INTERNSHIP REPORT

PROCESS ENGINEERING DEARTMENT

PAKISTAN ETROLEUM LIMITED

PREPARED BY ABDUL MANAN MUGHAL

CLASS : B.E ( 3rd YEAR )
FROM DAWOOD UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO DR.SHUJJAT AHMED (MPrE)

Internship Report 2015

A CKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am student of 3rd year, department of chemical engineering, Dawood university of engineering

& Technlogy, are greatly thankful to ALMIGHTY ALLAH (who is the most Merciful & Beneficial) for having
the great opportunity to work in Pakistan Petroleum Limited, Karachi.
I Stay here in Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL) was no doubt, One of the most fruitful Period
of my life. My journey of merely one month could not have been completed is such a positive way
without the co-operation of Dr Shujjat Ahmed (MPrE) and Mr Farooq Azam Shah (DCE Pr). and all
staff of Process Engineering Department Especially Mr Imran Bukhari (EPr) who in spite of being
busy with his duties, took time out of here, guide and keep me on the correct path.
I express my deepest thanks to Sir Anas (Trainee Engineer), Sir Athar Shaukat (AE Proc) for
guidance and support. They helped me all time whenever I need during the whole period of my
internship.

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Internship Report 2015

Table Of Content
S.No
1

Description
Gas Sweetening Unit
1.1
1.2

Page
1

Amine system
PFD Of Amine System

Dew Point Control Unit (DPC)

2.1 Refrigeration
2.2 Dehydration Unit
2.3 PFD Of Refrigeration Unit
2.4 PFD Of Glycol Regeneration Unit
2.5 PFD Of Produce Water
3

HOT OIL HEATER SYSTEM

INSTRUMENT AIR SYSTEM

FIRE WATER SYSTEM

Storage & Loading Area

LABORATORY Testing

7.1 LPG Testing

7.2 Condensate Testing
7.3 Amine Testing
7.4 Glycol Testing
7.5 Produced water testing
8

Process Pipeline Colour Coding & Glossary of Terms

15

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

16

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Gas Sweetening Unit (Amine system)

At Hala the process used for the sweetening is Amine Process with an aqueous solution of
Methyl Di Ethanol Amine (MDEA) and Demineralised water (Demin water in short) with a
concentration ratio of 45/55 respectively. This Amine plant is designed for 270 GPM (gal/min)
flow rate with one amine booster pump & one main amine charge pump running in series, with
one pump as standby for both of them.
Sour gas from Inlet Separation unit enters the Amine Unit via Inlet Filter (28-VJ-100), which is a
horizontal, two-section, high pressure vessel. Gas first enters in the section which contains
Filter elements, and then to the other section through these filters elements. So any free liquid
or solid particle is removed from the gas prior to its entry into the Contactor Tower 28-VB-200.
The Contactor is a tower with 20 Trays. The gas flows upwards through the contactor column
with the amine solution flowing down the contactor over the trays from the top of the column.
As the gas is leaving the contactor, the sweetened gas passes through a demister pad that
reduces amine losses due to carryover in the gas path.
Sweet gas leaves the contactor and flows through a fin fan cooler and then through the amine
after scrubber 28-VD-202 to recover any entrained amine solution. From here, the sweet gas
flows into the Dew Point Control Plant.
In the Contactor, lean amine is continuously pumped to the upper section of the contactor,
where it flows downward across each tray. As the lean amine flows downward, it absorbs acid
gases from the rising sour gas.
Rich amine flows out from the bottom of the contactor and flows into the flash tank. The flash
tank 28-VD-500 separates entrained gases and liquid hydrocarbons from the rich amine.
From the flash tank, the rich amine flows through particle, Hydro carbon and Post filters to the
lean/rich heat exchanger. The warm rich amine then flows to the upper section of the still
column (Stripper), cascading down the still column. The Still column is also a Tray Tower with 20
Trays. Lean amine in the bottom of the still is heated in the re-boiler. Some of the water in the
amine solution vaporizes and rises up through the still and heats up the counter flowing rich
amine. Acid gases are released and the excess vapour carries gases to the top of the still.
Excess vapour carries the released acid gases out the top of the still column to the reflux
condenser 28-HC-506 and accumulator. Here the vapour is condensed and separated from the
acid gases. The acid gases are removed from the system and the condensed liquid is pumped to
the upper section of the still as reflux.

