from others, a feeling of being all alone (http://www. personal-

development.com/chuck).

Loneliness is a feeling where people experience a powerful surge of emptiness

and solitude. Loneliness is more than the feeling of wanting company or wanting to do

something with another person. Someone who is lonely may find it hard to form human

contact (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness).

Tendency to Cry Easily

Crying proneness reportedly increased before menstruation. Menses is associated

with physical discomforts explaining the association with crying. Crying is generally

associated with distress and discomfort, and is also part of the premenstrual syndrome in

women (http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P3- 535022261. html).

During no phase of the menstrual cycle, actual crying episodes nor crying

proneness was increased, although significant changes in mood were reported. Crying

was expected to vary across the menstrual cycle with variations in mood, in direct

response to physical symptoms including pain and discomfort associated with the

menstrual cycle, or by changes in female sex hormones or in neurotransmitter activity

that lower the threshold to shed tears (http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=14637).

Mood Swing

According to Hutchinson and Love (2009), “Menstrual mood swings are a

psychological disorder generally defined as "rapidly changing of unpredictable moods". It

means that a woman will suffer sudden and intense changes in humor that are

incomprehensible. In some situations, women might not know why they are sad or angry

nor how to react in them.”

The monthly mood swings experienced by many women may serve an

evolutionary purpose by helping to get them pregnant. Levels of sex hormones such as

oestrogen and progesterone fluctuate throughout a woman's monthly menstrual cycle.

During the follicular phase at the start of the cycle, the egg is maturing and the body

releases oestrogen, while during the luteal phase, when a fertilised egg might implant,

progesterone is secreted. (Rowan, 2007)

On the other hand, Hutchinson and Love (2009) stressed out that menstrual mood

swings causes are usually divided into two: psychological and physical. However, it's

generally accepted that physical causes are responsible for these menstrual mood swings.

Psychological causes for menstrual mood swings are grouped in two, the ones

related to maniac disorders which are really uncommon, and the ones related to life

stresses. The first ones are characterized because they are rare hereditary diseases

provoked by chemical imbalance in the brain. The second group is related to daily stress,

overwork and fatigue, which can make them lose emotional stability. Either way, keep in

mind that the physical causes for menstrual mood swings are much more likely to

happen.

Physical causes for menstrual mood swings: hormones like estrogen and

progesterone have a definite effect on your mental state and produce menstrual mood

swings since they regulate serotonin levels in your brain, which is the chemical that

manipulates mood. Your humor will go along with your serotonin levels. So, If your
serotonin happens to drop, so will your mood; and if it rises, your mood will too.

Therefore, mood swings appear when your serotonin is not controlled properly.

Physical Manifestations

Physical and emotional symptoms that occur during the menstrual cycle can

impact each woman differently. They can range from a minor inconvenience to a major

disruption. Some women may find that their symptoms are severe enough to keep them

from their daily activities. Some of the common physical symptoms associated with the

menstrual cycle are breast tenderness, bloating, headache, swelling of extremities, and

cramps (http://www.knowmycycle.com/menstrual-symptoms.aspx).

It is also enumerated in the article found in http://www.imaginis.com/

womenshealth/menstruation2.asp the list of physical symptoms associated with the

menstrual cycle. These symptoms are breast tenderness, bloating, headache, backache,

fatigue, menstrual cramps, acne, and food cravings.

Headache

Most women have a number of symptoms during their monthly menstrual cycle

and one of them is the menstrual headache. It is believed that about 60 per cent of women

will suffer from menstrual headaches out of which approximately 10 per cent only will

experience migraines during the time of their monthly cycle only

(http://www.frequentheadache.net/types/menstrual_headaches.php).

Headache is defined as pain in the head or upper neck. It is one of the most

common locations of pain in the body and has many causes (Wedro, 2009). Headaches
are among the most common medical problems. Some people have headaches often,

while others hardly ever have them. Both chronic and recurring headaches may be painful

and distressing but rarely reflect a serious medical condition. (Orlandi, Prere, and Speace,

1989).

Menstrual headaches are primarily caused by estrogen, the female sex hormone

that specifically regulates the menstrual cycle fluctuations throughout the cycle. When

the levels of estrogen and progesterone change, women will be more vulnerable to

headaches (http://www.depression-guide.com/headaches/menstrual-headache.htm).

Women experience a great change in the levels of hormones during the menstrual period,

progesterone and estrogen decline in the late stages of the cycle, which works as a trigger

for the menstrual headache (http://www.frequentheadache.net/types/menstrual_

headaches.php).

Breast Tenderness

According to Susan and Love (2009) that a lot of women will probably have

breast tenderness during menstruation periods. A woman's life can be significantly

disturbed by breast tenderness, and it can turn much worse if not given the necessary

attention. Therefore, it is important to understand breast tenderness in order to deal with it

effectively.

Susan and Love (2009) discuss further that breast tenderness can be explained as

pain, soreness or any discomfort in the breasts. Also, breast tenderness is generally

associated with swelling. A certain degree of breast tenderness is normal during

menstruation periods, pregnancy and breast-feeding. It is slightly noticeable, little

uncomfortable, but this symptom stabilize after those periods end. However, most women

will suffer severe breast tenderness when approaching menopause (this includes during

and after it).

