Mwoc 1

Maharashthra Institute of Technology,
LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet
Manual: MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02
DEPARTMENT: Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Class: BTech (ETC)
LABORATORY :Communication System Lab-I
Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE: 1
MASTER LIST OF EXPERIMENT

SUB-:
(ETC)
Microwave and Optical Communication
EXPERIMENT
NO
01
02
03
04
Class: BTech
EXPERIMENT NAME
PAGE NO.
2
8
12
15
08
To study Microwave components.

Study of the characteristics of the klystron tube.
Study of Gunn Oscillator
Measurement of frequency of microwave source
and demonstrate relationship among frequency,
free space wavelength and guided wavelength.
Measurement of coupling factor and directivity of
directional coupler.
Measurement of insertion loss and isolation loss of
three port circulator.
To plot electrical characteristics of source and
Detector
Measurement of Numerical Aperture of fiber
09
10
Losses measurement in optical fiber.

Eye pattern Measurement
31
34
11
BER measurement.
37
12
Displacement Measurement
41
05
06
07
PREPARED BY : Mrs.S.J.Nandedkar
APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni
18
21
24
27
Maharashtra Institute of Technology,

LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
To study Microwave components.
EXPERIMENT NO. : MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02

Class: : BTech (ETC)
LABORATORY :COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Lab-I
Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE: 2
Experiment No. 1
Aim: - Aim: To study Microwave components.
Apparatus:- Microwave components.
Theory:- 1. Waveguide Tee Junction:
In microwave circuit a waveguide junction with three independent port is commonly
referred to as a tee junction.
a.) E-plane tee (Series tee): An E-plane tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its side
arm is parallel to the E field of the main guide. If the collinear arms are symmetry about
the side arm there are two different transmission characteristics (figure 1.2).It can be
seen from figure1.1 that if the E-plane tee is perfectly matched with the aid of screw
tuners or inductive or capacitive windows at the junction, the diagonal elements of smatrix (s11, s22, s33) are zero because there will be no reflection. When the waves are fed
into the side arm (port 3) the waves appearing at port1 and port2 of the collinear arm will
be of the same magnitude and opposite phase.
Fig1.1 E-plane Tee
2
Fig 1.2 E Fields for various inputs
Experiment No. 1
b.) H-Plane Tee (Shunt Tee): A H-Plane tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its side
arm is shunting the E-field or parallel to the H-field of the main guide as shown in figure1.3
It can be seen that if the two input waves are fed into port 1 and port 2 of the collinear arm
the output at port 3 will be in phase and additive on the other hand, if the input is fed into
port 3 the wave will split equally into port 1 and port2 with same magnitude and same phase.
Figure 1.3 H-plane Tee
Figure 1.4 E Fields for various inputs

