HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Part XII Patterns in the Chemical World

Structured Questions
Chemistry: Chapter 49 Periodic variation in physical properties of the elements Li to
Ar
Section 49.1
1
Complete the following table.
Elements

Li

Be

Ne

Strong _______
Strong _______ bond between
Nature of bond between _________ and Weak _______________ between
_________ and ____________
molecules or atoms
bonding
____________
of the bonded
atoms
Structure

____________

____________

____________
[5M]

2
Answer the following questions.
(a) What does periodicity mean?
(b) Explain why metallic character generally decreases across a period.
(c) Explain why metallic character generally increases down a group.
[6M]
Section 49.2
3
It is observed that the melting points of elements follow a periodic pattern in the
Periodic Table.
(a) Sketch the trend of melting points of elements across Period 3.
(b) Explain the trend of melting points from Group I to III elements in Period 3.
(c) Which element in Period 3 has the highest melting point? State its structure.
[8M]
4
Answer the following questions.
(a) Sketch the trend of melting points of elements across Period 3.
(b) Sketch the trend of the relative electrical conductivities of elements across Period
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3 at room temperature.
(c) Sketch the trend of the relative electrical conductivities of elements across Period
2 at room temperature and compare it with the result in (b).
[8M]
5
(a) Explain the trend of melting points of Period 3 elements.
(b) Explain the trend of relative electrical conductivities of Period 3 elements at
room temperature.
[7M]
6
Answer the following questions.
(a) Sketch the trend of melting points from sodium to argon.
(b) Explain why the melting point of carbon is the highest in Period 2.
[5M]
7
Carbon can exist in the form of graphite or diamond.
(a) Which form of carbon can conduct electricity? Explain briefly.
(b) Explain the difference in hardness between graphite and diamond.
(c) Give the name of structure of carbon.
[7M]
8
There is periodicity in melting point of elements in the Periodic Table.
(a) Sketch the trend of melting points of elements across Period 2.
(b) Sketch the trend of melting points of elements across Period 3.
(c) Explain the difference in melting points between lithium and sodium.
(d) Explain the difference in melting points between chlorine and fluorine.
(e) Explain the difference in melting points between carbon and silicon.
[13M]
9
There is periodicity in electrical conductivity of elements in the Periodic Table.
(a) Sketch a graph to show the variation of relative electrical conductivities of
elements across Period 3 at room temperature.
(b) Explain the difference in electrical conductivities between magnesium and
sodium.
[5M]

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Relative electrical conductivity

10
The graph below shows the variation in relative electrical conductivity of some
elements.

Atomic number
It is known that all the above elements are from Period 2 and Period 3.
(a) Predict the value of x.
(b) Which of the above elements is a noble gas?
(c) Explain why the element with atomic number of x + 8 is not an electrical
conductor at room temperature.
(d) Explain why the element with atomic number of x + 7 has higher electrical
conductivity than the one with atomic number of x + 6.
[5M]
11
Concerning molecules of nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine.
(a) State the period that they belong to.
(b) State and explain whether there is a large difference in melting points of the three
elements.
(c) Phosphorus has the same structure as the above three elements. A student
claimed that phosphorus should have a melting point close to them. Comment on
his statement.
[6M]
12
Across Period 3 of the Periodic Table, the elements change from metals to
semi-metals and then non-metals.
(a) Classify the elements across Period 3 according to their structures.
(b) (i) Give the definition of melting point.
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(ii) Sketch the trend of the melting points of elements across Period 3.
(iii) Explain the trend of the melting points for Group I to Group IV elements in
Period 3.
[11M]
13
The information of four elements in the Periodic Table is listed below.
Element

Electronic
configuration

2, 1

2, 3

2, 8, 6

2, 8, 8

Physical state
at 25C

Melting point
(1-highest, 4-lowest)

Electrical
conductivity

(W, X, Y and Z are not chemical symbols.)

