Table of Contents

Tables of Figure:.......................................................................................................... 3
Abstract...................................................................................................................... 4
1.Introduction............................................................................................................. 5
2.Principles of Operation............................................................................................ 5
2.1 Stator................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Rotor..................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Synchronous speed.............................................................................................. 8
2.4 Slip....................................................................................................................... 8
3.Torque...................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Standard torque................................................................................................ 9
3.2 Starting........................................................................................................... 10
3.3 Speed Control................................................................................................. 11
4.Power factor.......................................................................................................... 11
5.Losses of induction motor...................................................................................... 11
Iron or Core Losses................................................................................................ 12
Mechanical and Brush Friction Losses...................................................................12
Variable Losses...................................................................................................... 12
6.Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor.............................................................14
References................................................................................................................ 15

Tables of Figure:
Figure 1 State-of-the-art closed squirrel-cage three-phase motor..............................5
Figure 2 Typical synchronous speeds in a 50 Hz circuit Synchronous speeds are 20%
higher in a 60 Hz circuit.............................................................................................. 6
Figure 3 Forms of squirrel-cage rotor windings...........................................................7
Figure 4 Speed curve for foure induction motor.........................................................9

Abstract
In this report talk about three Phase induction motor and it
component

An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which

the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained
by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of
the stator winding. An induction motor therefore does not require
mechanical, separate-excitation or self-excitation for all or part of the
energy transferred from stator to rotor, as in universal, DC and
large synchronous motors. An induction motor's rotor can be
either wound type or squirrel-cage type.

1.Introduction
Three phase induction motors are the motors most frequently encountered in
industry. They are simple, rugged, low-priced, and easy to maintain. They run
at essentially constant speed from zero to full-load .the speed is frequencydependent and, consequently, these motors are no easily adapted to speed
control. However, variable frequency electronic drivers are being used more
and more to control the speed of commercial induction motors.
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used in industrial
drives because they are rugged, reliable and economical. Single-phase
induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads, such as household
appliances like fans. Although traditionally used in fixed-speed service,
induction motors are increasingly being used with variable-frequency
drives (VFDs) in variable-speed service. VFDs offer especially important
energy savings opportunities for existing and prospective induction motors in
variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load applications.
Squirrel cage induction motors are very widely used in both fixed-speed and
variable (VFD) applications. Variable voltage and variable frequency drives
are also used in variable-speed service.

2.Principles of Operation
The electrical section of the three-phase induction motor as shown in Figure
1 consists of the fixed stator or frame, a three-phase winding supplied from
the three-phase mains and a turning rotor. There is no electrical connection
between the stator and the rotor. The currents in the rotor are induced via
the air gap from the stator side. Stator and rotor are made of highly
magnetizable core sheet providing low eddy current and hysteresis losses.

Figure 1 State-of-the-art closed squirrel-cage three-phase motor

2.1 Stator
The stator winding consists of three individual windings which overlap one
another and are offset by an electrical angle of 120. When it is connected to
the power supply, the incoming current will first magnetize the stator. This
magnetizing current generates a rotary field which turns with synchronous
speed ns. For the smallest pole number of 2p = 2 in a 50 Hz circuit the
highest synchronous speed is ns = 3000/min-1. Synchronous speeds in a 50
Hz circuit are shown in Table 1.

Figure 2 Typical synchronous speeds in a 50 Hz circuit Synchronous

speeds are 20% higher in a 60 Hz circuit

2.2 Rotor
The rotor in induction machines with squirrel-cage rotors consists of a slotted
cylindrical rotor core sheet package with aluminum bars which are joined at
the front by rings to form a closed cage. The rotor of three-phase induction
motors sometimes is also referred to as an anchor. The reason for this name
is the anchor shape of the rotors used in very early electrical devices. In
electrical equipment the anchor's winding would be induced by the magnetic
field, whereas the rotor takes this role in three-phase induction motors.
The stopped induction motor acts like a transformer shorted on the secondary side.
The stator winding thus corresponds to the primary winding, the rotor winding (cage
winding) to the secondary winding. Because it is shorted, its internal rotor current is
dependent on the induced voltage and its resistance. The interaction between the
magnetic flux and the current conductors in the rotor generates a torque that
corresponds to the rotation of the rotary field. The cage bars are arranged in an
offset pattern to the axis of rotation in order to prevent torque fluctuations (Figure
2). This is called "skew". At idle the rotor almost reaches the synchronous speed of
the rotary field, since only a small counter-torque (no-load losses) is present. If it
were to turn exactly synchronously, voltage would no longer be induced, current
would cease to flow, and there would no longer be any torque.
During operation the speed of the rotor drops to the load speed n. The difference
between the synchronous speed and the load speed is called slip s. Based on this
load-dependent slip s, the voltage induced in the rotor winding changes, which in
turn changes the rotor current and also the torque M. As slip s increases, the rotor
current and the torque rise. Because the three-phase induction motor acts like a
transformer, the rotor current is transformed to the stator side (secondary side) and
the stator supply current changes essentially to the same degree. The electrical
output of the stator generated by the power supply is converted via the air gap into
mechanical power in the rotor. The stator current therefore consists of two
components, the magnetization current and the actual load current.