Right before and during menstruation, higher-than-usual levels of the female

hormone estrogen may cause one or both breasts to swell and become tender. Discomfort

ranges from mild tenderness in some women to excruciating pain in others

(http://www.bodyandfitness.com/Information/Womenhealth/breast2.htm). This idea was

supported by Storck (2008) that breast tenderness may range from mild to severe.

Symptoms typically peak just before each menstrual period and improve immediately

after or during the menstrual period.

Breast tenderness during menstruation periods can be caused by various factors.

Most of the cases, unbalanced level of estrogen hormones is the main cause for breast

tenderness during menstruation periods.

The most common cause for breast tenderness during menstruation periods is

hormonal imbalance. During the menstrual cycle, estrogen and progesterone levels vary

in different ways. Normally, when estrogen is down and progesterone is up, breasts get

bigger in size. But, hormonal imbalance could alter this cycle, making breasts even

bigger, more susceptible to pain, and for more prolonged periods. Therefore, when

hormones are not balanced and estrogen levels decrease more than progesterone ones, it

ends in breast tenderness.

Abdominal Bloating

Bloating is defined as a feeling of fullness or tightness in the abdominal area that

can lead to a certain degree of discomfort or even pain (http://www.34-menopause-

symptoms.com/bloating.htm). Bloating, or "water retention," happens to 85 percent of

women during their periods. The cause of bloating during menstruation is believed to be

linked to hormone changes in a woman's body (http://www.ehow.com/how-

does_5326950_causes-bloating-during-menstruation.html).

Orlandi, Prere, and Speace (1989) stated, “Bloating is caused by fluid retention.

The mechanics are that estrogen, an important hormone in the menstrual cycle, interferes

with your body’s ability to flush out excess water by urination. When this water stays in

the body, you feel bloated.”

Estrogen is important for a couple of reasons. First of all, it has an effect on the

retention of water that occurs naturally as part of a woman´s menstrual cycle. Women

tend to retain more in the days leading up to menstruation as a result of the rising

estrogen levels (http://www.34-menopause-symptoms.com/bloating.htm).

Backache

Lower back pain during menstruation is one of the most common occurrences

among women. There could be more than one reason for women suffering from back

pain (http://health.top54u.com/post/Lower-Back-Pain-During-Menstruation.aspx).

Back muscle pain can be caused by the same hormonal changes that cause

abdominal cramping during the period. Chemicals called prostaglandins are responsible

for promoting uterine contractions during menstruation. These same chemicals can cause
havoc throughout the body and especially in the lower back muscles (http://www.cure-

back-pain.org/menstrual-back-pain.html).

Constipation

Orlandi, Prere, and Speace (1989) stated that constipation is often a problem

before or during menstruation. Hormones probably cause these digestive disturbances,

too.

Many women experience constipation just before and during menstruation. The

reasons for this condition before periods are numerous - but correctable (http://www.

health- directories. com /constipation-beforeperiods.html).

During the menstrual cycle, the body goes through certain hormonal changes.

There is a surge of progesterone just before the onset of menstruation and the

progesterone level falls when the menstrual flow starts. Progesterone causes delayed

gastrointestinal transit time, meaning that it slows down the gut and hence aggravates

constipation. With the fall in progesterone, there is an increase in bowel activity, which is

why your constipation goes away with the start of the menses (Shea, 2009).

Changes in Appetite

A food craving is more than a preference for particular foods, or an impulse to

buy certain snacks. A food craving is an insistent desire for a type of food (eg. candy,

pizza) which we often go to some lengths to satisfy (http://www.annecollins.com/weight-

loss/food-cravings.htm).
 Changes in hormones can cause food craving. Menstruation can also trigger food

craving (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_do_you_get_constipation_before_menstruation

). The fact that the strongest food cravings occur in the week prior to menstruation, or

during pregnancy, suggests that hormonal swings have an influence on this type of urge

to eat (http://www.tinajuanfitness.info/articles/art040699.html).

Acne

Berkow (1997) mentioned in his book that acne is a common skin condition in

which the skin pores become clogged, leading to pimples and inflamed, infected

abscesses (collection of pus). Acne may appear with each menstrual period in young

women and may clear up or substantially worsen during pregnancy.

Acne is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by clogged pores,

blackheads, and pimples. The oil glands, or sebaceous glands, are connected to hair

follicles and release a substance known as sebum that lubricates hair and skin. Usually,

sebum travels up the hair follicle and out onto your skin. But when the sebaceous glands

produce too much oil that combines with dead skin cells, the follicles become blocked

and inflamed (Ehrlich, 2008).

One of the risk factors of acne is hormonal changes which are common during

adolescence, pregnancy, or menstruation (acne tends to flare up 2-7 days before

menstruation begins) (http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/acne-000001.htm).

According to Jones (2008) in his article, “For women, one of the most likely times

to develop acne other than pregnancy is during menstruation. It is very common to have
breakouts of acne during menstruation, and this usually occurs on the lower face, chin

and jawline.”

Studies of menstruation-age women have shown that acne lesions tend to become

more prominent in the week before menstruation, and remain more prominent for 7 to 10

days. The lesions usually return to premenstruation appearance after the menstruation

cycle is completed (http://www.zenmedonline.com/articles/acne/acne-facts/

menstruation.htm).