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Heat is applied to the base of the still by Lean amine flowing through the re-boiler. Hot lean
amine flows from the re-boiler base to booster pump suction and pumped through the
lean/rich heat exchanger to preheat the rich amine flowing to the still. Lean Amine flows
through Amine cooler to the Amine Surge Tank. Lean amine is stored in the surge tank until it is
pumped to the upper section of the contactor by Amine Charge Pump.
Chemical Reaction:
R2CH3N + H2S HS + R3NH+
R2CH3N + CO2 + H2O HCO3- + R3NH+

MDEA / GAS
CONTACTOR

28PCV-5071

REFLUX COOLER

AMINE AFTER
SCRUBER

GAS COOLER

Sales Gas

REFRIGERATION UNIT

ACID GASES TO
LP FLARE

Sweet Gas

AMINE STILL
COLUMN

AMINE SURGE TANK

28LCV-5001

28FCV-5131

REFLUX
ACCUMULATOR

AMINE CHARGE
PUMPS

LEAN / RICH HEAT

EXCHANGER

AMINE COOLER
28LCV5081

28LCV-2021

REFLUX PUMPS

Hot Oil
Supply

AMINE
RECLAIMER
Hot Oil
Supply

AMINE
REBOILER

28-TCV5130

28-TCV5081

AMINE FLASH TANK

Hot Oil Return

Sour Gas from

Inlet Separation

INLET FILTER
SOLIDS
FILTER

CARBON
FILTER

SOLIDS
FILTER

AMINE BOOSTER
PUMPS

28LCV-2001

Amine Plant Process Flow Diagram

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Internship Report 2015

Dew Point Control Plant (Refrigeration & Dehydration Unit)
The dew Point Control Plant (DPC) is designed & built by Startec Refrigeration, Calgary, Canada.
This plant is built to treat 15 MMSCFD (Gas equivalent of HC Feed) to produce dry sales gas, LPG
and NGL (condensate) as sales products. This plant works on the principle of Compression
Refrigeration, that is, here the inlet gas is cooled in steps to condense the heavier ends
(propane, butane, etc).
Sweet gas from downstream of the amine treatment plant that enters the DPC, is first cooled in
two Gas/Gas Exchangers 28-HA-401 A&B, with the gas coming from Low Temperature
separator (LTS). From here the gas goes to Gas/Liquids Exchanger 28-HA-401, where the gas is
further cooled with the liquids coming from LTS. Finally the gas is chilled in Gas Chiller 28-HA402. A Propane (R-290) refrigeration system provides cooling for the Gas Chiller.
For Gas Dehydration (and to prevent hydrate formation), a Glycol/Demineralised water mix is
injected in tube side of Gas/Gas, Gas/Liquids and Chiller by two PD glycol injection pumps.
Then this 3-phase flow (Gas, HC liquids, and Glycol/Demin water mix) is passed to the Low
Temperature Separator (LTS), where all fluids are separated and take their individual paths for
further processing.
Cold Gas from LTS passes back to shell side of both Gas/Gas exchangers, warmed up and leaves
the DPC as Sales Gas. Sales gas temperature is controlled below 120 F as a spec from SSGCL
(customer). The sales gas specification for supply to SSGCL transmission line is strictly controlled
in terms of Temperature, H2S, HC Dew Point and Water Dew Point.
Cold HC liquids pass to shell side of Gas/Liquids Exchanger, warm up by in coming gas stream
and flow to De-ethaniser column (28-TE-501) via two small heat exchangers: Propane Sub
cooler and De-ethaniser feed heater. De-ethaniser column (DC-2 in short) is a non-refluxed,
distillation column, designed to remove most of the Ethane (C2H6) from the bottom product.
In the initial production case from upper basal, the top gas from DC-2 splits into two streams:
one used as Fuel gas and the other goes to Recycle Gas Compressor and recycled back to plant
inlet. In the final production case from lower basal, the top gas from DC-2 is used only as Fuel
gas. In this case Recycle Gas compressor will be lined up with top gas from the Liquids
Sweetening column 28-TE-200.
The DC-2 bottoms liquid goes to Debutanizer 28-TE-502 (DC-4 in short), which is a refluxed
distillation column. DC-4 is designed to remove most of the Butanes from bottom product. The
top product is fully condensed, pumped & then splits into two streams: Sales LPG & Reflux to
DC-4. LPG passes to two storage bullets (one of 60 and one of 22 ton capacity). The bottoms
Pentane rich liquid is sales condensate, which is cooled in the cooler and then flows to three
condensate storage tanks (each of 1050 Barrels).

