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It is where the number of lights is specified and verified for a given room
It where the proper placing of each light is known to achieve maximum lighting
LIGHTING THEORY
It has been said that lighting can be of four stages source, flux, illuminance and luminance
This method determines the illumination at a specific point in a room from a light source
Prepared by:
Engr. Karen-Christian C. Agno
Department of Electrical Engineering, UPLB
Page 1
ILLUMINATION
Distance measured from a source to a given surface; affects illuminance; the closer the surface to the
source, the larger the flux to that portion
LUMEN METHOD
Uniform lighting in an area is considered and the number of lighting fixtures to be installed is
calculated
Aside from direct light from the light source, this method also takes into consideration the
reflected lighting casts from walls, ceilings and floors
The level of reflectivity of the surface varies inversely the number of lighting fixtures to be
installed. For surfaces which are least reflector, higher number of luminaries is required.
Components
a. Total system lamp lumen output total initial luminous flux which lamps emitted which is
specified by the manufacturer
Based on manufacturers catalogue (for lamps and luminaire)
i. Lamps initial lumen output, lighting design lumen output, correlated color
temperature, color rendering index, physical dimensions, ballast type, power
rating, efficacy
ii. Luminaries light output ratio (LOR), downward light output ratio (DLOR),
upward light output ratio (ULOR), downward flux fraction, space height ratio,
luminous intensity distribution, physical dimensions, type
Initial lumen output figure is 10 15% higher than the lighting design lumen output
Note that some of the lamp lumens are not released totally; they are trapped within the lighting
fixture and therefore do not reach the area to be illuminated.
Students Assignment: Read on the different terms presented on a manufacturers catalogue for
lamps and luminaires
b. Coefficient of Utilization (CU) influenced by the efficiency of the luminaire, luminaire
distribution, geometry of the space and the reflectances of the space surface
each lighting fixture has a unique CU table for lighting distribution and efficiency
values are determined based on the room geometry and room surface reflectance
- Based on:
Room Cavity Ratio (RCR)
where hrc = room cavity height
L = length of the room
W = width of the room
Prepared by:
Engr. Karen-Christian C. Agno
Department of Electrical Engineering, UPLB
Page 2
ILLUMINATION
Ceiling Cavity Ratio (CCR) distance between the ceiling and the lighting fixture plane
Floor Cavity Ratio (FCR) distance between the work plane area and the floor
NOTE:
Actual reflectances must be converted into their effective cavity reflectances (e.g. actual
ceiling reflectance
effective ceiling cavity reflectance cc, actual floor reflectance
effective floor ceiling cavity reflectance fc)
c. Light Loss Factor
Two Types:
Recoverable LLF
o lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) fraction of initial lumens at a specific time
during the lifespan of the lamp; comes from dirt accumulation on lamps,
reflectors, lenses and room surface and usage through time; most design
calculations were based on maintained over initial lamp lumens
o lamp burnout factor (LBO) must be considered in the analysis if lamps were
not immediately replaced after burnout; ratio of the number of lamps which will
burnt out over the total number of lamps in the system
o luminaire dirt depreciation factor (LDD) amount and type of dirt in the
surrounding, type of luminaire used and expected cleaning cycle for the
equipment
o room surface dirt depreciation factor (RSDD) amount of surrounding dirt,
proportions of the room and type of lighting equipment used
o area of work plane (Awp) area of the whole work plane, same with the floor
area; for uniform layout of lighting fixtures, illuminance will be greatest near the
center of the area
Prepared by:
Engr. Karen-Christian C. Agno
Department of Electrical Engineering, UPLB
Page 3
ILLUMINATION
Non-Recoverable LLF
o Luminaire Ambient Temperature Factor temperature variations have a
significant effect on light output of fluorescent lamps though have least effect
on high intensity discharge lamps