Jones (2008) stressed out that acne during menstruation is mainly caused due to

hormonal fluctuations that occur in women’s body during the menstrual cycle. Many

women may feel embarrassed about this condition because they don't want a sign for

everyone telling them 'it's that time' again. This is especially true for women who only

develop acne during the menstrual cycle. However, a few lifestyle changes now can

prevent further breakouts.

As mentioned, acne during menstruation can be affected by hormonal imbalances.

Acne at this time is mainly influenced by androgens which are hormones that stimulate

the sebaceous glands and hair follicles in the skin. One of the major players that can

affect the levels of androgens is stress. Thus high stress levels can promote further acne

flare ups. This is a vicious circle, because the appearance of acne may increase a woman's

stress levels.

Any major player in causing acne can be diet. Studies have shown that acne

occurs more frequently during the week before menstruation and these conditions remain

present for about a week.

Fatigue

Fatigue is defined as an ongoing and persistent feeling of weakness, tiredness, and

lowered energy level. This should be distinguished from drowsiness, which implies an

actual urge to sleep. Fatigue involves lack of energy rather than sleepiness.

Hormones also play a role in regulating the sleep cycle. These fluctuations will

also affect a woman´s ability to get a good night of rest, leading to fatigue in the morning

(http://www.34-menopause-symptoms.com/fatigue.htm).

Menstrual Cramps

Menstrual cramps are pains in the abdominal (belly) and pelvic areas that are

experienced by a woman as a result of her menstrual period. Menstrual cramps can range

from mild to quite severe. Mild menstrual cramps may be barely noticeable and of short

duration - sometimes felt just as a sense of light heaviness in the belly. Severe menstrual

cramps can be so painful that they interfere with a woman's regular activities for several

days. The medical term for menstrual cramps is dysmenorrhea (http://www.medicinenet.

com /menstrual_cramps/ article.htm).

Menstrual cramps are caused by uterine contractions (when your uterus tightens

and relaxes allowing blood to leave your uterus). The lining of your uterus releases

special chemicals called "prostaglandins". These substances can increase the intensity of

the contractions especially if the levels rise (http://www.youngwomenshealth.org/

menstrual8.html).

Almost every woman who menstruates will experience some type of menstrual

cramp during her periods. They can range from very mild to debilitating. As many as one
in four women experience such severe menstrual cramps that they need to call in sick for

work or take the day off school (http://www.epigee.org/menstruation_cramps.html).

Conceptual Framework

This study is based on the theory of hydrotherapy, focuses on two properties such

as water temperature and buoyancy. First, water is an excellent substance with which to

carry temperature through. It can retain cold and heat in a form that can easily be applied

to the body. These temperatures then affect the ways in which the body works. In

particular, temperature helps to aid in the dilation and constriction of blood vessels. This

change in the blood vessels allows for improved circulation, better waste removal, and

faster healing.

Second, water also appears to be an effective pain reliever because of the buoyancy it

offers. Water helps to support all areas of the body, contributing to reduce muscle and

joint strain while invigorating muscles. The natural movement of water also helps to

stimulate touch receptors in your skin. This causes your body to produce electronic

impulses, which trigger the release of various chemicals and hormones. These hormones

help your body to heal and feel soothed. In addition,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrotherapy pointed out that the buoyancy of the water

reduces body weight by approximately 35-30%, relieving pressure on joints and muscles,

while creating the relaxing sensation of floating in space.

 Research Paradigm

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Menstrual Manifestations
• Emotional Manifestations
• Irritability
• Insomnia
• Loneliness
• Tendency to cry easily
• Mood swing
Bathing Practices
• Physical Manifestations
• Warm/Hot Water Bath
• Headache
• Cool/Tap Water Bath
• Breast tenderness
• Abdominal bloating
• Backache
• Constipation
• Changes in Appetite
• Acne
• Fatigue
• Menstrual Cramps

Figure 1: Research Paradigm showing the Independent and Dependent Variables of the
Study
 Hypotheses

The following hypotheses of the study are stated in the null and alternative forms:

1. H0: There is no significant difference on the level of emotional manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period using

warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

2. H0: There is no significant difference on the level of physical manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period using

warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

3. H1: There is a significant difference on the level of emotional manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period in terms

of using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

4. H1: There is a significant difference on the level of physical manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period in terms

of using warm/ hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

Definition of Terms

The following are the operational terms used in the study:

Abdominal bloating. This refers to abdominal distention caused by accumulation of

flatus in the abdomen.

Acne. This pertains to self-limiting inflammatory condition of the sebaceous gland.

Backache. This word refers to pain in the lumbar, lumbosacral, or cervical region of the

back, varying in sharpness and intensity.

Bathing. This word defines as cleaning of the body for the purposes of relaxation,

cleanliness, and healing.

Breast tenderness. This refers to pain in the breast.

Constipation. This pertains to irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the

bowels.

Cool water bath. This defines as to bath using cool water.

Emotional manifestation. This word refers to emotional signs and symptoms that occur

during menstruation.

Fatigue. This word defines as physical or mental weariness resulting from exertion.