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Lean Glycol

GLYCOL
REGENERATION
UNIT

Glycol Injection
Pump

HC liquids From Inlet Separator

Sweet Gas from Amine Unit

Rich Glycol

LOW TEMPERATURE
SEPARATOR

GAS CHILLER

GAS / LIQUID
EXCHANGER

GAS / GAS
EXCHANGER

GAS / GAS
EXCHANGER

PROPANE
COMPRESSOR-A
PROPANE
COMPRESSOR-B

Propane/Oil
Separator
Reboiler

OIL COOLERS

Propane/Oil
Separator

PROPANE
ACCUMULATOR

PROPANE CONDENSER

PROPANE
SUB-COOLER
PROPANE
ECONOMOZER

SSGCL Gas Export line

DC-2 Feed
Heatre

DE-ETHANIZER

HOT GAS BY PASS

Sweetening
Cloumn

Refrigeration Unit Process Flow Diagram

PROPANE
SUCTION
SCRUBBER

DC-2
Reboiler

Recycle Gas
Compressor

To HP Flare

To HP Flare

DE-BUTANIZER
LPG to Storage Bullets

Condensate
Cooler

DC-4
Reboiler

DC-4 Reflux
Accumulator

Reflux Condensor

Internship Report 2015

Stabilized Condensate
To Storage Tanks

Fuel Gas

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HOT OIL HEATER SYSTEM
Various Reboilers and heat exchangers at Hala EPF use Hot Oil as a heating medium. The hot oil
is supplied from a gas fired Hot Oil Heater which is fueled from plant fuel gas.
Approximately 1500 GPM of hot oil is pumped around the hot oil loop by two pumps at a pump
discharge pressure of 65 PSI. The hot oil loop takes oil from the pump discharge directly to the
Amine system where significant heating is required and the oil then flows from the amine
system to the Refrigeration Plant for heating requirements in that system.
The hot oil heater has a design duty of 26.75 MMBTU/Hr and 16 MMBTU/Hr is required for the
Amine plant with the remaining duty required by the Refrigeration Plant.
The operating temperature of the hot oil heater is 475 F and the feed loop of hot oil is
approximately 350 F. The hot oil system also has filters and a surge vessel to provide pumps
suction in a closed loop system.

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Internship Report 2015

INSTRUMENT AIR SYSTEM
Instrument Air is used on the plant for the operation of:
I.

Control valves, BDVs, ESDVs

II.

Air-driven small pumps

III.

Pneumatic controllers

IV.

Cooling of some equipment

V.

Starting system of Gas Gensets / Feed Gas compressor

A fully automatic Instrument Air Package provides IA to the plant. It contains two air
compressors, one wet air receiver, one heat less air-dryer package consisting two dryers that
operate in cycles, one dry air receiver and one start air receiver.
Compressors are designed for a flow rate of 121 Standard Ft3/min and 125 PSI pressure.
Normal pressure of IA is about 110 PSI throughout the plant. In case of very low pressure, a
pressure switch 63-PSLL-1011 actuates an ESD.

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Internship Report 2015

FIRE WATER SYSTEM
To provide a passive fire protection & fire Extinguishing medium throughout the plant, a
dedicated a Fire Water System exists. It includes one FW storage tank, one Electric jockey
pump, two Diesel engine driven FW pumps with control panel, FW header, fire hydrants &
monitors, a Deluge system for LPG bullets. There are two Bore holes with downhole pumps to
fill the FW tank with fresh water as required.
The Jockey pump starts and stops automatically to maintain the FW header pressure between
70 & 138 PSI. Main FW pumps remain on AUTO mode; they start on Low FW header pressure, if
the jockey pump cannot maintain its set point pressure. This would normally happen in the
event of a fire for example, when a fire fighter has activated a fire hydrant and started to
extinguish a fire. The resulting pressure drop from this action would activate the start sequence
for the main fire water pump. Remaining data of FW system is given below:
Tank capacity:

10,000 Barrels

Tank Construction:

Bolted Vessel type

Tank Inner Construction:

Bladder type

Jockey Pump flow rate / pressure:

160 GPM / 200 PSI

Main FW flow rate / pressure:

1,663 GPM / 200 PSI

There are five fire monitors (WFM) and seven fire hydrants (WFH) at different locations of the
plant to provide fire extinguishing medium. Also, LPG storage tanks are provided with DELUGE
system to spray water throughout the tank surface to cool it. Deluge system can be actuated
manually or from HMI using control system.

