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PROBLEMS OF CALCULAS AND REAL ANALYSIS

Neelanjan mondal
mondalneelanjan@gmail.com

1./6 = 1/3 1/3(3)3 + + (1)n 1/(2n+1)(3)2n+1+

2. 2 =7/5(1+1/100 + 1 3/100 200 +1 3 5/100 200
300+
3. Cauchys Condensation Criterion. Suppose that a1 a2
0. Then the series
=0 is convergent if and only if the

series
=0 2 2n = a1 + 2a2 + 4a4 + 8a8 +
p
4.
=1 1/n(logn) converge if and only if p > 1. With similar
arguments we can show that the series
=3 1/nlognloglogn
2
diverges, whereas
=3 1/nlogn(loglogn) convergents .

5. An infinite product (1+xn) is convergent if and only

if
=0 log(1 + ) is convergent for some n0N.
6. Cauchys Criterion for Infinite Products. Let xn > 1 for all n
.If lim
=1 exists then so does limnn k= 1(1 + xk).

Moreover, the limit is zero if and only if

=1 2n= .
7. Prove that the series of positive real numbers
log /(1+)

converges.
=1

8. Prove that the series = 1/ diverges.

9. Heines Criterion. Let f : IR be a function defined on an
interval I and let x0 be an accumulation point of I. Then f
(x)lnew as xx0 if and only if f (xn)lnew as n, for any
sequence (xn)n1 in I converging to x0.
10. Riemann (1854) found the following example of a
function that is discontinuous in every interval :f (x)
2
=
=1 ()/ , with B(x) =x<x> if x k/2,0 if x = k/2,
where k Z and <x> denotes the nearest integer to x. This
function is discontinuous at x = 1/2, 1/4, 3/4, 1/6, 3/6, 5/6, . .
11. Weierstrasss Theorem. Every real-valued continuous
function on a closed and bounded interval attains its
maximum and its minimum.
12. Hillams fixed-point theorem, 1976. Let f : [a,b][a,b] be
a continuous function. Consider the sequence (xn)n0
defined by x0 [a,b] and, for any positive integer n, xn = f
(xn1). Prove that (xn) n0 converges if and only if
(xn+1xn)converges to zero.
13. A function f : RR that is everywhere continuous but
nowhere differentiable is
2

f (x) =
sin for all x R. In fact, it is a example of
=1 2
a continuous function that is nowhere differentiable is due to
Weierstrass (1872) .

14. Let f : RR be a function of class C3. Prove that there

exists a R such that f (a) f (a) f (a) f (a) 0.

15. The French mathematician Arnaud Denjoy (18841974)

proved the following result related to the set of points at
which a function is differentiable.
Denjoys Theorem. Let f : IR be a function that admits onesided derivatives at any point of I \A, where A is at most
countable. Then f admits a derivative at any point of I,
excepting a set that is at most countable .
16. (Landaus Inequality). Let f : RR be a function of class
C2. Assume that both f and f are bounded and set
M0 =supxR| f (x)|, M2 = sup xR| f (x)|.Prove that f is
bounded and, moreover supxR| f (x)| 2M0M2.

13. 0 | ( )|2 20 | ( )|2 0 | ( )|2

14. Banach Fixed Point Theorem (Contraction Principle).(i) If
Dis closed and f is a contraction (that is, there exists (0,1)
such that | f (x) f (y)| |xy| for all x, y D), then f has a
unique fixed point ,and any Picard sequence converges to
this fixed point. Give an example to show that if f is a
contraction but D is not closed, then f need not have a fixed
point.(ii) If D is closed and bounded, and f is contractive (that
is, | f (x) f (y)| < |xy| for all x, y D, x =y), then f has a
unique fixed point, and any Picard sequence converges to
this fixed point. Give an example to show that if f is a
contractive function but D is not closed and bounded, then f
need not have a fixed point.

(iii) If D is a closed and bounded interval, and f is non

expansive (that is, | f (x)f (y)| |xy| for all x, y D), then f
has a fixed point in D but it may not be unique. Give an
example to show that if f is non expansive but D is not a
closed and bounded interval, then f need not have a fixed
point.
15. Assume that f is continuous in [a,b], and is k times
differentiable at a
with f (i) (a+) = 0 (i = 1,2, . . . ,k1) and f (k) (a+) 0. If cx (a,x)

is such that x () = f (cx)(xa), then lim x a (cxa)/(xa) =

1/ + 1 .
17. Lebesgues Theorem. A function f : [a,b]R is Riemann
integrable if and onlyif f is bounded and the set of
discontinuity points of f has null measure .
18. Prove that the following limit exists and is finite:
1

lim(0
0

1
4
4
( + )4

+ ln )

Edited By: NEELANJAN MONDAL