o Heat Extraction Thermal Factor fractional lumen loss or gain due to airflow
(has an effect of temperature on lamps and lamp lumens especially those kinds
of air handling fluorescent lighting fixtures integrated with HVAC system as a
medium for air entrance or exit)
o Voltage to Luminaire Factor will affect the lumen output of lamps in either
high or low voltage; rate of change in lumen output with voltage variation
differs for every light source but is greatest on incandescent lamps
o Ballast Factor one of the component to determine the rated lumen output for
a lamp as it maintains the arc within it; ratio of the lamp lumens on commercial
ballasts to the test quality ballasts; for good quality fluorescent ballasts 0.95
normally while for electronic ballasts 0.70 to 1.28
o Ballast Lamp Photometer Factor adjusts the lamp lumen when a different
lamp ballast combination, other than the manufacturers set-up, is used
o Equipment Operating Factor effects of the lamp lumen output of lamps
caused by the ballasts + lamp operating position + the effect of power reflected
back to the lamp from the lighting fixture
o Lamp Position Factor -- lumen output is highly sensible to orientation of the
lamp (a high intensity discharge lamp tilted from a vertical or horizontal
position); ratio of luminous flux in a given operating position to the test position
o Luminaire Surface Depreciation -- adverse changes in metal , paint and other
lighting fixture components resulting in a reduced light output; adjusts light
output to original reflectance
Total LLF = Recoverable X Non-Recoverable
Usually, Recoverable Factors only includes LLD, LBO, LDD and RSDD while Non-Recoverable
Factors only consists of Ballast factor and other non-recoverable factors
Spacing Criteria
- Maximum ratio of spacing to mounting height of the lighting fixture above the working area
- Provides reasonable uniformity of illumination within the space
For uniform illumination, spacing between lighting fixtures must be less than 1.5 times of the
mounting height
Prepared by:
Engr. Karen-Christian C. Agno
Department of Electrical Engineering, UPLB
Page 4
ILLUMINATION
a. Point Source Luminaire
Space to Height Ratio (SHR)
Prepared by:
Engr. Karen-Christian C. Agno
Department of Electrical Engineering, UPLB
Page 5
ILLUMINATION
b. Linear Luminaires
Example: A factory space of 80m long, 20m wide and is 10m high is to be illuminated using
continuous rows of twin 1500mm fluorescents. Previous computations resulted that 81 luminaires
are required. Design a reasonable lighting lay-out given a mounting height above the working plane
of 6m and SHR is as follows: transverse (spacing between rows) = 2.00:1; axial (spacing in rows) =
1.75:1
1. Spacing between rows: Hm = 6m Therefore, S = 2 x 6 = 12m
2. Try 3 rows of luminaires, each with 27 luminaires.
80/27 = 2.96m (luminaries will be spaced center-to-center)
2.96/2 = 1.48m (from end walls)
20/3 = 6.67m (transverse spacing)
Finding Average Illumination and Number of Luminaires
1. Determine the general information of the room (average maintained illuminance), lighting fixture
(description, luminaire distribution, lamps per luminaire) and the lamp (type and color, efficacy,
lamp output)
2. Determine the maintenance information based on category, area atmosphere, operating
characteristics and cleaning cycle
3. Calculate Coefficient of Utilization (CU)
a. Compute for cavity ratios
b. Determine the characteristic of the room based on the approximate surface reflectances
c. Convert actual reflectances to its effective cavity reflectances for ceiling and floor cavities
(based on IES table)
d. Calculate initial CU and use Figure 9-13 based on the effective ceiling cavity reflectace (cc ) and
w. Expect the use of linear interpolation
e. If fc= 20%, then CU = CU1. Else, CU1 x multiplying factor. To find multiplying factor, use Figure
9-13 based on RCR and other than 20% fc
4. Compute for LLF = LLD X LBO X LDD X RSDD
Prepared by:
Engr. Karen-Christian C. Agno
Department of Electrical Engineering, UPLB
Page 6
ILLUMINATION
a.
b.
c.
d.
References:
Philippine Efficient Lighting Market Transformation Project (PELMATP). Lighting Calculations.
Kelly, Kevin and OConnell, Kevin. Interior Design Lighting. A Students Guide.
Kunarta D.
Prepared by:
Engr. Karen-Christian C. Agno
Department of Electrical Engineering, UPLB
Page 7