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Internship Report 2015

Storage & Loading Area

Storage & loading area are divided in two sections: one for Condensate & one for LPG.
Condensate storage area contains three storage tanks with following data:
Tank capacity:

1050 BBLs each

Total site capacity:

3150 BBLs

Tank material:

Carbon steel

All the tanks are atmospheric with 8 oz pressure & 176 F design temperature. Each tank has
isolation valves at inlet & outlet, so that any of the tanks can be lined up with the outlet of
condensate to the loading stage. There are high and low level switches provided on each tank,
to actuate ESD logic as required by the PCS. All the tanks are within a contained bund area to
contain the condensate in case of any leakage from tanks and to avoid spillage out of that
bunded area.
Condensate loading area contains two tanker loading pumps to load condensate in to
customers tankers. Pumps data is given below:
Flow rate:

250 GPM

Pressure:

180 PSIg

Temperature:

122 F

On the discharge line of each pump, there is a PD type flow meter, to meter the amount of
condensate loaded to the tanker. Two tankers can be loaded at the same time with both pumps
running and both flow meters in service. There is an earthing system provided for Tankers, so
that either of the tankers currently being connected can be earthed. Earthing is required prior
to start of loading to avoid any static charge produced during the loading operation. One
diaphragm pump is also provided to load back from tanker to the storage tanks in case of any
leakage from the tanker.
LPG storage area contains two storage tanks (called Bullets) with following data:
Tank capacities:

60 Metric Tonnes for the large bullet

22 Metric Tonnes for smaller bullet

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Internship Report 2015

Total site capacity:

82 Metric Tonnes

Tank material:

Carbon steel

Max. Design Pressure:

250 PSIg

Max. Design Temperature:

165 F

Both the tanks are of high pressure design, carbon steel tanks. Each tank has manual &
automatic isolation valves at inlet & outlet, so that any of the tanks can be lined up with plant
rundown of LPG. Two level transmitters and one sight glass are provided on each tank for level
monitoring. There are high and low level trips provided on each tank, to actuate ESD logic as
required by the PCS and CSS. Both the tanks are within a bunded area to contain the LPG, in
case of any leakage from tanks and to avoid spillage out of that bunded area. Each bullet has
high pressure control valve (PCV) to relieve excess pressure to flare in case of process upset.
These PCVs also work as BDVs in case of an ESD to flare the tanks contents & lower their
pressure to minimize risk of tank bursting or collapse.
LPG loading area contains two LPG loading pumps to load LPG in to customers tankers. Pump
data is given below:
Flow rate:

175 GPM

Pressure:

250 PSI

Temperature:

200 F

On the discharge line of each pump, there is a Coriolis type flow meter, to accurately meter the
amount of LPG loaded to the tanker. These flow meters also communicate with control system
for their running status, with high and low alarms and flow rate totalisers.
There is an earthing system provided for Tankers, so that the tanker being connected can be
earthed, prior to start of loading, to avoid any static charge produced during the loading
operation. Tanker earthing confirmation signal is inter locked with pump start permissive, so
that the pump does not start unless the earthing signal is confirmed on PLC.

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LABORATORY FACILITY
Hala is one of the latest Analytical Equipped Laboratories in Pakistan. Our analytical work is
performed in accordance with recognized standards such as ASTM, ISO and other accepted
industry standards.
For good quality products and for our customers satisfaction we are using the latest analytical
equipments.
We are doing LPG. Condensate, Amine, Glycol & produced water testing in this lab.

LPG
In LPG we are doing some important tests which are necessary for good quality LPG:
123456-

LPG Composition.
95% Boiling Point (Weathering Test)
RVP.
Free Water
Copper Strip.
Mercaptan Sulphur.

1- LPG Composition:
For LPG composition we are using one of the latest LPG Gas Chromatograph
Reagents:
1- Helium Gas.
2- Calibration Gas.
Spec of LPG Composition is:

C2: <1%, C3: 60%, C4: 40%, C5: <2%

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2- 95% Boiling Point:
We are using approved method ASTM D-1837 for the volatility of LPG.
Spec of Weathering Test in LPG is:

35.96F

3- RVP:
We are using Stanhope seta cylinder and pressure gauge to perform RVP test, approved
method ASTM D-1267.
Spec of RVP in LPG is:

Min 70 PSIa and Max 200 PSIa

Stanhope-Seta Water Bath with Pressure Cylinders and Gauge.

4- Free Water:
For Free Water Test we are using Field Test Method.
Spec of Free water in LPG is:

Nil

5- Corrosion Copper Strip:

For Copper Strip Test we are using method ASTM D-1838, this is one of the most important
tests in LPG and is also related to Sulfur in LPG.
Spec of copper strip is:

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CONDENSATE
In condensate we are doing some important test as per our client demand like:
12345-

RVP
Sp. Gr.
BS&W
Salt
H2S

1- RVP:
RVP is one of the most important Test in Condensate and we are using one of the latest RVP
apparatus in this lab which is (8100-2 SETA Vap II), ASTM D5191 which is correlate with D323.
Spec of RVP in condensate is:

<8 PSIa

8100-2 SETA VAP I

2- Specific Gravity:
This is simplest and also important test in condensate and we are using ASTM D1298 method.
We are using latest centrifuge machine in this Lab.