Figure 3 Forms of squirrel-cage rotor windings

2.3 Synchronous speed

An AC motor's synchronous speed, , is the rotatio n rate of the stator's
magnetic field, which is expressed in revolutions per minute as
(RPM),
Where is the motor supply's frequency in hertz and is the number of
magnetic poles. That is, for a six-pole three-phase motor with three polepairs set 120 apart, equals 6 and
equals 1,000 RPM and 1,200 RPM
respectively for 50 Hz and 60 Hz supply systems.

2.4 Slip
The difference between the synchronous speed ns and the speed n in rated
operation is called slip s and is generally expressed in percent. Depending on
the size of the machine, in rated operation it is roughly 10 to 3%. Slip is one
of the most important characteristics of an induction machine.

where
is stator electrical speed,
is rotor mechanical speed. Slip, which
varies from zero at synchronous speed and 1 when the rotor is at rest,
determines the motor's torque. Since the short-circuited rotor windings have
small resistance, a small slip induces a large current in the rotor and
produces large torque. At full rated load, slip varies from more than 5% for
7

small or special purpose motors to less than 1% for large motors. These
speed variations can cause load-sharing problems when differently sized
motors are mechanically connected. Various methods are available to reduce
slip, VFDs often offering the best solution.

3.Torque
3.1 Standard torque
The typical speed-torque relationship of a standard NEMA Design B
polyphase induction motor is as shown in the curve at right. Suitable for
most low performance loads such as centrifugal pumps and fans, Design B
motors are constrained by the following typical torque ranges:[24][a]

Breakdown torque, 175-300 percent of rated torque

Locked-rotor torque, 75-275 percent of rated torque

Pull-up torque, 65-190 percent of rated torque.

Over a motor's normal load range, the torque's slope is approximately linear
or proportional to slip because the value of rotor resistance divided by
slip,
, dominates torque in linear manner.[31] As load increases above
rated load, stator and rotor leakage reactance factors gradually become
more significant in relation to
such that torque gradually curves
towards breakdown torque. As torque increases beyond breakdown torque
the motor stalls. Although polyphase motors are inherently self-starting, their
starting and pull-up torque design limits must be high enough to overcome
actual load conditions. In two-pole single-phase motors, the torque goes to
zero at 100% slip (zero speed), so these require alterations to the stator such
as shaded-poles to provide starting torque.

Figure 4 Speed curve for foure induction motor

3.2 Starting
There are three basic types of competing small induction motors: singlephase split-phase and shaded-pole types, and small polyphase induction
motors.
A single-phase induction motor requires separate starting circuitry to provide
a rotating field to the motor. The normal running windings within such a
single-phase motor can cause the rotor to turn in either direction, so the
starting circuit determines the operating direction.
In certain smaller single-phase motors, starting is done by means of a
shaded pole with a copper wire turn around part of the pole. The current
induced in this turn lags behind the supply current, creating a delayed
magnetic field around the shaded part of the pole face. This imparts
sufficient rotational field energy to start the motor. These motors are
typically used in applications such as desk fans and record players, as the
required starting torque is low, and the low efficiency is tolerable relative to
the reduced cost of the motor and starting method compared to other AC
motor designs.
Larger single phase motors are split-phase motors and have a second stator
winding fed with out-of-phase current; such currents may be created by
feeding the winding through a capacitor or having it receive different values
of inductance and resistance from the main winding. In capacitor-start
9

designs, the second winding is disconnected once the motor is up to speed,

usually either by a centrifugal switch acting on weights on the motor shaft or
a thermistor which heats up and increases its resistance, reducing the
current through the second winding to an insignificant level. The capacitorrun designs keep the second winding on when running, improving torque. A
resistance start design uses a starter inserted in series with the startup
winding, creating reactance.
Self-starting polyphase induction motors produce torque even at standstill.
Available cage induction motor starting methods include direct-on-line
starting, reducedvoltage reactor or auto-transformer starting, star-delta
starting or, increasingly, new solidstate soft assemblies and, of course, VFDs.
Polyphase motors have rotor bars shaped to give different speed-torque
characteristics. The current distribution within the rotor bars varies
depending on the frequency of the induced current. At standstill, the rotor
current is the same frequency as the stator current, and tends to travel at
the outermost parts of the cage rotor bars (by skin effect). The different bar
shapes can give usefully different speed-torque characteristics as well as
some control over the inrush current at startup.
In wound rotor motors, rotor circuit connection through slip rings to external
resistances allows change of speed-torque characteristics for acceleration
control and speed control purposes.