Headache. This pertains to pain in the head.

Insomnia. This refers to the inability to obtain an adequate amount or quality of sleep.

Irritability. This defines as the quality of being irritable or of responding to a stimulus.

Loneliness. This word pertains to the state of being alone in solitary isolation.

Menstrual cramps. This word refers to abdominal pain that may range from a colicky

feeling to a constant dull ache.

Menstrual manifestation. This word defines as manifestations or signs and symptoms

that occur during menstruation.

Mood swing. This refers to extreme or rapid change in mood

Physical manifestation. This pertains to physical signs and symptoms that occur during

menstruation.

Tendency to cry easily. This word defines as manifestation which the person tends to

cry easily

Warm water bath. This word pertains to bath using warm water.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology of the study. It also includes the

research design, locale of the study, respondents of the study, sampling procedure, data

gathering procedures, research instruments and validation, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

A descriptive type of research is used in this study in order to determine the

effects of bathing practices during menstrual period. A descriptive research is studying

the present situations, or groups, and/or frequency with which certain phenomena occur

(Nieswiadomy, 2008).

Locale of the Study

South Philippine Adventist College is situated sixty - eight kilometers south of

Davao City at barangay Camanchiles, Matanao, Davao del Sur. The college fronts the

national highway that connects the Digos City and Bansalan.

The college campus occupies approximately 2.5 hectares of the 19.9 hectares of

the former Southern Mindanao Academy land. Some portions of the campus are planted

with tar-apples, and fruit bearing trees, which have provided additional income for the

school. The remainder of the lands is utilized for the other purposes including sugar cane,

mangoes and a banana plantation along the creek and property boundaries.
 The large building fronting the national highway is the newly renovated

administration building, which houses the administration offices, college classrooms and

auditorium. Dormitories for the students are located one in the east and two in the west of

the administration building in which both college and high school students are housed.

There is also the white house to accommodate the lady – working students.

At the left side are the high school classrooms and at the right side are the AB

theology building and the Nursing Fundamental Laboratory. Other buildings in the

campus include the library, cafeteria, science laboratory, faculty homes, and college

canteen.

SPAC that nurtures excellence offers in demand and quality education to all

students. The school’s program includes the Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Bachelor of

Arts in Theology, Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education Major in English and

Mathematics, Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education, Bachelor of Science in

Computer Science, Bachelor of Science in Office Administration, Bachelor of Science in

Business Administration, Complete High School, and Complete Elementary Program.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were 30 college women, all enrolled in South

Philippine Adventist College. Their age ranges from fifteen to twenty one years old.

Fifteen of them practice warm/hot water bath during their menstrual period while the

other fifteen practice cool/tap water bath.

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents

Respondents Number of Respondents Percentage

1. Using warm/hot water 15 50%
2. Using cool/tap water 15 50%
Total 30 100%

Sampling Procedure

The study employed the purposive sampling design with which “the researchers

selects and studies a specific number of a special group that represents the target

population. Purposive sampling stresses certain characteristics such as age, sex, or

economic status” (Venzon, 2004).

Purposive sampling starts with a purpose in mind and the sample is thus

selected to include people of interest and exclude those who do not suit the purpose.

The respondents are chosen because they practice bathing during menstrual period

using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the study was conducted, a formal communication letter was prepared and

addressed to some of the significant persons of South Philippine Adventist College

namely Dr. Jimmy F. Faderogaya (Dean of Academic Affairs) and Dr. Chliejvferwyn C.

Catolico (College President) to ask for permission and approval regarding the distribution

of the questionnaires to the respondents. The purpose of the study was then explained

carefully and accurately to the respondents. After gathering the needed information, the
questionnaires were retrieved, tabulated, tallied and were subjected to statistical analysis

and interpretation.

Research Instrument

The questionnaire has two pages and it consists of two parts. In part one, it has

four entries which the respondents would answer yes or no in the first question. In the

second to fourth question of part one, the respondents would rate with always,

sometimes, seldom, or never. Name, course and year level were included in the first part

of the survey. In the second part of the questionnaire, it consists of 15 entries that the

respondents would rate from one to four in which 1-means none, 2- means mild, 3-means

moderate, and 4-means severe.

Validity

After the researchers made the questionnaire, they submitted it to the instructor

for checking and editing. All suggestions were taken by the researchers. And then, it was

submitted to the adviser for the correction, refinement and suggestion.

The questionnaire was pre-tested after it was checked. The result was tallied and it

was submitted and analyzed. It was found out that the instrument is valid.

Reliability

The pre-test was conducted, and the results were tallied and submitted for the

statistical treatment to determine the reliability of the instrument used, and it was found

out that the instrument is reliable.

 Statistical Treatment

The data gathered from the questionnaires were summarized, tabulated and

analyzed. The study employs descriptive statistics using frequency distribution,

percentage, mean and t-test concerning the means of independent samples. In order to

identify the extent of the women’s bathing practices using warm/hot water bath and

cool/tap water bath, the mean is being applied. Furthermore, to determine the level of

emotional manifestations observed by women who have bathing practices during

menstrual period in terms of using cool/tap water bath and warm water bath, mean is also

used. Again, mean is used to determine the level of physical manifestations observed by

women who have bathing practices during menstrual period in terms of using cool/tap

water bath and warm water bath.