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3- BS&W:
For BS&W test we are using (Benchmark 2000), approved method ASTM D-96.
Reagents:
1- Toluene or Xylene.
Spec of BS&W in condensate is:

<0.05%

BENCHMARK 2000
4- Salt:
For salt test we are using Dual Extraction Apparatus (14300-3 Stanhope SETA) & and for
titration Potentiometric Automatic Titrator (AT-500N), approved method ASTM D 6470.
Reagents & Materials:
1- Acetone (2-propanone).
2- Alcohol.
3- Barium Nitrate.
4- Hydrochloric Acid, 0.1 mol/L.
5- Nitric acid, 0.5 mol/L.
6- Silver Nitrate Solution. 0.1 & 0.01 mol/L.
7- Sodium Chloride Solution.
8- Xylene.
9- Lead Acetate Paper.
10- Polishing Paper.
Spec of Salt in condensate is:

6lbs/1000bbl.

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5- H2S:
For the detection of H2S we are using Doctor Test and for the quantity of H2S in condensate we
use method IP103.
Reagents:
1- Cadmium Sulfate Solution.
2- Sodium Thiosulphate solution, 0.1N.
3- Starch Solution, 0.5%.
4- Hydrochloric Acid.
5- Doctor Solution.
Spec of H2S in condensate is:

< 2ppm

AMINE
1- Concentration of amine, Field Test Method.
Reagents:
1- Hydrochloric Acid, 0.5N.
2- Methyl Purple or BromoPhenol Blue Indicator.
2- H2S Loading approved Method UOP-827.
Reagents:
1- Sodium Thiosulphate solution, 0.1N.
2- Starch Solution, 0.5%.
3- Hydrochloric Acid.
4- Iodine, 0.1N.

3- CO2 Loading approved Method UOP-829.

CO2 Loading is determined by difference.
4- Acid gas loading,
Reagents:
5- Methanol.
6- KOH, 0.5N.
7- Thymophthalene Indicator.

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GLYCOL

Purity of Lean and Rich Glycol by Karl Fischer Moisture Titrator (MKC-501).
Reagents:
1- Anolyte (Electrolyte AG).
2- Catholyte (Electrolyte CG).

Produced Water

1- Chloride, Method# ASTM-D512.

Reagents:
1- AgNO3
2- Potassium Chromate.
2- pH, Method# ASTM D1293.
Reagents:
1- Buffer Solutions of 4, 7, 9, 10

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Process Pipeline Colour Coding & Glossary of Terms

STANDARDISED COLOUR CODING OF PROCESS PIPELINES

SERVICE STREAM
RAW / SWEET / SALES GAS

PIPING COLOUR
YELLOW

INSTRUMENT AIR

DARK BLUE

RAW / DEMINERALISED / COOLING WATER

LIGHT BLUE

FIRE WATER
FIRE FIGHT FOAM

RED
YELLOWISH CREAM

TEG / MEA / MDEA / (LEAN)

ORANGE

TEG / MEA / MDEA / (RICH)

GREEN

CONDENSATE / HC LIQUIDS

BROWN

STEAM

SILVER

ACIDS / ALKALIES

VIOLET

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
PD Meter

Positive Displacement Flow Meter

PSIa

Pounds per Square Inch Absolute

PSIg

Pounds per Square Inch Gauge

HC

Hydro-Carbon

BOM

Build, Operate, Maintain

P&ID

Piping & Instrumentation Drawing

PFD

Process Flow Drawing

PPM

Parts per Million

WFM

Water Fire Main

CSS

Control System Shutdown

UPS

Uninterrupted Power Supply

ESD

Emergency Shutdown

PCS

Process Control System

PSD

Process Shutdown

BBLs

Barrels

GPM

Gallons per minute

PID

Proportional, Integral, Derivative (Control Blocks)

PLC

Programmable Logic Controller

HMI

Human Machine Interface

PCV

Pressure Control Valve

Bund

This is a spillage containment area around storage vessels

LPG

Liquified Petroleum Gas

NGL

Natural Gas Liquids

Hz

Hertz (Frequency)
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kVA

kilo Volt Amps

kW

kilo Watts

RPM

Revolutions per minute

DPC

Dew point control

BDV

Blowdown Valve

EPF

Early Production Facility

DC-2

De-Ethaniser Column

DC-4

De-Butaniser Column

LTS

Low Temperature Separator

FG

Fuel Gas

PRV

Pressure Regulating Valve

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