(a) Complete the above table.
(b) (i) Give the names of the above elements.
(ii) Classify the above elements as metals, semi-metals or non-metals.
(c) Comment on the melting points of these elements.
(d) Comment on the electrical conductivities of the above elements.
(e) Draw diagrams to represent the structures of elements X and Y.
[17M]
14
The table below shows some properties of elements in Period 2 of the Periodic Table:
Elements
Electrical
conductivity
Melting

Li

Be

Ne

conductor

conductor

depends on
its structure

insulator

insulator

181

1278

3550 to
3675

219

249

point (C)

(a) Give the names of the groups consisting of Li, Be, F and Ne respectively.
(b) (i) Explain why the electrical conductivity of carbon depends on its structures.
(ii) Draw diagrams to represent the structures of two allotropes of carbon.
(c) (i) Both Li and Be are metals. Explain their difference in melting point.
(ii) Explain why F and Ne have relatively lower melting points.
[14M]
15

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The elements across Period 2 show periodic pattern. By referring to the type of
bonding and structure, explain the following:
(a) The melting point of beryllium is higher than that of lithium.
(b) The melting point of carbon is higher than that of nitrogen.
(c) The melting point of lithium is higher than that of fluorine.
[9M]
16
Briefly explain the following:
(a) Electrical conductivity increases from sodium to aluminium.
(b) Graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon. However, they have very
different electrical conductivity.
(c) Boron and aluminium belong to the same group but they have different electrical
conductivities at room temperature.
[8M]
17
A student claimed that Electrical conductivity depends on the presence of delocalized
electrons of metals. Graphite is able to conduct electricity so it is a metal. Comment
on his statement.
[5M]

Chemistry: Chapter 50 Bonding, stoichiometric composition and acid-base properties

of oxides of the elements Na to Cl
Section 50.1
18
Across a period, the electronegativities of elements increase.
(a) Define elecronegativity.
(b) Which oxide, Na 2 O or Al 2 O 3 , possesses more ionic character? Explain.
(c) Except Na 2 O, sodium forms one more oxide with oxygen. Give the chemical
formula of this oxide. State the oxidation number of oxygen in this oxide.
(d) Burning sodium in air will produce two oxides of sodium. Write a balanced
equation for the reaction.
[6M]
Section 50.2
19
Complete the following table for oxides of Period 3 elements:
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Oxide

Na 2 O

Colour
and state

MgO

Al 2 O 3

SiO 2

P 4 O 10

___________________

at 25C
Structure
Acid-base
property

___________________
____________

________

________

SO 2

Cl 2 O

______
______

______
______

___________________
_______________
[9M]

20
Answer the following questions.
(a) Describe the trend of electronegativities of elements across Period 3.
(b) Explain why the electronegativities of elements affect the bonding and structure
of the oxides of elements across a period.
(c) State the chemical properties of basic oxides and acidic oxides with ONE
named example from Period 3 elements respectively.
[8M]
21
X, Y and Z are Period 3 elements. The table below summarizes some information
about them:
X

Empirical formula
of oxide

X2O

Y2O3

Z2O

Melting point

Very high

Very high

Low

Acid-base
property of oxide

Basic

Amphoteric

Acidic

(a) Suggest what X, Y and Z are.

(b) Explain the behaviour of the oxides in water with appropriate equations, if any.
[8M]
22
Na, Mg, Al, Si, P and S are Period 3 elements which form oxides when they are
burned in an excess amount of oxygen.
(a) Give the formula of an oxide formed for each element.
(b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between P 4 O 10 and water.
(c) Write a balanced equation for the formation of Al 2 O 3 from its elements.
(d) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between SiO 2 and hydroxide ion.
(e) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between Cl 2 O and water.

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[7M]
23
The following table shows the melting point of the oxides formed from three Period 3
elements.
Oxide

Melting point (C)

2752

72

1610

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Which of the oxides is most likely to have a simple molecular structure? Explain.
Deduce the structure of A if it does not react with water and acids.
State what A should be.
Give the name of C if it burns with a yellow flame in air. State its structure.
[6M]

24
(a) (i) Al 2 O 3 can react with acids or alkalis. What is the type of this oxide?
(ii) Write balanced equations for the reactions of Al 2 O 3 with hydrochloric acid
and potassium hydroxide respectively.
(iii) The oxide of a Period 2 element is also amphoteric. Write balanced
equations for the reactions of this oxide with sulphuric acid and sodium
hydroxide respectively. (Hint: This oxide is a metal oxide.)
(b) The structure of P 4 O 10 is shown below:

(i)

Based on the structure above, draw the structure of P 4 O 6 .