2. Magic Tee (Hybrid Tee):
A magic tee is a combination of E-plane tee and H-plane tee.(see fig 1.5).It has
several characteristics.
If two waves of equal magnitude and the same phase are fed into port1 and port2, the output
will be zero at port3 and additive at port 4.
If a wave is fed into port 4, it will be divided equally between port 1 and port 2 and will not
appear at port 3.
If a wave is fed into port 3 it will produce an output of equal magnitude and opposite phase
at port 1 and port 2.The output at port 4 is zero. i.e.S43=S34=0
If a wave fed into one of the collinear arms at port 1 or port 2, it will not appear in the other
collinear arm at port 2 or port 1. Because the E-arm causes a phase delay while the H arm
causes the phase advance. i.e. S12=S21=0
The magic tee is commonly used for mixing duplexing and impedance measurement
suppose for example there are two identical radar transmitters, in equipment. A particular
application requires twice more input power to an antenna than either transmitter can deliver.
A magic tee may be used to couple the two transmitters to the antenna in such away that the
transmitters do not load each other. The two transmitters should be connected to port 3 and
port4 respectively.
Transmitter 1 causes a wave to antenna from port 1 and another to enable from port 2,
these waves are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase. Similarly transmitter 2 connected
to port 4, gives rise to a wave at port 1 and port2,both equal in magnitude & in phase at
port1 the two opposite waves cancel each other. At port 2 the two in phase waves add
together. So double output power at port 2 is obtained for the antenna shown in figure
Experiment No. 1
3) WAVEGUIDE CORNERS BENDS, AND TWISTS:
The waveguide components are normally used to change the direction of the guide
through an arbitary angle.
In order to minimize reflection from discontinuities it is desirable to have the mean length L
between continuities equal to an odd numbers of quarter wavelength.
i.e L= (2n+1) g/4
Where n= 0, 1, 2........& g is the wavelength
in No.
waveguide
Experiment
1
For waveguide
bendenter
the minimum
radius
curvatureinto
for TE
small
reflection is given by south
When waves
through port
2 itofconverts
11 and comes into rotation of
0worth as
0
45 clockwise due to ferrite rod. Further addition 45 clockwise rotation is produced due to
R=the
1.5way
b foratEport1
bend.is parallel to the plane of resistive card. So all the waves are
twist. Now
1.5 anofor
H bend
absorbs byR=
it and
signals
are available at port 1.
Where
a
&
b
are
the
dimensions
of theloss
waveguide
bend1db
as shown
in fig. of 20 db to 30 db.
Performance factors
are insertion
of less than
and isolation
4) DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS:
directional coupler
is four port
as shown
in figthe
1.8.
It consists
6) AMICROWAVE
CIRCULATOR:
It iswaveguide
a multiportjunction
ferrite device
that have
property
that of
primary
waveguide
port1
& port in
2 and
waveguide
4.
a wave
incident
in port1
is coupled
porta2secondary
and coupled
in port 3port3
only &
andport
so an.
0
When
all
ports
are
terminated
in
their
characteristics
impedances,
is free
A four port circulator utilizing 290 non-reciprocal phase shifter is shown in fig. Inthere
general
thetransmission
sequence 1 of 2power
3 without
4
1 reflection
is followed.between port 1 and port 2 and there is no
transmission of power between port 1and port 3 or between port 2& port 4, because no
existsMETER:
between A
these
twocavity
pairs ofwave
ports.
7) coupling
FREQUNCY
typical
meter is shown in fig. The axis of cavity is
Fig
1.9
is
the
constructional
diagram
of
directional
consists
arm
made perpendicular to the main wave guide and athe
coupling coupler.
from theItcavity
to of
themain
wave
(Primary
wave
guide)
and
auxiliary
arm
(Secondary
wave
guide).
Both
are
connected
guide is achieved to a small circular hole or iris. A block polyron (absorbing material) on theby
means
of small
holes between
adjoiningBy
waveguide
section.
A number
of holes &made
the size
back
of plunger
prevents
false resonance.
proper design
of cavity
the instrument
by of
the
openings
determine
the
amount
of
power
going
into
the
auxiliary.
A
pyramid
shaped
dumping out any oscillations that might exists. It should be notice that as the resonance is
dummy
loadbyisproper
locateddesign
in theofleft
side the
of the
auxiliarymay
armbetomade
absorbs
any energy
travelling
made
smaller
cavity
instrument
to indicate
wavelength
away
from
the
auxiliary
arm
.Output
eliminating
reflection
back
down
the
line. by
The
directly on a micrometer head attached to a plunger. Calibration of this wavemeter is done
characteristics
of a directional
coupler
can be expressed
in terms
of its
factor
& its
determining
the resonant
frequency
for different
micrometer
settings.
Thecoupling
calibration
chart
directivity.
drawn from these readings and the wavemter calibrated accordingly. A signal is fed to cavity
through input and detector is connected through output.
5) size
MICROWAVE
The
of cavity isISOLATOR:
adjusted with the plunger until the detector indicates the pronounced
There
are
twotaking
types place,
of isolators,
oscillations are
whereupon frequency is read from the micrometer.
A) Faraday rotation Isolator -used upto few 100W
B) Resonance absorption Isolator- for high power.
The isolator is commonly used to couple microwave source to load. Because of
change in load its frequency and power can be changed due to reflection from the load. Such
type of undesirable effects can be avoided with the aid of isolator in between source and load
as shown in fig.
A) Faraday rotation Isolator: A ferrite device which allows unattenuated transmission in
very high attenuation in reverse direction. Its construction is similar to
8] that
Microwave
Attenuators:
of gyrator
and shownAttenuators
in fig 1.11 are component that reduce the amount of power from
the input When
to the output
the allow
device.to For
powers
provision
mustgets
be made
remove
TE 10 of
wave
passhigh
through
R.W.G.
its plane
rotatedto due
to 45 0
excess
important
that
attenuators
reduceTEthe
throughwave
the rotate
devicethrough
without45 0
twist.heat.
ThenItit isconverted
into
circularly
polarized
11 power
wave further
reflecting
or affecting
mode ofsotransmission.
becauseenergy
of ferrite
in reversethe
direction,
output signal is in phase with input signal.
Types of attenuator:
1. Fixed attenuator
2. Variable attenuator
a. Slide vane attenuator
b. Flap attenuator
c. Rotary vane attenuator
Figure
1.5 Frequency
Meter
forward
direction
but
Experiment No. 1
A] Slide vane Attenuator: Slide vane and flap attenuators operates on the principle that a
resistive material placed in parallel with the E lines of a field current will induce a current in
the material that would reduce in an I2 R power loss.
The slide vane attenuator is a thin dielectric material such as glass that is coated with lossy
resistive material. It can be placed in the waveguide at the location of maximum E field for
maximum attenuation as shown in figure.
The location of the vane will depend on the mode of propagation in the waveguide. For a
TE10 mode the location of maximum attenuation would be in the center of waveguide.
B] Flap attenuator: A flap attenuator has a vane that is dropped into the waveguide through a
slot in the top of the guide as shown in figure. The further the vane is inserted into the
waveguide the greater the attenuation. The position of the slot for the vane must be located
with reference to the maximum E field of the operating mode. The resistive vane of the flap
attenuator is curved to reduce reflections as the vane is inserted and removed from the
waveguide.
C] Rotary Vane Attenuator: It is a precision attenuator in which attenuator follows a
mathematical law. It has three sections each with a resistive card in the center as shown in fig
with all the cards lined up the E field is perpendicular to the card and there is zero
attenuation. The center section can rotate independently of the ends. When the center section
is rotated the E field is split into two components. Esin component is observed by the card.
Ecos splits into components Ecossin which is observed and Ecos 2which is not
observed.Ecos2 exist the attenuator with the sane attenuation as E field. The resulting
attenuation is then equal to
Attenuation = 20 log10cos2
= 40 log10cos[db]
Figure
1.6 variable
attenuator
PREPARED
BY : Mrs.S.J.Nandedkar
Experiment No. 1
9] Detector Mount: Detection of an electromagnetic wave is accomplished through the use of
special diodes that operate throughout the microwave range. These are non-linear devices
designed for signal detection, frequency conversion, and frequency harmonic generation.
Microwave diodes are point contact silicon, gallium or schottky bazzier diodes. They are
mounted in a case that can be inserted into detector mount.
These devices cannot be mounted across the end of waveguide or located in the top of
waveguide this is due to mismatch of diode with the waveguide and the requirement for a
return dc current path. Detectors are in the interfaced with the waveguides through the use of
detector mount if the diode is located a quarter wavelength from the end of guide. The end of
the guide can be a tuning plunger to tune out any slight mismatch. Diodes are square law
devices only at low powers.
Figure1.7 Detector Mount
10] Slotted Waveguide Section: In slotted Waveguide Section a longitudinal slot is cut into
the top of a section of waveguide as shown in figure. These sections are used as tuners to
match the waveguide to mismatched load for two maxima or minimum field points to be
located at the same point. The slot must be greater than half wavelength for the lowest group
wavelength. Field strength is determined through the use of a detector probe that slides along
the top of the waveguides. The slot is located along the plane of maximum electric field for
TE 10 mode. A scale is located on the top of the guide with a vernier scale located on the
carriage.
Figure 1.8.Slotted waveguide section
Fig 1.9 Directional Coupler

LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
Study of the characteristics of the klystron tube.

Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE: 8
Experiment No. 2
Aim: - Study of the characteristics of the klystron tube.
Apparatus:Klystron power supply, klystron tube with mount, frequency meter variable
attenuator, detector mount with probe connection, Oscilloscope.
Theory:-
Experiment No. 2
The reflex klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous
electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated and
4 Keep
the the
time/division
scale of oscilloscope
aroundreflector,
100 MHzwhich
frequency
passed
through
positive resonator
towards negative
retards and finally
measurement
and
volt/div
to
lower
scale.
reflects the electrons and the electron turn back through resonator. Suppose an RF field exists
5 Switch
ON the the
klystron
power
supply and
oscilloscope.
between
the resonator,
electrons
travelling
forward
will be accelerated or retarded as the
6 Switch
beamchanges
voltagein
switch
and setThe
beam
voltage toelectrons
250 V byleave
beamthe
voltage
voltage
at the ON
resonator
amplitude.
accelerated
resonator
control
knob.
at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The
7 Keep
amplitude
knob of will
FM modulator
to maximum
position
rotate the
electrons
leaving
the resonator
need different
time to return,
dueand
to change
in reflector
velocities.
voltage
anticlockwise
to
get
modes
as
shown
in
figure
on
the
oscilloscope.
The
As a result returning electrons group together in bunches, as the electron bunches pass
reflector
voltage
and vertical
represents
power.
throughhorizontal
resonator,axis
theyrepresents
interact with
voltage
at resonator
grids.axis
If the
bunches output
pass the
grid at
8
By
changing
the
reflector
voltage
and
amplitude
of
FM
modulation,
any
mode
of
such a time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then energy will be delivered
klystron tube
can be seen
oscilloscope
to the resonator
and klystron
willon
oscillate.
The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence,
by changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning of klystron is possible. Also a small
frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is called Electronic
tuning.
Procedure:
Mode study on oscilloscope:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure.
2. Keep position of variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Set mode selector switch to FM-MOD position.FM amplitude and FM position Knob
at mid position, keep beam voltage knob fully anticlockwise and reflector voltage
knob to fully clockwise and beam switch to OFF position
Experiment No. 2
Calculation/Graph:-
Experiment No. 2
Circuit
Diagram:Klystron
Multi
meter
power
supply
Klystron
Mount
with tube
Isolator
Frequency
meter
Variable
attenuator
Detector
mount
VSWR
Meter
Oscilloscope
Experiment No. 3
Aim: - To study V-I characteristics of Gunn diode.
Apparatus: Gunn Power Supply
Isolator
Gunn oscillator
PIN modulator
Frequency Meter
Matched termination
Cooling Fan
Maharashtra
Institute
of Technology,
BNC-BNC
cable and TNC-TNC
cable.
Theory:-
LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
EXPERIMENT TITLE: Study of Gunn Oscillator

Gunn diodes are negative which are normally used as low power oscillator at microwave
frequencies in transmitter and also as localLocation:-411
oscillator in receiver
front ends.JB Gun
PART: I
PAGE: 12
discovered microwave oscillation in gallium arsenide (GaAs), Indium Phosphide (InP) and
Cadmium telluride (CdTe).These are semiconductors having a closely spaced energy valley
the conduction bonds as shown in fig. for GaAs.When a dc voltage is applied across the
material,an electric field is established across it. At low E-field in the material, most of the
electrons will be located in the lower energy central valley P. At higher E-field most of the
electrons, will be transferred into high energy state of L and X valleys where the effective
electron mass is larger and hence electron mobility is lower than that in the low energy P
valley. Since the conductivity is directly proportional to mobility, the conductivity and hence
the current decreases with increase in E-field or voltage in an intermediate range, beyond a
threshold value vth as shown in fig. this is called transferred electron effect and the device is
also called Transfer Electron Device(TED) or Gunn diode. Thus the material behaves as
negative resistance device over a range of applied voltage and can be used in microwave
oscillator.
Procedure:
Set the component as shown in figure.
Keep the control knobs of Gunn power
supply as below
Meter switch-----------------OFF
Result & Conclusion:-
Experiment No. 3
Gunn bias knob--------------Fully anticlockwise

Pin bias knob----------------- Fully anticlockwise
Pin mode frequency----------Any position.
Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation.
Switch ON the Gunn power supply.
Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various Gunn bias
Voltages through the digital panel meter switch. Do not exceed the bias
voltage above 10 v
Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph as shown in figure
Measure the threshold voltage which corresponds to maximum current
Observation:
Sr No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
GUNN voltage(V)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Current(A)
0
0.148
0.274
0.320
0.300
0.271
0.236
0.270
0.265
0.271
Experiment No. 3
.
Circuit Diagram:-
Experiment No. 4
Aim:- Frequency measurement of Microwave source and demonstrate relationship among
frequency (f) free space wavelength () and guide wavelength()
Apparatus:Klystron power supply, klystron tube with mount, variable attenuator, frequency meter,
fixed attenuator, short CRO as VSWR meter
LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
Theory:Practical
Experiment
Instruction
Sheet
For dominant TE10 mode in waveguide c, 0 and g are related by following equation
measurement of Microwave source

1/0 = 1/g + 1/Frequency
c2
EXPERIMENT
TITLE:
2
2

c = :COMMUNICATION
cut off frequency SYSTEM Lab-I Location:-411
LABORATORY
PART: I
PAGE: 15
0 = free space wavelength

g = guide wavelength
For TE10 mode, c= 2a/m where
a= broad dimension of waveguide (2.286cm of x band)
Procedure:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure.
2. Set up variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below
Range
50 db
Input switch
Crystal low impedance
Meter switch
Normal Position
Gain
Mid Position.
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below
Beam voltage
OFF
Mod switch
AM
Beam voltage knob Fully anticlockwise
Reflector voltage
Fully clockwise
AM- amplitude knob Around fully clockwise
knob Around mid position.
PREPARED AM-frequency
BY : Mrs.S.J.Nandedkar
Experiment No. 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan switch.
Switch ON the beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 250 V with the help of beam
voltage knob.
Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter.
Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply.
Tune the plunger of klystron Mount for maximum deflection.
Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection.
Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
Tune the frequency meter knob to get a dip on the VSWR scale and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter.
Replace the termination with movable short, and detune the frequency meter.
Move the probe along the slotted line. The deflection in VSWR meter will vary. Move the
probe to a minimum deflection position, to get accurate reading. If necessary increase the
VSWR meter range db switch to higher position. Note and record the probe position.
Move the probe to next maximum position and record the probe position again.
Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance two successive minimum position
obtained as above.
Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension a which will be around 22.86mm for xband.
Calculate the frequency by following equation.
f = c/0
Where c= 3*108 meter/sec.ie velocity of light.
Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
Observation:
Beam Voltage = 250 V
Beam current = 22mA
Repellar voltage = -250 V
Position
D0
D0
Do
D0
D1
D1
D1
D1
D2
Voltage(p-p)
Distance(cm)
0
11.09
1
10.23
2
11.25
1
12.23
0
13.77
1
13.43
2
13.94
1
15.02
0
16.38
Experiment No. 4
Calculation/Graph:g = 2(D2-D1) = 2(16.38 - 13.77 ) = 5.22 cm
c = 2a/m =2*2.4/1 = 4.8 cm
1/02= 1/g2+ 1/c2
=.80
0 = 3.5354 cm
f = c/ 0 =3*108 / (3.5354*10-2)
= 8.48 GHz
Circuit Diagram:-
Klystron
Power Supply
Klystron
Mount
with
tube
Isolator
Frequency
Meter
Variable
Attenuator
Tunable
Probe
VSWR Meter
Slotted
Line
Termination
Movable
short

LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To measure coupling and directivity of directional coupler

Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE:18
Experiment No.5
Experiment
No.5
Procedure:
Arrange the setup as shown in fig. Obtain the oscillation as described earlier. Since the
Aim:output
-. To measure
coupling
& directivity
of be
directional
coupler
main arm
is terminated
their will
no reflection.
The power going through auxiliary arm can be measured by VSWR meter. Take the reading
Apparatus:as P4.
Klystron power
supply. coupler and matched load.
Disconnect
the directional
Klystron
with
mount.
Connect
thetube
mount
after
frequency meter.
Fixed
attenuator
frequency
Measured the detected output.meter.
Take this reading as P1.
Multi-hole
directional
coupler.
Calculate the coupling factor in dB.
termination.
ForMatched
directivity
measurement reverse the direction of directional coupler and find out the
output
Variable
attenuator.
power
at auxiliary port calculate the directivity.
Detector mount VSWR meter.
Calculation/Graph:Beam voltage = 250v
Theory:Beam current = 22mA
A directional
is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident and
Repeller
voltagecoupler
e= -250v
reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission lines the main arm and auxiliary
arm, electromagnetically
coupled to each other. The power entering in the main arm gets
Measurement
in forward direction
dividedatbetween
2 and 3 and almost no power comes out in port4 power entering at port2
Output
port 4=Pport
4f
is
divided
between
port
Input power to port1 = P11 and 4.
The coupling factor is defined as
Factor(c)
dB=P
10 P10
in/P
1/P3
C Coupling
(dB) =20 log
(Vauxi/V
10 (P1/P=10log
4f) =20log
4f)
20log Vin/Vaux dB
Where
(dB)
=coupling
factor, dB.
v4f =1*0.5=0.5 v
Pin=Input power to the coupler.
Vin =1.2*1=1.2 vPaux=power o/p of auxiliary arm.
With built in termination and power entering at port 1 the directivity of the coupler is a
of separation between incident wave and the reflected wave. Directivity is measured
Cmeasure
(dB) =7.6dB
as
Measurement in reverse direction:
=10logdirection
10 (Paux(Forward)/Paux(reverse))=P2/P1
Output at port 4= PD4r (db)
in reverse
=20log (Vaux (f)/Vaux(r))
D (dB) =20 log10Where
(P4f /P4rD=Directivity
) =20log10 (V4fof/Vthe
4r) coupler, db
Paux (forward) = Power in the auxiliary arm due to power in the forward
direction
V4r=1*5mv=1*0.005=0.005v
Paux (reverse) = Power in the auxiliary arm due to power in the reverse
Ddirection
(dB) =40dB
Result & Conclusion:Coupling (dB) =7.6dB
Directivity D (dB) =40dB
Experiment No.5
Circuit Diagram:-

LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To measure insertion loss and isolation loss of three port circulator

Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE:21
Experiment No. 6
Aim:- To measure insertion loss and isolation of three part circulator
Apparatus:Klystron power supply, Klystron tube with mount, fixed attenuator, variable
Experiment No. 6
attenuator frequency meter, circulator, detector mount, matched load, CRO as VSWR meter.
Obtain the rectangular oscillation on the C. R. O. screen.
Theory: Measurement
Circulator
is definedofasinsertion
device loss
with ports arrangement such that energy entering at port is
Arrange
the
set
up
as
shown
coupled to an adjacent port but in
notFig.
coupled to the other ports. It is depicted in Fig.7.
Circulator
can have any
no.and
of ports.
Put frequency
meter
variable attenuator at minimum position.
An isolator
is avoltage
two port
device
that transfers energy from input to output with little
Adjust
the beam
= 250
V dc.
attenuation
&
from
output
to
input
with
high
attenuation.
Obtain the rectangular oscillation onvery
the C.
R. O.
screen. The isolator, shown in Fig.
can beMeasurement
derived fromofa insertion
three portloss.
circulator by simply placing a matched load (reflection less
termination) on one port.
o Measure the voltage present at port 2 (V ). Now disconnect circulator connect
The important circulator & isolator parameters are: 2
detector mount to variable attenuator and measure (V1) calculate.
A] CIRCULATOR: Insertion loss is the ratio of power supplied by at the output port to
o Insertion
loss =to20the
loginput
10 (V1/V2) db.
power supplied
by source
port, measured with other ports terminated in the
matched load. It is expressed in dB.
Measurement of Isolation:
Now is
connect
circulator
in reverse
port 2 with
variable
B] ISOLATOR: Isolation
the ratio
of power
appliedfashion
to the output
to that
measured at the
attenuator,
port
1
detector
mount,
port
3
matched
load.
Measure
the third
input. This ratio is expressed in dB. The isolation of a circulator is measured with the
voltage present
port terminated in a matched
load. at port 1 (V1) from the previous measurement.
o Calculate Isolation
C] INPUT VSWR: The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage
Isolation
= = 20minimum
log10 (Input of
/Output
dB
maximum
to voltage
the)standing
wave existing in the line with all ports except
the test port are matched
Calculation/Graph:Procedure:
Arrange the set up as shown in Fig.