On the other hand, to determine the significant difference on the level of

emotional manifestations observed by women who have bathing practices during

menstrual period using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath, the t-test of

independent samples is used. Furthermore, to determine the significant difference on the

level of physical manifestations observed by women who have bathing practices during

menstrual period using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath, the t-test of

independent samples is also being used.

 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter shows the tabulated data of the patient’s regular menstruation and

their bathing practices during menstruation using warm/hot water and cool/tap water. It

also explains on the level of emotional manifestations observed by women when bathing

with warm/hot water and cool/tap water and the level of physical manifestations observed

by women in doing the same. In addition, it gives the significant difference on the level

of emotional and physical manifestations in terms of using warm/hot water bath and

cool/tap water bath.

Table 2. Monthly Menstruation of the Respondents

Indicator Frequency Percent

1. Is your menstruation
regular?
24 80%
Yes 6 20%
No
Total 30 100%

Table 2 shows the frequency and the percentage of the respondents who have

regular menstruation. Out of thirty (30) respondents who were chosen to answer the

questionnaire, there were 24 (80%) women have regular menstruation and 6 women

(20%) who have irregular menstruation.

Menstruation is the term given to the periodic discharge of blood, tissue, fluid and

mucus from the reproductive organs of sexually mature females. The flow usually lasts
from 3 - 6 days each month and is caused by a sudden reduction in the hormones estrogen

and progesterone (http://www.menstruation.com.au/periodpages/menstrualcycles.html).

The following table presents the frequency of the respondents’ bathing practices
during menstrual period.

Table 3. Frequency of the Respondents’ Bathing Practices during Menstrual

Period.

Indicator Mean Descriptive Interpretation

Do you take a bath during your
menstrual period? 3.83 Always

Legend:
Point Range Descriptive Interpretation
4 3.01 to 4.0 Always
3 2.01 to 3.0 Sometimes
2 1.01 to 2.0 Seldom
1 0 to 1.0 Never

The table 3 shows that respondents always take a bath during their menstrual

period with the mean score of 3.83. Bathing is the immersion of the body in a fluid,

usually water or an aqueous solution. It may be practiced for hygiene, religious or

therapeutic purposes or as a recreational activity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Bathing).

The term bathing refers to “the art of cleansing one's body for hygienic or

therapeutic purposes.” It is a part of the daily activity of a human being and taking a bath

is usually necessary in order to prevent various germs and diseases from contaminating

the body. And hydrotherapy is a common means of bathing by which it is possible for

one to heal injuries or attain relaxation of the mind and body (http://

www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/bathing-and-cleansing-300031.html).

Taking a bath or shower during menstrual period is really important to keep clean

and to fight off any odors that may occur. Also, women tend to sweat more during their
period so taking a bath or a shower will also help them feel fresher

(http://www.kotexfits.com/faqs/menstruation/#a12).
 Table 4. Respondents Using Warm/Hot Water and Cool/ Tap Water Bath

During

Menstrual Period

Indicators Mean Descriptive Interpretation

Warm/Hot Water Bath 2.13 Sometimes
Cool/Tap Water Bath 3.10 Always

Legend:
Point Range Descriptive Interpretation
4 3.01 to 4.0 Always
3 2.01 to 3.0 Sometimes
2 1.01 to 2.0 Seldom
1 0 to 1.0 Never

The mean score of 2.13 in table 4 indicates that the respondents who take a bath

during menstruation sometimes use warm/hot water. Hot water acts as a sedative on the

sensory and motor nerves and relieves pains, cramps and spasms. Hot water application

can raise local temperatures, metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, thus increasing

blood volume and pulse rate (http://www.lifepositive.com /Body/naturopathy/

hydrotherapy/water-healing.asp).

The mean score of 3.10 which means “always” is the response of the women who

take a bath using cool/tap water during their menstruation. The cold bath according to the

women’s health may be used to stimulate a woman’s metabolism. Cold baths can wake

both you and your muscles up during morning hours, revitalize the body after work; help

cool down sunburn and prevent it from penetrating to deeper layers of the skin, and it can

temporarily alleviate skin irritations such as insect bites and minor skin allergies

(http://www.womenshealthcaretopics.com/bn_bodysoul_Benefits_Varying_water_temper

atures.htm).
Table 5. The Respondent’s Level of Emotional Manifestations in terms of
Warm/Hot Water Bath

Indicators Mean Descriptive Interpretation

1. Irritability 2.67 Moderate
2. Insomnia 1.80 Mild
3. Loneliness 1.93 Mild
4. Tendency to cry easily 1.67 Mild
5. Mood Swing 2.27 Moderate
Overall Mean 2.07 Moderate

Legend:
Point Range Descriptive Interpretation
4 3.01 to 4.0 Severe
3 2.01 to 3.0 Moderate
2 1.01 to 2.0 Mild
1 0 to 1.0 None

Data in table 5 reveals the level of emotional manifestations among women who

use warm/hot water bath. Given the highest mean of 2.67 is indicator 1, “Irritability” is

found to be moderate. Following the first indicator is the “Mood Swing” with a mean of

2.27 is also found to be moderate. Given the lowest rating is item 4, “Tendency to cry

easily” is mild. Item 2 which is “Insomnia” got the second lowest with the mean score of

1.80 and it indicates “mild.”

