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REPORT
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork
operations.
They are also known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy
hydraulics.
They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information.
Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is
multiplied.
Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
CRANES
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower
materials and to move them horizontally.
It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places.
It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human.
Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the
movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.
Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms each tailored to a specific use. Sometimes sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used
inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings. Mini-cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in
order to facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to build oil rigs and salvage
sunken ships.
Some lifting machines do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader
cranes.
COMPONENTS OF CRANE
TYPES OF CRANES
1. MOBILE CRANES are widely used in construction since they are capable of moving freely around a job site. Rubber tired
cranes are also capable of moving rapidly between construction projects. Crawler cranes have excellent local mobility but
must be transported on equipment trailers between projects.
a. Crawler
b. Telescoping-boom truck mounted
c. Lattice-boom truck mounted
d. Rough-terrain
e. All-terrain
f. Heavy lift
g. Modified cranes for heavy lifting
Vertical boom
arrangement on a
2. TOWER CRANES are widely used on building construction sites as well as on other construction projects requiring large vertical clearances
and having restricted space in the work area. Such cranes are able to move loads over a wide area and have an almost unlimited vertical
range.
a. Top slewing
b. Bottom slewing
MOBILE CRANE
CRAWLER CRANE
The full revolving superstructure of this type of unit is mounted on a pair of
continuous, parallel crawler tracks.
The crawlers provide the crane with good travel capability around the job site.
Inclined lattice mast, which helps decrease compressive forces in the boom.
them for transport. In the case of the larger units, it may be necessary to
remove the entire Superstructure.
ROUGH-TERRAIN CRANE
These cranes are mounted on two-axle carriers
These units have a lower cost.
These units are equipped with unusually large wheels and closely spaced axles
to improve maneuverability at the job site.
They further earn the right to their name by their high ground c1earence
allowance, as well as the ability of some models to move on slopes of up to 70%.
Most units can travel on the highway but have maximum speeds of only about
30 mph.
In the case of long moves between projects, they should be transported on
low-bed trailers.
ALL-TERRAIN CRANE
Designed for long-distance highway travel.
The carrier has all-axle drive and all-wheel steering, crab steering, large tires,
and high ground clearance.
All-terrain cranes have dual cabs, a lower cab for fast highway travel, and a
superstructure cab that has both drive and crane controls.
Most appropriate machine when multiple lifts are required at scattered project
sites or at multiple work locations on a single project.
It has a higher cost than an equivalent capacity telescoping truck crane
or rough-terrain crane.
All-terrain machine can be positioned on the project without the necessity of
having other construction equipment prepare a smooth travel way as truck
cranes would require.
MECHANICAL PRINCPLES
I.
LIFTING CAPACITY
Lifting capacity depends upon:
o Boom length A
o Radius of load B
o Counter weight F
o Weight of crane
o Boom angle C
The tipping load is that load which produces
Tipping condition at a specified radius.
Load capacity will vary depending on the quadrant position of the boom
with respect to the machine's Undercarriage
o Over the side
o Over the drive end of the tracks
o Over the idler end of the tracks
II.
STABILITY
For stability, the sum of all moments about the base of the crane must be close to zero
so that the crane does not overturn.
In practice, the magnitude of load that is permitted to be lifted (called the "rated load" in the US)
is some value less than the load that will cause the crane to tip, thus providing a safety margin.
For stationary pedestal or kingpost mounted cranes, the moment created by the boom, jib,
and load is resisted by the pedestal base or kingpost.
Stress within the base must be less than the yield stress of the material or the crane will fail.
TOWER CRANE
Tower cranes provide high lifting height and good working radius, while taking up a very limited area.
These advantages are achieved at the expense of low lifting capacity and limited mobility, as compared to mobile cranes.
The three common tower crane configurations are
o a special 'vertical boom arrangement ("tower attachment") on a mobile crane
o a mobile crane superstructure mounted atop a tower
o a vertical tower with a jib.
Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of the same basic parts.
Fixed to the ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures), tower cranes
often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall buildings.
The base is then attached to the mast which gives the crane its height. Further the mast is attached to the
slewing unit (gear and motor) that allows the crane to rotate.
On top of the slewing unit there are three main parts which are: the long horizontal jib (working arm), shorter
counter-jib, and the operator's cab.
The long horizontal jib is the part of the crane that carries the load. The counter-jib carries a counterweight,
usually of concrete blocks, while the jib suspends the load to and from the center of the crane.
The crane operator either sits in a cab at the top of the tower or controls the crane by radio remote control
from the ground. In the first case the operator's cab is most usually located at the top of the tower attached to
the turntable, but can be mounted on the jib, or partway down the tower.
The lifting hook is operated by the crane operator using electric motors to manipulate wire rope cables
Mobile crane
through a system of sheaves.
superstructure
The hook is located on the long horizontal arm to lift the load which also contains its motor.
mounted atop a tower
A tower crane rotates on its axis before lowering the lifting hook. In order to hook and unhook the loads, the operator usually works in
conjunction with a signaller (known as a 'dogger', 'rigger' or 'swamper').They are most often in radio contact, and always use hand signals.
The rigger or dogger directs the schedule of lifts for the crane, and is responsible for the safety of the rigging and loads.
TOWER CRANE
OPERATION
I.
II.
III.
Guy ropes may be used to brace tower cranes, but in the majority of cases
the towers are tied to the structure being constructed using engineered steel
brackets.
CLIMBING TOWER CRANE
Structurally supported by the floors of the building that is being constructed, the crane climbs on special climbing collars that are fitted to
the buildings completed structural floors .
The weight of both the crane and the loads lifted is transmitted to the structure of the host building.
The crane will have only a relatively short mast because it moves upward with vertical construction progress .
The taller the mast, the less frequent the climbing procedure.
The mechanism that enables the climbing of the tower crane is shown in the figures below.
The mechanism comprises a hydraulic jack (iii) and a pair of interim supports (iv).
The hydraulic jack is used for pushing the tower crane upwards.
Upon reaching the full stroke length of the jack, two interim supports are inserted to upkeep the tower crane, allowing the hydraulic jack to
be retracted for the next push.
It should be noted that during climbing, all vertical supports to the tower crane are released, and the self-weight of the tower crane rests
only on the hydraulic jack which is placed on one side of the tower crane mast.
It follows that there self-weight of the entire tower crane is supported only by one steel beam (ii), ie, the one in the near face in the above
figure.
The load effects under this condition appear to be critical as demonstrated below.