1. Measurement
of insertion
circulator
in forward
directionposition.
Put frequency
meterloss
andfor
variable
attenuator
at minimum
1= 2.6 x 20 m volts (input)
VAdjust
the beam voltage = 250 V dc.
V2= 2.4 x 20 m volts (output)
IL=0.696 db
2. Measurement of isolation loss for circulator in reverse direction
V1= 2.6 x 20 m volts (input)
V2= 0.8m volts (output)
Isolation=36.25 db
3. Measurement of insertion loss for isolator in forward direction
V2= 44m volts (output)
IL=1.45 db
4. Measurement of isolation loss for isolator in reverse direction
V2= 0.2 x 20 m volts (output)
Isolation=22.27 db
Experiment No. 6
Result & Conclusion:1.
2.
3.
4.
Insertion loss of circulator = 0.695 dB

Isolation loss of circulator 1.45 dB
Insertion loss of Isolator = 36.25 dB
Isolation loss of Isolator = 22.27 dB
Circuit Diagram:-
Experiment No. 7
Aim: - Study of VI characteristics of LED/Detector
Apparatus: Fiber Link C
15 cm fiber cable
Voltmeter
Current meters
Jumper to crocodile connectors
Power Supply
Theory:In optical fiber communication system, electrical signal is first converted into optical signal
with the help of E/O conversion device as LED. After this optical signal is transmitted
through optical fiber, it is retrieved in its original electrical form with the help O/E
conversion device as photodetector .Different technologies employed in chip fabrication lead
Institute
Technology,
LABORATORY
to significant Maharashtra
variation in parameters
forofthe
various emitter diodes.
All the emitters
Aurangabad
MANUAL
distinguish themselves in offering high output power coupled into the plastic
fiber. Data
Practical
Experiment
Instruction
Sheet
sheets for LEDs usually specify electrical and optical characteristics, out of which are
EXPERIMENT TITLE: To plot electrical characteristics of source and Detector
important peak
wavelength of emission, conversion efficiency (usually specified in terms of
power launched in optical fiber for specified forward current), optical rise and fall times
which put the limitation on operating frequency,
maximum forward
current through LED and
Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE: 24
typical forward voltage across LED. Photodetectors usually comes in variety of forms like
photoconductive, photovoltaic, transistor type output and diode type output. Here also
characteristics to be taken into account are response time of the detector which puts the
limitation on the operating frequency, wavelength sensitivity and responsively
Procedure:Refer to the block diagram & carry out the following connections and settings.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit link-C and switch it on.
Keep all the switch faults in OFF position.
Keep switch SW2 towards VI position.
Keep the bias pot P6 at maximum fully clockwise position.
Keep intensity control pot P5 at minimum fully anticlockwise.
Experiment No. 7
Connect Current meters to jumpers JP3 & JP4.

Connect voltmeter between jumpers JP1 & JP2.
Slightly unscrew the cap of SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the 15 cm fiber into the cap. Now tighten
the cap by screwing it back.
Insert the other end of optical fiber into detector SFH 250V until it is seated, then
lightly tighten the fiber optic locking cinch nut.
P5 is used to control current flowing through the LED to get the VI characteristics of
LED, rotate P5 slowly and measure forward current and corresponding forward
voltage through LED and also measure current through detector, Take number of such
readings for various current values and plot VI characteristics graph for the LED.
For each reading taken above, find out the power, which is product of I and V. This is
the electrical power supplied to the LED. Data sheets for the LED specify optical
power coupled into plastic fiber when forward current was 10mA as 200mW. This
means that the electrical power at 10mA current is converted into 200mW of optical
energy. Hence, the efficiency of the LED comes out to be approx. 1.15%.
With this efficiency assumed, find out optical power coupled into plastic optical fiber
for each of the reading. Plot the graph of forward current v/s output optical power of
the LED.
Similarly by assuming that transmitted power reaches receiver without any loss plots
the received power v/s receiver current
Observation Table:Vf (V)
If (mA)
1.600
0.5
1.620
0.86
1.640
1.44
1.660
2.34
1.680
3.64
1.700
5.44
1.720
7.49
1.740
10.14
1.760
13.07
1.780
16.28
1.800
19.82
1.820
23.7
1.840
27.4
1.860
30.6
Pi(mw)
0.8
1.39
2.30
3.90
6.22
9.35
12.80
17.64
23.00
28.97
35.67
43.13
50.41
56.76
Po (W)
I (A)
9.2
0.7
15.9
1.27
26.4
2.50
44.8
20
71.4
30
107.5
45
147.2
60
202.8
80
264.5
100
333.1
130
410.2
160
495.9
180
579.7
200
652.7
220
Experiment No. 7
VF=forward voltage of LED SFH756
IF=forward current of LED SHF756
Pi=V*I(Electrical Power)
Po=Pi*1.15 %( Optical Power of LED756.)
I=Detector current of SFH250 (O/P Current.)
Vf Vs If characteristics
Responsively of Detector
VFForward Voltage of LED SFH756
If Forward Current of LED SFH756
Calculation/Graph:-
Result &
PREPARED
BYConclusion:: Mrs.S.J.Nandedkar
Experiment No. 7
Circuit Diagram:-
Experiment No. 8
Aim: - Measurement of Numerical Aperture of optical fiber.
Apparatus: Fiber Link C
3 meter fiber cable
N.A. Jig
Steel ruler
Power Supply
LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
Theory:Numerical
aperture
refers
to the maximum
angle atAperture
which the
light incident on the
EXPERIMENT
TITLE:
Measurement
of Numerical
of fiber
EXPERIMENT
NO.
:
MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02
fiber end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone
Electronics
Engineering
Class: :by
BTech
(ETC) of thisDEPARTMENT:
formed
the rotation
angle along the
axis of &theTelecommunication
fiber is the cone of
acceptance of the
LABORATORY
:COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Location:-411
PART:
PAGE:
fiber.
The light
ray should strike
the Lab-I
fiber end
within its cone
of I acceptance;
else27it is
refracted out of the fiber core
CONSIDERATIONS IN NUMERICAL APERTURE MEASUREMENT:
1. It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the cable and
the distance from the launched point and the cable be properly selected to ensure that the
maximum amount of optical power is transferred to the cable.
2. This experiment is the best performed in a less illuminated room.
Procedure:Refer to the block diagram & carry out the following connections and settings.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit link-C and switch it on.
Keep all the switch faults in OFF position.
Keep the jumpers JP1, JP2 & JP4 shorted and JP3 towards sine position.
Keep switch SW2 towards VI position.
Keep the bias pot P6 at maximum fully clockwise position.
Slightly unscrew the cap of SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the 3 meter fiber into the cap. Now tighten
Experiment No. 8
Insert the other end of the fiber into the numerical aperture measurement Jig. Hold
the white sheet facing the fiber. Adjust the fiber such that its cut face is perpendicular
to the axis of the fiber.
Keep the distance of about 10mm between the fiber tip and the screen. Gently
tighten the screw and thus fix the fiber in the place.
Now observe the illuminated circular patch of light on the screen.
Measure exactly the distance d and also the vertical and horizontal diameters MR
and PN.
Mean radius is calculated using the formula R = (MR+PN)/4.
Find the numerical aperture of the fiber using the formula, NA = sin max = r / (d ^2
+ r^2 ) ^1/2 Where max is the maximum angle at which the light incident is
properly transmitted through the fiber
Observation Table:Calculation/Graph:PN=1.2cm
MR=1.2cm
R=PN+MR
4
=1.2+1.2
4
=0.6cm
d=1cm
NA== r / (d ^2 + r^2) ^1/2
= 0.6
1.16
=0.514
Result & Conclusion:Thus
have calculated the numerical APPROVED
aperture ofBY:
optical
fiber. The N/A came out to
PREPARED
BY :we
Mrs.S.J.Nandedkar
Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni
be 0.514.
Experiment No. 8
Circuit Diagram:
Experiment No. 9
LABORATORY
Aim: - The objective of this experiment

