POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of

BUCHAREST
Faculty of Foreign Languages

MAGNETIC FLUX LAW

Professor:Marilena Stnculescu

Student: ALEXA Romulus Eduard

Group: 1223E
Year: 2014/2015

MAGNETIC FLUX LAW

Definition: Magnetic flux

through any closed surface () is zero in any

moment:

(1)
Replacing in the previous equation the expression of the magnetic flux, one
obtains the integral form of the magnetic flux law:

(2)
Because this relation is valid for any space domain
for continuity domains of the magnetic flux law:

, it results the local form

(3)
According to relation (3), the magnetic flux density field vector is a solenoidal one
(without sources). This fact underlines, on one hand, the nonexistence of the magnetic
charges similar to electric charges and, on the other hand, inexistence of some points
extremity of magnetic field lines. Therefore the magnetic field lines are not open curves.
An immediate consequence of the magnetic flux law: magnetic flux through any
open surface bounded by the same closed curve is the same.
In order to prove this statement one will consider an arbitrary closed curve () ,
and any two arbitrary open surfaces

and

, which rest on curve ().

By convention we associate the line oriented element

oriented elements

and

with each of the area

according to the right corkscrew rule, we write the

relation (2) for the closed curve () , reunion of the open surfaces

and

these conditions, the integral on () will be the sum of the integral on

. In
and

(4)
Therefore:

(5)
for any open surface
which sits on the closed curve () , which shows that the
magnetic flux has a unique value through all open surfaces bounded by the same closed
curve.
Moreover, the vector identity

(6)
allows the introduction of a new quantity, called magnetic vector potential and denoted
A

with relation:

(7)
A

As vector
is uniquely determined only if we know its divergence, it is
common that in stationary regime to adopt the calibration condition

(8)
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such that the field vector A to be a solenoidal one too.

Applying the Stokes theorem, the magnetic flux which flows through an arbitrary
open surface
, which sits on a closed curve (), can be expressed by line integral of
the of the magnetic potential vector on the curve ():

(9)
This shows that magnetic flux through an open surface depends only on the closed
curve that bounds it.

APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC FLUX LAW

1. Magnetic Flux Sensor for Hearing Aid
Hearing aids often make use of a magnetic flux sensor called a telecoil. A telecoil
responds to magnetic flux variations rather than acoustic vibrations. There are two
primary applications for telecoil compatible hearing aids.
The first application is in conjunction with a conventional telephone. The
sound from the telephone speaker is produced by an electromagnet
operating on a diaphragm. In a hearing aid without a telecoil, a small
microphone in the hearing aid picks up the acoustic signal from the
diaphragm of the phone speaker and transfers it into an electric signal. The
electric signal is then amplified and used to drive a speaker in the hearing
aid. In contrast, the telecoil converts the magnetic signal from the
electromagnet to an electric signal. The electric signal from the telecoil can
then be fed into the same amplification sequence as the signal from the
microphone as shown in Figure 1. The telecoil makes use of inductive
coupling as opposed to acoustic coupling and produces a tone clear of
acoustic interference.

Figure 1. System level block diagram showing a complete hearing aid signal processing system
[1]. The shaded grey blocks form the section addressed by the thesis.

The second application of a telecoil compatible hearing aid is called an

Inductive Loop (IL) System. A portable IL System can simply consist of
several loops of wire attached to an amplier which plugs into the line
out port on electrical equipment. More permanent installations require
higher quality equipment to prevent spillage of sound outside the loop as
well as added costs to hide evidence of the IL System from consumer view.
Also, it has been shown that since using an IL system requires very little
5

work or equipment to implement it is more cost efcient than a competitive

FM system and therefore provides greater benet to the consumer [2]. The
basic principle underlying an IL System is that the telecoil inductively
couples with the wire coil of the IL system instead of the electromagnet in a
phone receiver. Current hearing aids have several ways to access the signal
from the telecoil.

2. A Multichannel Magnetic Flux Controller for Periodic

Magnetizing Conditions
International standards for testing soft magnetic materials require that the
magnetic flux density remain sinusoidal with respect to time. Traditionally, this has been
achieved via control of the magnetic flux using either analog feedback, which provides
real-time control, or iterative digital feedback, which yields more accurate solutions with
the cost of increased convergence time. In certain applications, such as magnetic
nondestructive testing, rapid convergence of multiple interacting flux controlled channels
is required.
A multichannel flux controller design that combines the real-time performance of
analog feedback with an iterative digital feedback algorithm to reduce error was created.
The system demonstrates a 95% reduction in convergence time at power line frequencies
over a comparable system using only digital feedback.
Several examples of the system's ability to control arbitrary periodic waveforms
are presented over the frequency range from 0.735 Hz to 100 Hz. Sinusoidal form factor
errors are shown to be 0.1% from 2 Hz to 100 Hz across four strongly coupled channels
with highly nonlinear magnetizing conditions.[3]

CONCLUSIONS

The magnetic interaction is described in terms of a vector field, where each point
in space (and time) is associated with a vector that determines what force a moving
charge would experience at that point. Since a vector field is quite difficult to visualize at
first, in elementary physics one may instead visualize this field with field lines.
The magnetic flux through some surface, in this simplified picture, is proportional
to the number of field lines passing through that surface. Note that the magnetic flux is
the net number of field lines passing through that surface; that is, the number passing
through in one direction minus the number passing through in the other direction.
In more advanced physics, the field line analogy is dropped and the magnetic flux
is properly defined as the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field
passing through a surface.[4]

REFERENCES

[1] W. A. Serdijn, The design of Low-Voltage Low-Power Analog Integrated Circuits and their
Applications in Hearing Instruments. PhD thesis, Delft University, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft,
The Netherlands, February 1994.
[2] http://www.hearingloop.org/, HearingLoop: Getting hard of hearing people in the loop.
World Wide Web, April 2004.
[3] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/, A Multichannel Magnetic Flux Controller for
Periodic Magnetizing Conditions World Wide Web, July 2012.
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/, Magnetic flux World Wide Web, December 2014