3.3 Speed Control

before the development of semiconductor power electronics, it was difficult
to vary the frequency, and cage induction motors were mainly used in fixed
speed applications. Applications such as electric overhead cranes used DC
drives or wound rotor motors (WRIM) with slip rings for rotor circuit
connection to variable external resistance allowing considerable range of
speed control. However, resistor losses associated with low speed operation
of WRIMs is a major cost disadvantage, especially for constant loads. [33] Large
slip ring motor drives, termed slip energy recovery systems, some still in use,
recover energy from the rotor circuit, rectify it, and return it to the power
system using a VFD. In many industrial variable-speed applications, DC and
WRIM drives are being displaced by VFD-fed cage induction motors. The
most common efficient way to control asynchronous motor speed of many
loads is with VFDs. Barriers to adoption of VFDs due to cost and reliability
considerations have been reduced considerably over the past three decades
10

such that it is estimated that drive technology is adopted in as many as 3040% of all newly installed motors

4.Power factor
The power factor of induction motors varies with load, typically from around
0.85 or 0.90 at full load to as low as 0.35 at no-load, due to stator and rotor
leakage and magnetizing reactances. Power factor can be improved by
connecting capacitors either on an individual motor basis or, by preference,
on a common bus covering several motors. For economic and other
considerations, power systems are rarely power factor corrected to unity
power factor. Power capacitor application with harmonic currents requires
power system analysis to avoid harmonic resonance between capacitors and
transformer and circuit reactances. Common bus power factor correction is
recommended to minimize resonant risk and to simplify power system
analysis.

5.Losses of induction motor

1.Iron or core losses,
2.Mechanical losses,
3.Brush friction losses.

Iron or Core Losses

Iron or core losses are further divided into hysteresis and eddy current losses. Eddy
current losses are minimized by using lamination. Since by laminating the core, area
decreases and hence resistance increases, which results in decrease in eddy currents.
Hysteresis losses are minimized by using high grade silicon steel . The core losses depend
upon frequency. The frequency of stator is always supply frequency, f and the frequency
of rotor is slip times the supply frequency, (sf) which is always less than the stator
frequency. Hence the rotor core loss is very small as compared to stator core loss and is
usually neglected in running conditions.

11

Mechanical and Brush Friction Losses

Mechanical losses occur at the bearing and brush friction loss occurs in
wound rotor induction motor. These losses occurs with the change in speed.
In three phase induction motor the speed usually remains constant. hence
these losses almost remains constant.

Variable Losses

These losses
are also called copper losses. These losses occur due to current flowing in
stator and rotor windings. As the load changes, the current flowing in rotor
and stator winding also changes and hence these losses also changes.
Therefore these losses are called variable losses. The copper losses are
obtained by performing blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor.
The main function of induction motor is to convert an electrical power into
mechanical

power.

During

this

conversion

of

electrical

energy

into

mechanical energy the power flows through different stages. This power
flowing through different stages is shown by power flow diagram. As we all
know the input to the three phase induction motor is three phase supply. So,
the three phase supply is given to the stator of three phase induction motor.
12

Let, Pin = electrical power supplied to the stator of three phase induction
motor,
VL = line voltage supplied to the stator of three phase induction motor,
IL = line current,
Cos = power factor of the three phase induction motor.
Electrical power input to the stator, Pin = 3VLILcos
A part of this power input is used to supply stator losses which are stator iron
loss and stator copper loss. The remaining power i.e ( input electrical power
stator losses ) are supplied to rotor as rotor input.
So, rotor input P2 = Pin stator losses (stator copper loss and stator iron loss).
Now, the rotor has to convert this rotor input into mechanical energy but this
complete input cannot be converted into mechanical output as it has to
supply rotor losses. As explained earlier the rotor losses are of two types
rotor iron loss and rotor copper loss. Since the iron loss depends upon the
rotor frequency, which is very small when the rotor rotates, so it is usually
neglected. So, the rotor has only rotor copper loss. Therefore the rotor input
has to supply these rotor copper losses. After supplying the rotor copper
losses, the remaining part of Rotor input, P 2 is converted into mechanical
power, Pm.
Let Pc be the rotor copper loss,
I2 be the rotor current under running condition,
R2 is the rotor resistance,
Pm is the gross mechanical power developed.

13

Pc = 3I22R2
Pm = P2 Pc
Now this mechanical power developed is given to the load by the shaft but
there occur some mechanical losses like friction and windage losses. So, the
gross mechanical power developed has to supplied these losses. Therefore
the net output power developed at the shaft, which is finally given to the
load is Pout.
Pout = Pm Mechanical losses (friction and windage losses).

6.Efficiency of Three Phase Induction

Motor
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the output to that of input,

Rotor efficiency of the three phase induction motor ,

= gross mechanical power developed / rotor input

Three phase induction motor efficiency,

14

Three phase induction motor efficiency

References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor
http://www.electrical4u.com/speed-control-of-three-phaseinduction-motor/
15

16