(ii) Write balanced equations for the reactions of water with P 4 O 6 and P 4 O 10
respectively.
[8M]
25
A student used a burette to carry out a titration. His teacher told him that the burette
was corroded by sodium hydroxide, so he should use a new one.
(a) Explain, with a balanced equation, why the burette was corroded by sodium
hydroxide.
(b) Give the name of the sodium-containing product in (a).
(c) Sometimes we cannot avoid using alkaline solution as the titrant. Suggest TWO
ways to minimize the degree of corrosion.
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(d) Explain why sodium hydroxide CANNOT be used as a primary standard.

[8M]
26
Answer the following questions:
(a) (i) Sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide are oxides of sulphur. Draw their
structures.
(ii) Write a balanced equation for the conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur
trioxide. Give the name of the catalyst used.
(iii) State the colour of SO 2 .
(b) (i) Draw the structure of dichlorine oxide.
(ii) State the colour of dichlorine oxide.
[7M]
27
A student tried to find out the acid-base properties of different oxides. He selected
Na 2 O, Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 as the samples. Then he tried to dissolve the three oxides into
water.
(a) State the observations for each oxide. Write equations for any reactions occurred.
(b) Classify the solutions or liquids obtained as acidic, neutral or alkaline.
(c) To confirm the properties of Al 2 O 3 , it was reacted with dilute nitric acid and
dilute sodium hydroxide respectively. Write equations for the reactions occurred.
(d) Use ONE word to describe the behaviour of Al 2 O 3 .
[10M]
28
Consider the oxides of three Period 3 elements, Mg, P and S.
(a) Draw the structures of phosphorus pentoxide and sulphur dioxide.
(b) Write equations for the reactions occurred when the three oxides are added to
water respectively.
(c) Which of the three oxides can be used to convert carboxylic acid (RCOOH) to
acid anhydride ((RCO) 2 O)? (Hint: Two carboxylic acid molecules react to form
one acid anhydride molecule.)
[6M]
29
Silica glass is mainly composed of SiO 2 .
(a) Draw the structure of SiO 2 .
(b) Below are two precautions of using silica glass which were stated by two
students:
1. It should not be used to store alkaline solutions.
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2. It should not be used to store acidic solutions.

State whether each of them is correct or not. Explain your answer briefly.
[6M]
30
Phosphorus pentoxide (P 4 O 10 ) is a white solid.
(a) State the observation if P 4 O 10 is mixed with water containing universal indicator.
Explain your answer with an equation.
(b) Suggest ONE use of P 4 O 10 .
(c) A student claimed that P 4 O 10 contains two P 2 O 5 molecules. Comment on his
statement with the illustration of the structure of P 4 O 10 .
[7M]
31
Granite is very hard, durable and highly resistant to most chemicals.
(a) (i) State the major composition of granite.
(ii) State the nature of bonding of the compound in (i).
(b) The major constituent of most commercial glass is silica.
(i) Put some glass powder into a test tube. Add a small amount of sodium
hydroxide solution. Put the tube in an ultrasonic bath for a few minutes.
Then add 12 drops of methyl orange to the solution. What is the colour of
the reaction mixture?
(ii) Explain why there is a colour change in (i).
(iii) What makes commercial glass have different colours?
(c) (i) Silica glass bottles are not suitable for storing sodium hydroxide solution.
Explain why.
(ii) What kind of container is suitable for storing sodium hydroxide solution?
[8M]
32
Some oxides of Period 3 elements were tested and the results were shown below.
Oxide

Solubility in
water

pH of solution Reaction with

dilute acids

Reaction with
dilute alkalis

Soluble

No

Yes

Slightly soluble

10

Yes

No

Insoluble

No

Yes

Insoluble

Yes

Yes

(A, B, C and D are not chemical symbols.)