The over all mean of 2.07 in the level of emotional manifestations among women

using warm water bath during menstruation is moderate. This indicates that those women

who take a bath with warm water during their menstrual period have no severe

manifestation in terms of emotions.

A number of symptoms can be associated with the menstrual cycle. Generally,

these symptoms fall into one of two categories: physical or emotional. Some of the

emotional symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle are depression, angry outburst,
irritability, anxiety, confusion, social withdrawal, and mood changes (According to

http://www.knowmycycle.com/menstrual-symptoms.aspx).

Table 6. The Respondent’s Level of Emotional Manifestations in terms of Cool/Tap

Water Bath

Indicators Mean Descriptive Interpretation

1. Irritability 2.53 Moderate
2. Insomnia 1.60 Mild
3. Loneliness 1.93 Mild
4. Tendency to cry easily 1.60 Mild
5. Mood Swing 2.60 Moderate
Overall Mean 2.05 Moderate

Legend:
Point Range Descriptive Interpretation
4 3.01 to 4.0 Severe
3 2.01 to 3.0 Moderate
2 1.01 to 2.0 Mild
1 0 to 1.0 None

Table 6 shows the level of emotional manifestations among women who use

cool/tap water bath. Item 5 which is the “Mood Swing” got the highest rating with a

mean of 2.60. Next to it is “Irritability” with a mean of 2.53. Both have the same

Descriptive Interpretation which is “Moderate.” Rated the lowest are items 2 and 4 which

shows that the women’s “Insomnia” and “Tendency to Cry Easily” is mild with mean

score of 1.60.

The overall mean of 2.05 shows that the level of emotional manifestation among

women who use cool/tap water bath during menstruation is moderate. This shows that

women must take a bath always during their menstruation to avoid the severe level of

emotional manifestations.
 The emotional symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle are enumerated in

the article found in http://www.imaginis.com/womenshealth/menstruation2.asp. These

symptoms are difficulty concentrating, anxiety, depression, irritability, sleeplessness, and

mood swing.

Table 7. The Respondent’s Level of Physical Manifestations in terms of Warm/Hot

Water Bath

Indicators Mean Descriptive Interpretation

1. Headache 2.33 Moderate
2. Breast Tenderness 2.20 Moderate
3. Abdominal bloating 2.40 Moderate
4. Backache 2.27 Moderate
5. Constipation 1.53 Mild
6. Changes in Appetite 2.53 Moderate
7. Acne 2.13 Moderate
8. Fatigue 1.87 Mild
9. Menstrual Cramps 2.80 Moderate
Overall Mean 2.23 Moderate

Legend:
Point Range Descriptive Interpretation
4 3.01 to 4.0 Severe
3 2.01 to 3.0 Moderate
2 1.01 to 2.0 Mild
1 0 to 1.0 None

As revealed in table 7, there are only two variables that are rated as Mild. These

are items 5 “Constipation” with a mean of 1.53 and 8 “Fatigue” with a mean of 1.87. The

remaining variables are all rated as Moderate. Item 8 “Menstrual Cramps” has the highest

mean of 2.80, and followed by item 3 “Abdominal bloating” with a mean of 2.40.

The table has an overall mean of 2.23 which shows that the level of physical

manifestation among women using water bath is “Moderate”. This indicates that the
women may take a bath using warm water during menstrual period because there are no

severe physical manifestations.

In the article found in http://www.imaginis.com/womenshealth/menstruation2.asp

it enumerated the physical symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle. These

symptoms are breast tenderness, bloating, headache, backache, fatigue, menstrual

cramps, acne, and food cravings.

Table 8. The Respondent’s Level of Physical Manifestations in terms of Cool/Tap

Water Bath

Indicators Mean Descriptive Interpretation

1. Headache 2.27 Moderate
2. Breast Tenderness 2.40 Moderate
3. Abdominal bloating 1.73 Mild
4. Backache 2.00 Mild
5. Constipation 1.33 Mild
6. Changes in Appetite 2.07 Moderate
7. Acne 2.07 Moderate
8. Fatigue 1.93 Mild
9. Menstrual Cramps 2.60 Moderate
Overall Mean 2.04 Moderate

Legend:
Point Range Descriptive Interpretation
4 3.01 to 4.0 Severe
3 2.01 to 3.0 Moderate
2 1.01 to 2.0 Mild
1 0 to 1.0 None

Table 8 presents the level of physical manifestations among women using

cool/tap water bath. Rated highest is item 6, the women’s “Menstrual Cramps”. This is

moderate based on the mean score of 2.60. It is followed by item 2, the women’s “Breast

Tenderness” is also moderate with a mean of 2.40. Item 5 “Constipation” got the lowest
rate with a mean of 1.33 and this indicates is “mild.” Next is item 3, the women’s

“Abdominal Bloating” is also mild with the mean score of 1.73.

The overall mean of 2.04 shows that the level of physical manifestations among

women in terms of using cool/tap water bath is moderate. This confirms that those

women who take a bath using cool/tap water during their menstrual period have no severe

physical manifestations.

