NOSTALGIA: a feeling of pleasure and sometimes slight

sadness.
Eg- some people feel nostalgia for school days.
UNSPOILED: a place that is still in its beautiful natural
state.
Eg- with its unspoiled natural beauty, sicicilia is rapidly
becoming a turist destination.
GLEAMING: objects or vehicles that are very shiny because
they are very clean or new.
Eg- a gleaming Ferrari stood parked outside the restaurant.
PERCHING: to be in a position on top of something or on
the edge of something.
Eg- a tree house perched over my neighboors house.
DISMINISHED: to reduce or be reducing in size or
importance.
Eg- i had to disminish the use of water because the bill was
very high.
STIFF: if any part of your body is stiff, your muscles heart
and it is difficult to move.
WAFER: very tiny biscuit.
WIDE- a door wide open is open as full as it can be.
SUPERB: excellent.
YOUNGSTERS: Young people
HAND-PICKED: chosen with great care because of some
ability in special.

Eg: the teachers at my school were hand-picked because of

their teaching abilities.
GALORE: large amount of something.
Eg: my mother has a lot of money galore.
WELCOMING: a person, place, etc welcoming is someone
or sthg. That makes you feel comfortable and want to stay
there.
MAZE: laberinto
WHIFF: pleasant smell.
ODOWR: unpleasant smell.
DOTTED: scattered around.
DWELLINGS: apartment
GILDED: to cover something with or as it was gold.
ENIGMATIC: misterious.
SOAR: to fly or rise to the sky.
LUSH: having good vegetation.
Eg: my garden is full of lush trees, because my father takes
good care of them.
SECLUDED: apartado
Eg: they drove me to a secluded hotel to spend a romantic
weekend.
GLOW INCANDESENTLY: eg- the light at my room glows
incandesently.
GLITTERING: a sparkling or glitering light.
BUSTING: full of energy/noise/activity

Eg: argentina is a busting city, i love it.

BUSHWWALKING: (hiking)
ENCOUNTER: a meeting specially one that is unplaned
unexpected or biref.
Eg: a chance encounter on the park with my 2 best friends.
INTREPID: courageous, fearless.
Eg: my dad is a intrepid person, i allways freak out qhen he
goes hiking to practice.
BULLET PROOF: it was lucky for the policeman that he
was wearing a boolet proof vest, he could have died.
ODDISH: Brenda looked at us with an oddish look, wasent
shure if she liked it or not.
A BITE TO EAT: a small piece from a large piece of food.
A DROP OF RAIN: a small amount of liquid (gota de lluvia)
HEAR A PIND DROP: extremely quiet.
A SPECK OF DIRT: a spot of dust
A HAIR OUT OF PLACE: if someone dosent have a hair out
of place it means that he is very tidy.
IN THE NICK OF TIME : just in time
A STROKE OF WORK : small amount of work.
BLIZZARD: sever snowstrom
DUSK : when the sun goes down

MILD: FAIRLY WARM

LUKEWARM: FOR WATER

FROST: vey cold weather, when water freezes.

SKID: when a vehicle slides sideaways and you can control
it.
BACKDROP: the scenery behind something you are looking
at.
ASTONINSHINGLY: so surpsing that is difficult to believe.
COTTAGE: a small vacation house.
APALINGLY (horriblemente)
PERISTAKINGLY:
STRIKINGLY: easy to notice, attractive or impressive
Eg: yesterday my mom showed me a scene of striking
beauty
UTTERLY: completly
CURRENCY: something that is used as a medium of
exchange; money.
DIFFER: be unlike; dissimilar
Eg: the 2 writers differ greatly in their perceptions of the
world.
STUMBLING: to loose balance (TROPEZAR)
LEASE: a contract renting land, buildings, etc., to another;
ODD: strange; different from what is ussual.
PERSUADE: cause someone to do sthg. through reasoning
or argument.
HOOKED: enyoing sthg. so much that you are unable to
stop having it.