(a) Classify AD as oxides of metal, semi-metal or non-metal.
(b) Classify AD as acidic, basic or amphoteric.
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(c) Suggest what C and D are. Explain your answer.

(d) Which of the above oxides is likely to have the lowest melting point? Explain
your answer.
[11M]
33
Consider the oxides of Period 3 elements.
(a) Briefly describe the trend of nature of the oxides.
(b) Which of the oxides is amphoteric? Illustrate its properties with suitable
chemical equations.
(c) Which of the oxide(s) consist(s) of V-shaped molecules?
(d) Phosphorus pentoxide reacts vigorously with water to form phosphoric acid.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction.
(ii) Explain why anhydrous phosphoric acid is viscous. Use a diagram to
illustrate your answer. (Hint: H 3 PO 4 is in molecular form.)
(iii) State and explain the basicity of phosphoric acid.
[11M]
34
The table below shows the properties of some oxides of the elements in Period 3.
Atomic numbers of X, Y and Z are arranged in ascending order.
Element

Formula of oxide

XO

Y2O3

ZO 2

Melting point (C)

2800

2054

1610

Behaviour of oxide in
water

alkaline solution

amphoteric

insoluble in water

(X, Y and Z are not chemical symbols.)

(a) Identify X, Y and Z.
(b) (i) Draw the electron diagram of XO.
(ii) With the help of chemical equations, explain why an alkaline solution is
formed when XO dissolves in water.
(c) What is the meaning of amphoteric? Write TWO ionic equations to show the
amphoteric properties of Y 2 O 3 .
(d) Explain why ZO 2 does not dissolve in water.
[10M]
35
Sodium oxide (Na 2 O), aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and phosphorus pentoxide (P 4 O 10 )
are white solids at room temperature and pressure. The melting points of the oxides
are 1275C, 2072C and 569C (sublimes at 360C) respectively.
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(a) Outline the experimental procedure to identify the three compounds. Give related
chemical equations and explanation.
(b) Explain why the melting points of alumininium oxide and sodium oxide are
much higher than that of phosphorus pentoxide.
[7M]
36
The melting points of gallium oxide and arsenic oxide are 1795C and 315C
respectively. Gallium oxide and arsenic oxide have the following compositions by
mass.
Gallium oxide: Ga (74.4%), O (25.6%)
Arsenic oxide: As (65.2%), O (34.8%)
(a) Calculate the empirical formula of gallium oxide and arsenic oxide.
(b) Explain the difference in their melting points.
[7M]
37
The table below shows the properties of some oxides of Period 3 elements.
Oxide

SiO 2

P 4 O 10

SO 2

Melting point (C)

1650

569

72.4

Behaviour of oxide
in water

Insoluble

Reacts with water

to form acidic
solution

Reacts with water

to form acidic
solution

(a) Explain the following phenomena with the help of equations.

(i) P 4 O 10 and SO 2 react with water to give acidic solutions.
(ii) SiO 2 does not dissolve in water but it is an acidic oxide.
(b) Explain why SiO 2 and SO 2 have very different melting points.
(c) Suggest a common use for each of the following oxides.
(i) P 4 O 10
(ii) SO 2
[11M]
38
Aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) is an amphoteric oxide.
(a) What is the meaning of amphoteric?
(b) Apart from aluminium oxide, give ONE more example of amphoteric oxides.
(c) It is known that aluminium hydroxide is also an amphoteric substance.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between aluminium hydroxide and
sulphuric acid.
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between aluminium hydroxide and
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sodium hydroxide.
(d) Suggest a method to convert aluminium oxide to aluminium.
[5M]
Chemistry: Chapter 51 General properties of transition metals
Sections 51.151.2
39
Transition metals occupy the central region of the Periodic Table in Periods 4, 5, 6,
and 7. They are different from most main group metals in different properties.
(a) Explain why transition metals across a period have similar chemical properties.
(b) Explain why sodium can be cut by a knife whereas copper cannot.
(c) Topaz is a kind of gemstones with yellow colour. Suggest the ions it contains.
(d) State the colour of the pigment that contains zinc.
[7M]
Section 51.3
40
Transition metals usually have various oxidation states and show different colours in
their compounds.
(a) State the colour of V3+(aq) ions.
(b) V3+(aq) ions can be reduced by Zn.
(i) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction.
(ii) State any observable change during the reaction.
(c) A compound of vanadium can be used as a catalyst in an industrial and chemical
process which manufactures sulphuric acid.
(i) State the compound of vanadium used as the catalyst.
(ii) State the oxidation state of vanadium in this catalyst.
(iii) State the industrial and chemical process.
[6M]
41
Iron has two common oxidation states.
(a) State these two kinds of iron ions.
(b) Which of the two iron ions is a reducing agent?
(c) Suppose chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution containing the ions mentioned in
(b). State the observation.
(d) Write an equation for the reaction involved in (c).
[4M]
42
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Chromium has a wide range of oxidation states in its compounds.