Those physical and emotional symptoms that occur during the menstrual cycle

can impact each woman differently. They can range from a minor inconvenience to a

major disruption. Some women may find that their symptoms are severe enough to keep

them from their daily activities. Some of the common physical symptoms associated with

the menstrual cycle are breast tenderness, bloating, headache, swelling of extremities, and

cramps (http://www.knowmycycle.com/menstrual-symptoms.aspx).

Table 9. The Significant Difference of the Level of Emotional Manifestations in

terms of Warm/Hot Water Bath and Cool/Tap Water Bath

Manifestation Water Mean df Critical t- Interpretation Decision

Temperature Value value

Warm/Hot 2.07 H0:

Emotional Water Bath ** Accepted
Manifestations Cool/Tap 2.05 Not
Water Bath 8 1.860 0.056 significant H1:
Rejected
Level of Significance: 0.05

Legend:
* Significant
** Not Significant

Table 9 shows that the emotional manifestations among women who use

warm/hot water bath got a mean score of 2.07 while of those who are using cool/tap
water bath has a mean score of 2.05. To test if there is a significant difference between

the mean scores of both scores, the t-value is determined.

Since the t-value of 0.056 is less than the critical value of 1.860 at the 0.05 level

of significance with degree of freedom 8, the null hypothesis which states there is no

significant difference on the level of emotional manifestations observed by women who

have bathing practices during menstrual period in terms of using warm/hot water bath

and cool/tap water bath is accepted. It indicates that the two groups are comparable in

terms of the level of emotional manifestations.

This confirms that warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath has no significant

difference on the effect to the women who practice bathing during menstruation (Sahani,

2008).

Table 10. The Significant Difference of the Level of Physical Manifestations in

terms of Warm/Hot Water Bath and Cool/Tap Water Bath

Manifestation Water Mean df Critical t- Interpretation Decision

Temperature Value value

Warm/Hot 2.23 H0:

Physical Water Bath ** Accepted
Manifestations Cool/Tap 2.04 Not
Water Bath 16 1.746 1.06 significant H1:
Rejected
Level of Significance: 0.05

Legend:
* Significant
** Not Significant

In the physical manifestations, table 10 shows that the warm/hot water bath

among women has a mean score of 2.23 while the cool/tap water bath has 2.04. To test if
there is a significant difference between the mean scores of both scores, the t-value is

determined.

Since the t-value of 1.06 is less than the critical value of 1.746 at the 0.05 level of

significance with the degree of freedom of 16, the null hypothesis which states that there

is no significant difference on the level of physical manifestations observed by women

who have bathing practices during menstrual period in terms using warm/hot water bath

and cool/tap water bath is accepted. It indicates that the two groups are comparable in

terms of the level of physical manifestations.

This indicates that either one will use cool or warm water bath during menstrual

period, there is no side effects. This finding corroborates the study of Sahani (2008) that

warm water bath during menstruation has no bad effects to women as well as the cold

water bath.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study entitled “The Effects of Bathing Practices During Menstruation” was

conducted at South Philippine Adventist College, Camanchiles, Matanao, Davao del Sur.

The objective of the study is to identify the extent of bathing practices among women

using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath during menstruation. This also aimed

to determine the level of emotional manifestations observed by women who have bathing

practices during menstrual period in terms of using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap

water bath and to determine the level of physical manifestations observed by women who

have also undergone the same situation.

The descriptive type of research with the purposive sampling design is used in

this study. A self-made survey questionnaire was used to gather the data. The respondents

of the study are the 30 college women enrolled in South Philippine Adventist College.

Fifteen of them practice warm/hot water bath and the other fifteen practice cool/tap water

bath during menstrual period.

The descriptive statistics using frequency distribution, percentage, mean and t-test

concerning means of independent samples was used. In order to identify the extent of the

women’s bathing practices in terms of using cool/tap water bath and warm water bath,

the mean was applied. To determine the level of emotional manifestations observed by

women who have bathing practices during menstrual period using warm/hot water bath

and cool/tap water bath, the mean was also used. The mean was also used to determine
the level of physical manifestations observed by women who have bathing practices

during menstrual period in terms of using cool/tap water bath and warm water bath.

On the other hand, to determine the significant difference on the level of

emotional manifestations observed by women who have bathing practices during

menstrual period using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath, the t-test of

independent samples was used. Furthermore, to determine the significant difference on

the level of physical manifestations observed by women who have the same bathing

practices during menstrual period, the t-test of independent samples was also used.

Summary of Findings

Thirty (30) respondents were chosen to answer the questionnaire. There were 24

(80%) women who have regular menstruation and 6 women (20%) who have irregular

menstruation.

The respondents’ response with the mean score of 3.83 indicates that the women

are always taking a bath during their menstrual period. The mean score of 2.13 indicates

that the women who take a bath during menstruation sometimes use warm/hot water bath

while “always” indicates to those of the cool/tap water bath users with the mean score of

3.03.