LACK: the state of being without or not having enough of

sthg.
TRUANCY: the abscence of a child from school without
permission.
COPE: to face and deal with responsabilities problems or
difficulties especially succesfully or in a calm or adequated
manner.
STARTING FROM SCRATCH: starting from the very
begining.
LET OFF STEAM: to release your anger by doing sthg.
physical.
DETRIMENTAL: Eg: EATING TO MUCH CHOCOLATE CAN BE
DETRIMENTRAL FOR YOUR HEALTH.
EXACERLATE: to make a bad situation worse.
Eg: the cold climate exacerlated his illness.
UNCUNCERABLE: GOING ON A DIET SEEMED
UNCUNCERABLE FOR ME,.
RUNNING SMOOTHLY: succesfully with no problem
Eg: you need to sleep so as to keep you system running
smoothly.
FATIGUE: great tiredness for lots of work.
OVERCOME: to succed in dealing with something.
INSOMNIA:

broken sleep

EXTRATUITION: to teach in a school as a teacher.

COACHING: to teach a sport.
AVIATION: te science or practice of flying in aircraft.

RIGOROUSLY: carefull; thoughtfull; exact

OBSOLETE: no longer ussefull because sthg. newer and
better has been invented.
THE BOOKS BECAME OBSLOTE FOR THE KIDS WITH
COMPUTERS.
CHARTER: A statement of the principle duties and
purposes of an organization.
Eg: my mother booked a charter aircraft service for my 15th
birthday party.
AGEING: one who is becoming old especially in an
unatractive way.
Eg: almost all the houses in my neighbourhood ar occupied
by ageing people.
I HAVE BEEN ROBBED OF MY BOOK
To be robbed of
MY BOOK HAS BEEN STOLEN
To be stolen
AMUSING: sthg. that you enjoy doing
FUN: STHG. THAT MAKES YOU LAUGH

ALLWAYS IT IS DESPITE THE FACT

THAT..
REJUBINATION: to make sthg work much better or become
much better again
RECURRENCE: happening or appearing several times.
SHIFT: ( 6-8 hours) period of time

 spanish in the morning shift and english at afternoon

shift
NIBBLE: small bites of sthg.
SIDE- EFFECT: an effect that a drug has on your body in
addition to curing pain or illnes ( not allways with drugs)
TO COME TO A COMPLETE STOP: ULTIMO LUGAR CUANDO
EL AVION ATERRIZA.
AIRTIGHT: not allowing air to get in or out.
CABIN: place were people that travel on the plain are (it is
presurised)
UNPRESURISED: there is no oxygen and it is where the
baggage is located.
FLAMMABLE AND INFLAMMABLE : easily catching fire
GALLEY: kitchen at the plane or boat.
COCKPIT: WHERE THE PILOTS ARE.
PEDESTRIAN: people walking in the Street.
YIELD TO PEDESTRIANS: to let the pedestrians pass
FARE: money you pay for a service ( TRANSPORTATION)
RUSH HOUR : hora pico any time of the day in wich
many people travel at the same time.
RUN OVER YOU: atropellarte
DEPRIVED: lacking the necessities of life, as adequate food
and shelter
Eg: deprived children tend to do less well at school.

EXACERBATE: to increase the severity, bitterness, or

violence
LANES: carriles
TRAFFIC LIGHTS : semforo
BY PASS:

DAIRY PRODUCTS : all the products that com from the

cow
COMMUTE: to travel to work (HOUSE- WORK- HOUSE)
WINDING ROAD :

STRAIGHT ROAD:

LORRY: truck
BOOST: to increase or improve sthg and make it succesfull

MEDIATION STRIP: space between the roads

PASS : to go or trvael a long a place

MODAL VERBS:

Can Cant
Could- Couldnt
May
Might
Must
Should Shouldnt
Shall
Will
Would would.t
Be able to
Need- Neednt
Done

1. They dont have an infinitive form so we change

the verb : i want to be able to sing perfectly
2. It goes before the subject in the ?: COULD you
come here?
3. They dont have a partciple form so we change
the verb: i must be going soon.
Ability/lack of
ability/possibilit
y

Can/cant/could/ She can speak spanish but she

couldnt
cant speak english

Possibility
(present or
future)

May/ might

Ms. Dubouse may be in her

hou. Ill go to check.

obligation

Must/should/
ought to

We ought to change some

currency soon.

prohibition

Mustnt/cant/
Shouldnt

You shouldnt eat while you are

driving.

speculation

Can
t/could/must/
May/might

Sandra must be in the school.