(a) (i) List the TWO common oxidation states of chromium. Give ONE
corresponding ion for each oxidation state.
(ii) State the colour(s) of the ions in (a)(i).
(b) Acidified potassium dichromate solution is extensively used in volumetric
analysis for determining the amount of a reducing agent.
(i) Write the ionic half equation for dichromate ions.
(ii) What is the colour at the end point if a colourless reducing agent is used.
(iii) Acidified potassium dichromate solution can be used to test the presence of
both hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide. Write the equations for the
reactions involved.
(iv) Explain why acidified potassium dichromate solution is not commonly used
in the redox titration involving iodide ions.
[10M]
43
Most of the transition metals, e.g. titanium, vanadium and chromium show variable
oxidation states in their compounds.
(a) Explain why most of transition elements show variable oxidation states in their
compounds.
(b) (i) State TWO other transition metals which show variable oxidation states in
their compounds.
(ii) Give TWO examples for each transition metal stated in (b)(i).
(c) State TWO transition metals which do not show variable oxidation states in their
compounds.
[9M]
44
A conventional breathalyzer is used to test the alcohol content present in a drivers
breath. It contains a solution of acidified potassium dichromate solution. If the
drivers breath contains appropriate amount of alcohol, the contents in the
breathalyzer change from orange to green.
(a) Explain the observation.
(b) Give the oxidation numbers of chromium in ions involved.
[4M]
Section 51.4
45
The following flow chart shows the inter-conversions of different oxidation states of
vanadium:

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(a) State the oxidation numbers of vanadium in VO 2 +(aq) and VO2+(aq) respectively.
(b) State the colours of V2+(aq) ions and V3+(aq) ions.
(c) V 2 O 5 is used as a catalyst in Contact Process.
(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction it catalyses.
(ii) State the oxidation number of vanadium in V 2 O 5 .
(d) Contact Process involves two stages.
Stage 1: V 2 O 5 (s) + SO 2 (g) 2VO 2 (s) + SO 3 (g)
(i) Write a balanced equation for stage 2.
(ii) Explain why V 2 O 5 is considered as a catalyst in the process.
[8M]
46
(a) MnO 2 (s) is a strong oxidizing agent and it can be used as a catalyst in some
chemical processes. Give an example of such processes.
(b) MnO 2 (s) can react with HCl(aq) to produce Cl 2 (g).
(i) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
(ii) What is the colour of the resultant solution? Explain briefly.
(c) KMnO 4 (aq) is a powerful oxidizing agent.
(i) State the colour of KMnO 4 solution.
(ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between KMnO 4 (aq) and
FeSO 4 (aq).
[6M]
47
Write balanced chemical equations for the following processes. State the catalyst used
in each case.
(a) Haber Process
(b) Contact Process
(c) Catalytic conversion in car exhausts
(d) Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
(e) Ziegler-Natta polymerization of ethane
[10M]
48
Transition metals and their compounds show catalytic properties.
(a) State the meaning of a catalyst.
(b) It is proposed that there are two steps in Contact Process:
Step I: SO 2 (g) + V 2 O 5 (s) SO 3 (g) + 2X(s)

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Step II: 2X(s) +

1
O 2 (g) V 2 O 5 (s)
2

(i) State what X is.