An overall mean 2.07 indicates that the women must take a bath during their

menstrual period to avoid the severe level of emotional manifestations. In terms of using

cool/tap water bath during menstruation indicates that the women have moderate level of

emotional manifestations. The level of physical manifestations in the use of cool/tap

water bath has an over all mean of 2.04 which indicates “moderate.”
 There is no significant difference on the level of emotional manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period in terms of

using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath. And there is no significant difference

of the level of physical manifestations observed by women who have the same bathing

practices.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:

6. As to the extent of the bathing practices among women using warm/hot water

bath, the response is “sometimes” while those who are in cool/tap water bath is

“always.”

7. The level of emotional manifestations observed by women who have bathing

practices during menstrual period in terms of using both warm/hot water bath and

cool/tap water bath is “moderate.”

8. The level of physical manifestations observed by women who have bathing

practices during menstrual period in terms of using both warm/hot water bath and

cool/tap water bath is also “moderate.”

9. There is no significant difference of the level on emotional manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period in terms

of using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

10. There is no significant difference on the level of physical manifestations

observed by women who have bathing practices during menstrual period in terms

of using warm/hot water bath and cool/tap water bath.

 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following are the recommendations:

1. Women should be encouraged to take a bath during menstrual period to avoid

severe level of emotional and physical manifestations.

2. The public health nurse and other health care personnel must conduct community

teachings that the practice of not taking a bath during menstrual period for fear of

having future complications is not true.

3. The public health nurse and other health care personnel must emphasize in their in

health lectures that the women may and must take a bath during menstruation.

4. Clinical instructor must stress out the effects of bathing practices during

menstrual period in their classes.

5. Further study will be conducted on the variables which are not included in the

study such as the effects of practicing indoor bathing and outdoor bathing during

menstrual period.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Name: Romar Dela Rosa Alberca

Nickname: Pogi, Mar, Rom, Berkz, Lelouch

Age: 21 y.o.

Birthday: January 20, 1988

Birthplace: Bansalan, Davao del Sur

Address: Blk. 17, Lt. 1, Don Lorenzo Homes,

Tres de Mayo, Digos City

Father: Romeo B. Alberca Sr.

Mother: Marissa D. Alberca

Siblings:

1. Romeo D. Alberca Jr.

2. June Marc D. Alberca

Contact Number:

Smart: 09082926717

TM: 09351516117

Friendster: romar.d.alberca.2020@gmail.com

Facebook: sniperr.2022@gmail.com

School:

Elementary: Bansalan, Central Elementary School (SY: 1998-1999)

High School: Nazareth High School of Bansalan (SY: 2003-2004)

College: South Philippine Adventist College-Adventist University of the

Philippines (SY: 2009-2010)

Name: Mark Jayson Erquiza Alisasis

Nickname: Mark, Jay-Jay

Age: 20 y.o.

Birthday: August 19, 1989

Birthplace: General Santos City

Address: 0463 2nd Crumb Street, Digos City

Father: Jimmy V. Alisasis

Mother: Lani E. Alisasis

Siblings: Kaye Anne Joy E. Alisasis

Contact Number: 0919797047

Friendster:

Facebook:

School:

Elementary: Digos SDA Elementary School (SY: 2001-2002)

High School: South Philippine Adventist College (SY: 2005-2006)

College: South Philippine Adventist College-Adventist University of the

Philippines (SY: 2009-2010)

Name: Warpelito Navarro Ando

Nickname: Warpy

Age: 20 y.o.

Birthday: August 12, 1989

Birthplace: Digos City

Address: 4464 General Luna Extension, Digos City

Father: Wariole G. Ando

Mother: Perpetua N. Ando

Siblings: None

Contact Number: 09071899014

Friendster: warpy_me12@yahoo.com

Facebook: warpy_me12@yahoo.com

School:

Elementary: Digos Center SDA Elementary School (SY: 2001-2002)

High School: Digos City National High School (SY: 2005-2006)

College: South Philippine Adventist College-Adventist University of the

Philippines (SY: 2009-2010)

Name: Christine Marie Anntoniette Crispino Gomez

Nickname: Ply2x

Age: 20 y. o.

Birthday: April 23, 1989

Birthplace: Digos City

Address: Mary Crumb Street, Digos City

Father: Wilson F. Gomez

Mother: Eleonor C. Gomez

Siblings: None

Contact Number: 09103092927

Friendster: ply_me4ever@yahoo.com

Facebook: None

School:

Elementary: Digos Central Elementary Scool (SY: 1999-2000)

High School: South Philippine Adventist College (SY: 2004-2005)

College: South Philippine Adventist College-Adventist University of the

Philippines (SY: 2009-2010)

Name: Roberto Alegre Mancao Jr.

Nickname: Dodong

Age: 19 y.o.

Birthday: July 31, 1990

Birthplace: Guihing, Hogonoy, Davao del Sur

Address: Guihing, Hogonoy, Davao del Sur

Father: Roberto C. Mancao Sr.

Mother: Julie A. Mancao

Siblings:

1. Rommel A. Mancao

2. Frexcy A. Mancao

3. Mitchell A. Mancao

Contact Number: 09203445151

Friendster: robertmancao@yahoo.com

Facebook: robertmancao@yahoo.com

School:

Elementary: Guihing Central Elementary School (SY: 2000-2001)

High School: Hagonoy National High School (SY: 2005-2006)

College: South Philippine Adventist College-Adventist University of the

Philippines (SY: 2009-2010)