Her backback is in her class.

Predictions/
decisions made
at time of
speaking

Will/ wont

You must work hard for this

exam. It wont be easy.

Conditionals:
ZERO conditionals:
We use it for situations that can occur at any
time and their results.
Whe can replace if with when IF WE ARE
REFERRING TO A REGULAR ACTIVITY:
If you use hot iron on nylon, it will melt.
When i eat dairy products, i get red spots on
my skin.

 We can use MODAL VERBS, THE PRESENT

SIMPLE, PRESENT PERFECT OR PRESENT
CONTINUOUS in both clasues:
If you can read this, youre driving to
close to me!
FIRST conditional:
We use it to describe possible future events or
situations and their results.
If the result of the test is negative, youll recieve
notification through the post.
We use it for offers, suggestions and warnings:
Ill cal the hotel if you dont have time (offer)
Ill call the plice if you dont go right now!
(warning)
Shall we go out tomorrow if the weather is good?
(suggestion)
We can also use it for commands:
If you get home late, be quiet!

FORMALITY CHECK: We use happen to or

should
Should you happen to be in the neighbourhood,
feel free to visit my showroom.
Should you be less than delighted with our
product, we will refund your money inmediatly.

IF & ALTERNATIVES:
Provided/providi
ng (that)/ so/ as
long as/ only if /
on (the)
condition (that)

To emphasise that
the condition is
necessary to the
result.

My mom will take me

tomorrow to your house
on the condition that i
clean all my room.

Even if/ although To express sthg.

Even if they study for
it is unexpected that is unexpected tomorrows exam, its
likely to pass.

Wether. Or not To express

alternative
conditions

Theyll deliver the

furniture wether there is
someone to recieve it or
not.

In case of ( +
noun)

In case of fire, do not use

the elevator.

To describe what
you should do in a
particular
situation.

SECOND conditional:
We can use the PAST SIMPLE, PAST
CONTINEOUS or WAS GOING TO in the IF clause:
If they wanted to make her an offer, she would
listen and think it over.
If a celebrity was staying in the hotel, security
arrangements would be tightened.

 We use WOULD or a MODAL VERB in the main

clause.
More research founding could be secured if people
were more aware of the disease.
FORMALITY CHECK :
We use WERE , WERE IT NOT FOR , SHOULD
Should the tickets fail to arrive, we would arrange to
have duplicates waiting at the airport.
Were you to accept our offer, we could avoid the
cost of a court case.

THIRD conditional:
We use the PAST PERFECT ad WOULD/ WOULDN
T HAVE or MODAL VERBS:
If we had paid our cleaner more, she wouldnt
have left us.
I might have been easier to break the news if i
had known her a bit better.

FORMALITY CHECK:
We can use HAD before the subject:
Had the film been released in the summer, it
might have been more succesfull.
Had it not been for his quick thinking, we would
have fallen into the river.

MIXED conditionals:
1.

past
condition

future
result

If + past simple

Will + infinitive/
be going to
,

If they left at midnight

yesterday

They will be here tomorrow

2.

past/present
result

past condition
If + past simple

Present
perfect

If you gave them all your

money

3.

Youve made a big

mistake

past unreal
condition

present result

If + past perfect ( 3rd

conditional)

Would/could/might +
infinitive ( 2nd
conditional)

If your brother hadent had that

promotion

He would still be working

here

4.

present unreal
condition
If + past simple ( 2nd
conditional)

past result

Would/could/might/have
+ past participle( 3rd
conditional)