(ii) State the function of oxygen.
(c) It is known that a catalyst does not change any physical properties of the
reactants. Suggest how a catalyst can speed up a reaction in terms of energy
factor. (Hint: A catalyst increases the proportion of reactant particles which
possess enough energy to have effective collisions.)
[8M]
49
The diagram below shows how a catalyst catalyses the reaction between iodide ions
and peroxodisulphate ions.
I2

S 2 O 8 2

e
I

SO 4 2

(a) Suggest what A and B are.

(b) State all the reducing agents present in the diagram.
(c) Write two equations to show how the reaction is catalysed if A is used as the
catalyst.
[7M]
50
(a) Explain the following phenomena.
(i) Tranisition metals have various oxidation states.
(ii) The strength of the metallic bonds in transition metals is very strong.
(b) In each of the following statements, suggest a transition metal that fits the
situation.
(i) One of its cations has a blue colour.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of a variety of steel.
(iii) It is used as anti-corrosion coating for iron.
(iv) It is used to make the catalyst that catalyses the polymerization of ethene.
[8M]
51
(a) Iron rusts when it is in contact with moist air.
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(i) Write a chemical equation for rusting.

(ii) State the change in oxidation state of iron during rusting.
(b) Iron can react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(i) State the observable change(s) when a piece of iron metal is dropped into a
test tube containing dilute hydrochloric acid.
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(iii) State whether the reaction is a redox reaction or not. Explain your answer in
terms of changes in oxidation numbers.
(c) In Haber Process, iron is used as a catalyst.
(i) State the meaning of catalyst.
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurred in Haber Process.
(d) The reaction between peroxodisulphate ions and iodide ions can be catalysed by
adding iron(III) ions. The process involves two stages as below:
Stage I: 2Fe3+(aq) + 2I(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I 2 (aq)
Stage II: 2Fe2+(aq) + S 2 O 8 2(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2SO 4 2(aq)
(i) State the function of iron(III) ions in the first stage of the reaction.
(ii) Explain why iron(II) ions can also be used to catalyse this reaction.
(iii) Write an overall equation for this reaction.
[14M]
52
Manganese is a transition metal with variable oxidation states in its compounds. The
most common oxidation states for manganese in its compounds are +2, +4 and +7.
(a) State the compounds in which manganese has oxidation states of +2, +4 and +7
respectively.
(b) A compound of manganese is used as a catalyst in a chemical process.
(i) State the compound of manganese used as a catalyst.
(ii) State the chemical process.
[5M]
53
The most common oxidation states for iron in its compounds are +2 and +3. Iron(II)
chloride is prepared by reacting iron with dilute hydrochloric acid while iron(III)
chloride is prepared by heating iron with chlorine gas.
(a) Write chemical equations for the formation of iron(II) chloride and iron(III)
chloride.
(b) Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between iron(II) chloride and iron(III)
chloride solutions.
(c) The reaction between peroxodisulphate ions S 2 O 8 2 and iodide ions I can be
catalysed by adding iron(II) ions or iron(III) ions. State how iron(III) ions
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catalyse the reaction with the aid of appropriate ionic equations.

[9M]
Section 51.5
54
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between peroxodisulphate ions and
iodide ions.
(b) Describe briefly how the above reaction can be catalysed by iron(II) ions with
the aid of appropriate ionic equations.
(c) Give ONE application of iron in maintaining health.
[6M]
55
When zinc ribbons are added to copper(II) sulphate solution, a reaction occurs.
(a) (i) State the type of the reaction.
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
(b) State THREE observable changes during the reaction.
(c) Give ONE daily application of zinc and copper respectively.
[7M]
56
Transition metals and their compounds have important applications in industry and
biological systems.
(a) Give the names of the two catalysts used in catalytic converters.
(b) Carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide react to form nitrogen and carbon
dioxide in catalytic converters. Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(c) State the importance of iron in human body.
(d) Titanium is used to make the body of space shuttles. Suggest TWO properties of
titanium that make it suitable for this application.
[6M]

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

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