is measuring loss in the fiber.
Aurangabad
MANUAL
1. Propagation Loss
EXPERIMENT TITLE: Measurement of Losses in Optical fiber
2. Bending Loss
NO. : MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02
3.EXPERIMENT
Connector Loss

LABORATORY
:COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM Lab-I
Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE: 31
Apparatus:-
FCL-01 & FCL-02.

15 cm &20 Meter Fiber cable.
Patch chords.
Power Supply (Use only one provided).
20 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope
Theory:Optical fibers are available in different variety of materials. These materials are usually
selected by taking into account their absorption characteristics for different wavelengths of
light. In case of optical fiber, since the signal is transmitted in the form of light, which is
completely different in nature as that of electrons, one has to consider the interaction of
matter with the radiation to study the losses in fiber. Losses are introduced in fiber due to
various reasons. As light propagates from one end of fiber to another end, part of it is
absorbed in the material exhibiting absorption loss. Also part of the light is reflected back or
in some other direction from the impurity particles present in the material contributing to the
loss of the signal at the other end of the fiber. In general terms it is known as propagation
loss. Plastic fibers have higher loss of the order of 180 dB/Km. whenever the condition for
angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to refraction
of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more
is the loss. Another loss is due to the coupling of fiber at LED and photo detector ends. When
light travels down optical fibers, some of the light is absorbed by the glass or plastic. This
means the light coming out of the end of the fiber is not as strong as the light going in to the
fiber. When designing a fiber communications system, you need to know the size of this loss
to calculate the maximum distance the signal will travel. In this experiment you will try one
way of measuring the loss in the fiber
Experiment No. 9
Procedure:A: Measurement of propagation Loss
Make connections as shown in the block diagram. Connect the power supply with
proper polarity to Link-C Kit. While connecting this, ensure that the power supply is
OFF.
Keep switch SW2 towards TX IN position.
Keep jumpers JP1, JP2 & JP4 shorted, JP3 towards sine
Switch on the power supply.
Select 100Hz-1 KHz frequency range using switch SW1 in the function generator.
Observe the signal at SINE post of the function generator on the oscilloscope. Keep
the frequency at about 1 KHz using Pot P2and amplitude of about 1vpp using pot P1
Connect the SINE post of the function generator to the IN post of the analog buffer.
Keep intensity control pot P5 at minimum position by rotating it fully in an
anticlockwise direction.
Connect the OUT post of analog buffer to the TX IN post of Transmitter.
Take the plastic fiber of length 15cm and insert one end into the transmitter LED SFH
756v until it is sealed, then lightly tighten the fiber optic locking cinch nut.
Insert the other end of optical fiber into the detector SFH 250v until it is sealed then
lightly tighten the fiber optic locking cinch nut.
Observe the output signal at the out post of the signal conditioning section on the
Oscilloscope by adjusting the intensity control pot P5 on kit; you should get the
reproduction of the Original transmitted signal mark this amplitude level as V1.
Now replace 15 cm fiber by 20 meter fiber without disturbing any of the previous
settings. Measure the amplitude level at the receiver side again. You will notice that it
is less than the previous one. Mark this as v2.
If is the attenuation of the fiber then we have
db= (10/L1-L2)log10(v2/v1)
L1= fiber length for v1
L2= fiber length for v2
This is for the wavelength of 660 nm.
B: Measurement of bending Loss
Repeat all the steps 1 to 12 as above.
Bend the fiber in a loop. Measure the amplitude of the received signal.
Keep reducing the diameter of fiber bend to about 2 cm and take corresponding
output voltage readings.(Do not reduce loop diameter less than 2cm)
Plot a graph of the received signal amplitude versus the loop diameter.
As you go on increase the bend diameter signal losses will also increase.
Experiment No. 9
Circuit Diagram:

LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
Eye pattern Measurement

Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE:34
Experiment No. 10
Aim: - Eye pattern measurement using fiber optic link.

Apparatus: Link-B Kit with power supply.
Patch chords.
1 Meter fiber cable.
20 MHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope
Theory:The eye-pattern technique is a simple but powerful measurement method for assessing
the data-handling ability of a digital transmission system. This method has been used extensively
for evaluating the performance of wire systems and can also be applied to optical fiber data links.
The eye-pattern measurements are made in the time domain and allow the effects of waveform
distortion to be shown immediately on an oscilloscope.
An eye-pattern can be observed with the basic equipment shown in Fig. 10.1. The output from a
pseudorandom data pattern generator is applied to the vertical input of an oscilloscope and the
data rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep. This results in the type of pattern shown in Fig.
12.2, which is called the eye pattern because the display shape resembles a human eye. To see
how the display pattern is formed, consider the eight possible 4-bit-long NRZ combinations.
When these sixteen combinations are superimposed simultaneously, an eye pattern as shown in
Fig. 12.2 is formed.
To measure system performance with the eye-pattern method, a variety of word patterns should
be provided. A convenient approach is to generate a random data signal, because this is the
characteristic of data streams found in practice. This type of signal generates ones and zeros at a
uniform rate but in a random manner. A variety of pseudorandom pattern generators are available
for this purpose. The word pseudorandom means that the generated combination or sequence of
ones and zeros will eventually repeat but that it is sufficiently random for test purposes. A
pseudorandom bit sequence comprises four different 2-bitlong combinations, eight different 3bit-long combinations, sixteen different 4-bitlong combinations, and so on (that is, sequences of
different N-bit-long combinations) up to a limit set by the instrument. After this limit has been
generated, the data sequence will repeat.
PREPARED
: Mrs.S.J.Nandedkar
APPROVED
BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni
A great BY
deal
of system performance information
can be deduced
from the eye pattern display. To
interpret the eye pattern, follow the procedure ahead
Experiment No. 10
.
Procedure: Refer to the block diagram & carry out the following connections and settings.
Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit link-B and switch it on.
Keep all Switch Faults in OFF position.
Keep switch SW8 towards TX position.
Keep switch SW9 towards TX1 position.
Keep switch SW10 towards EYE PATTERN position.
Keep Jumper JP5 towards +5V position.
Keep Jumpers JP6 shorted.
Keep Jumper JP8 towards Pulse position
Select PRBS generator clock at 32 KHz by keeping jumper JP4 at 32K position.
Connect the post DATA OUT of PRBS Generator to IN post Digital buffer.
Connect the OUT post of the Digital buffer to the TX IN post.
Slightly unscrew the cap of SFH756V (660 nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the one meter fiber into the cap. Now tighten
Connect the other end of the Fiber to detector SFH551V (Photo Transistor Detector) very
carefully.
Connect detected signal TTL OUT to vertical channel Y input of oscilloscope.
Connect CLK OUT of PRBS Generator to EXT. TRIG. of oscilloscope.
Then observe EYE PATTERN by selecting EXT. TRIG KNOB on oscilloscope
. Calculation/Graph:-
Result & Conclusion:PREPARED BY : Mrs.S.J.Nandedkar
Eye pattern for frequencies 32 kHz, 64Kz and 128 kHz were observed. As the circuit Frequency
Increases, the Eye pattern get compressed.
Experiment No. 10
Circuit Diagram:-

LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
BER Measurement

Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE: 37
Experiment No. 11
Aim: -Measurement of Bit Error Rate
Apparatus: Link-B Kit with power supply.
Patch chords.
1 Meter fiber cable.
20 MHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope
Theory:BIT ERROR RATE
In telecommunication transmission, the bit error rate (BER) is a Ratio of bits that have errors
relative to the total number of bits received in a transmission. The BER is an indication of
how often a packet or other data unit has to be retransmitted because of an error. Too high a
BER may indicate that a slower data rate would actually improve overall transmission time
for a given amount of transmitted data since the BER might be reduced , lowering the
number of packets that had to be resent.
Measuring Bit Error Rate
A BERT (bit error rate tester) Is a procedure or device that measures the BER for a given
transmission. The BER, or quality of the digital link, is calculated from the number of bits
received in error divided by the number of bits transmitted.
BER= (Bits in Error) / (Total bits transmitted)
Using a bench test setup, this is easily measured by means of a comparator in which the
transmitted bits are matched in an XOR gate with the received bits.
If the bits are alike at the XOR gate input when clocked in from the D flip flop, the output is
low. If they are different, the XOR output goes high, causing an event count. The event
counter can be set for various time periods. In general, the longer the time period, the more
accurate the count.
Experiment No. 11
A random character generator and white noise source should be used for these measurements
The number of bit errors is dependent upon the amount of noise entering the system. White
noise, or background noise, has an average or RMS value that is exceeded periodically by
peaks that rise many times that level. These peaks exist only for a very short period of time.
When the peak equals or exceeds the signal level, that is noise energy = bit energy, there is a
50/50 chance of error. The peak time
periods can
Experiment
No.be11calculated statistically from the error
function.
In Link-B, PRBS sequence is generated by using a 4-bit right shift register whose feedback is
PROCEDURE:
completed by the EX-OR gate.
Refer to the block diagram & carry out the following connections and settings.
PRBS
generated
bywith
using
a 4-bit
right shift
whose
feedback
is
sequence
Connect theispower
supply
proper
polarity
to theregister
kit link-B
and switch
it on.
completed
by
the
EX-OR
gate.
Keep all Switch Faults in OFF position.
Let Initially 1001 be the 4 bit switch setting on the SW6
Keep switch SW8 towards TX position.
Clock States D1 D2 D3 D4
AKeep
B C switch SW9 towards TX1 position.
0 Keep
1 1
0 1 1 switch SW10 towards TTL position.
2 1
0 0 0 Jumper JP5 towards +5V position.
1 Keep
3 0
1
1 0 1 Jumpers JP6 shorted.
Keep
4 1
0
1 1 0 Jumper JP8 towards Pulse position.
Keep
5 01011
0 Select
6 1
1 0 1 PRBS generator clock at 32 KHz by keeping jumper JP4 at 32K position.
Set
signal pattern using SW7.
7 1 1 0 1 PRBS
1
1 Connect
8 1
1 0 1 the post DATA OUT of PRBS Generator to IN post Digital buffer.
9 1
1 1 0 the OUT post of the Digital buffer to the TX IN post.
1 Connect
10 0
1
1 1 0 unscrew the cap of SFH756V (660 nm). Do not remove the cap from the
Slightly
11 0 0 1
10
connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the one meter fiber into the cap. Now
12 0 0 0 1 1
tighten the cap by screwing it back. Connect the other end of the Fiber to detector
13 1 0 0 0 0
SFH551V (Photo Transistor Detector) very carefully.
14 0 1 0 0 0
15 0 0 Connect
1 0 1 detected signal TTL OUT to Bit Error Rate event counter DATA IN post & to
16 1 0 post
0 1 1IN of Noise Source.
the
Connect
post repeats
OUT ofconstantly
Noise Source
post RXDATA
IN oftoBit
event
Thus
sequence
with atoperiod
corresponding
16Error
clock Rate
states.
counter
Length of sequence = 2 raise to 4 =16
Now thepost
Pseudo
patterntoispost
C =CLK
1010111100010011
Connect
CLKRandom
OUT of Sequence
PRBS Generator
IN of Bit Error Rate event
counter.
Press Switch SW11 to start counter.
Vary pot P3 for Noise Level to observe effect of noise level on the error count.
Observe the Error Count LED for the error count in received signal in time 10
seconds.
Experiment No. 11

LABORATORY
Aurangabad
MANUAL
EXPERIMENT TITLE: Displacement Measurement

Location:-411
PART: I
PAGE: 41
Experiment No. 12
Aim: - Study effect of lateral, longitudinal and angular displacement
Apparatus: FCL-01 & FCL-02.
FG-01 with power cable.
20 MHz Dual Channel Oscilloscope.
Experiment No. 12
0.5 meter connectorized Fiber cables
The lossConnecting
from the angular
Sleeve.misalignment has the same form as the longitudinal misalignment
loss withPrecision
sin8/ NADisplacement
replacing z/a. Jigs.
For
graded
index
theprovided).
calculation is much more complicated because the
Power supply
(Usefibers,
only one
irradiance varies as a function of the position within the fiber core. In this experiment fiber
Theory:loss due to mechanical misalignments are measured. The fiber could be step index or graded
index type. Fiber Optic Links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals.
MECHANICAL MISALIGNMENT IN FIBERS:
Basically, a fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a
Mechanical misalignment is a major problem when joining two fibers because of their
receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it
microscopic size. It results in the radiation loss because the radiation cone of the emitting
into optical (light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium,
fiber does not match the acceptance cone of the receiving fiber. The magnitude of the
which carries this energy to the receiver. At the receiver, light is converted back into electrical
radiation loss depends upon the degree of misalignment. There are three types of mechanical
form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter. If we transmit signal between
misalignments as shown in the block diagram. These are lateral (coaxial), longitudinal (end
two fibers by putting them trough coupling Jig, depending on the extent of coupling we will
separation) and angular. The lateral misalignment results when the axes of the fibers are
get appropriate signal at the detector side.
separated. The longitudinal misalignment occurs when the fibers have the same axis but have
Procedure:some gap between their and faces. The angular misalignment occurs when the fiber end faces
Refer to
the block
and make
the followingthat
connections.
are no longer
parallel.
Thediagram
most common
misalignment
occurs in practice is the lateral
Connect
the
power
supply
with
proper
polarity
to
FCL-01
misalignment. This misalignment reduces the overlap area of theand
twoFCL-02.
fiber core end faces
While connecting
power
OFF. from on fiber into the
and consequently
reducesthis,
the ensure
amountthat
of the
power
thatsupply
can beif coupled
The
Keep
the jumpers
for +12V,
JP2 towardsissine
wave,
JP3than
shortthat due to the
other.
power
loss dueJP1short
to this type
of misalignment
usually
more
for +12V
& JP4 towardsInTX2.
other types
of misalignment
the case of step index fibers, the loss from lateral
Keep switch
FCL-01
VI position.the overlap area of the core because the
misalignment
can beSW2
foundonby
simplytocalculating
irradiance
is
constant
over
the
face
of
a step-index
fiber.onThe
loss due to longitudinal
Keep switch SW1 in SIGNAL STRENGTH
position
FCL-02.
misalignment
can P3
be fully
calculated
by comparing
of the receiving
Keep pot
anticlockwise
& P4 the
fullyarea
clockwise
position. fibers with the area of
the beam
from
the
first
fiber
at
a
distance
z
where
z
is
the
separation
the end faces.
Connect the output of Photo Diode detector post OUT to postbetween
IN of Signal
Strength Indicator block.
Switch on the power supply.
Take 2 fibers of 0.5meters length after connectrorization as explained in Exp.No.1.
Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH756V (660nm). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the 0.5meter fiber into the cap. Now tighten
Connect 0.5meter fiber with plug form receiver to part A of Precision Displacement
Jig.
Connect 0.5 meter fiber with plug form receiver to part B of Precision Displacement
Jig.
Check that vertical and horizontal alignment is proper.
Place the other end of this fiber into Photo Diode SFH250V of FCL-02 by slightly
unscrewing the cap. Do not remove the
cap from the connector.
Once the cap is loosened, insert the other end of fiber into the cap. Now tighten the cap
Experiment No. 12
.
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT:
Introduce some lateral misalignment with the help of adjusting screws. For horizontal
displacement fix the vertical displacement screw SC1, Vary the horizontal
displacement between part A & part B from 0 to 2 mm in steps of 0.5mm.
For vertical displacement fix the horizontal displacement screw SC1, Vary the vertical
displacement by adjusting screw SC2 between part A & part B from 0 to 2 mm in steps
of 0.5mm.
The amount of misalignment effect can be observed with the help of signal strength
meter coupled into the second fiber. Measure the detected signal at every step and
compare it with the earlier reading.
And realign
Experiment
No. the
12 fiber ends.
.LONGITUDINAL DISPLACEMENT:
Angular
Displacement:
Check
that the alignment of part A and part B of the precision jig is proper, if not
make it proper by adjusting appropriate screws.
Sr no
Displacement No. of LED glow
Observation Table:- in Degree
01
5
4
Lateral Displacement-02
10
1
03
15
0
Sr no
Displacement in
N0.of LED
mm
glow
01
3
1
02
2
4
Result & Conclusion:03
1
6
Any kind of miss alignment, whether lateral, longitudinal as angular introduces los in
fiber. Hence, there should be minimized to minimize the losses.
Longitudinal DisplacementSr No
01
02
03
Displacement in
mm
5
1
2
No. of LED
glow
6
4
1
Experiment No. 12
.
Circuit Diagram:-

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Maharashthra Institute of Technology,

MASTER LIST OF EXPERIMENT

Microwave and Optical Communication

To study Microwave components.

Losses measurement in optical fiber.

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

Maharashtra Institute of Technology,

To study Microwave components.

EXPERIMENT NO. : MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02

Fig1.1 E-plane Tee

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

Figure 1.3 H-plane Tee

Figure 1.4 E Fields for various inputs

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

Figure1.7 Detector Mount

Figure 1.8.Slotted waveguide section

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

Fig 1.9 Directional Coupler

Maharashtra Institute of Technology,

Study of the characteristics of the klystron tube.

EXPERIMENT NO. : MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02

Class: : BTech (ETC)

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

EXPERIMENT TITLE: Study of Gunn Oscillator

EXPERIMENT NO. : MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02

Result & Conclusion:-

Gunn bias knob--------------Fully anticlockwise

Result & Conclusion:-

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

measurement of Microwave source

EXPERIMENT NO. : MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02

0 = free space wavelength

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

Maharashtra Institute of Technology,

EXPERIMENT NO. : MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02

Directivity D (dB) =40dB

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

Maharashtra Institute of Technology,

EXPERIMENT NO. : MIT(T)/ETC/CS-I/MWOC/02

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

LABORATORY :COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Lab-I

Arrange the set up as shown in Fig.

Insertion loss of circulator = 0.695 dB

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

Connect Current meters to jumpers JP3 & JP4.

Observation Table:Vf (V)

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

Aim: - The objective of this experiment

DEPARTMENT: Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Class: : BTech (ETC)

FCL-01 & FCL-02.

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni

APPROVED BY: Ms.V.MP.Kulkarni