Key concepts:

1. ideology: a system of beliefs characteristic of a particular class or group. All

cultures contain multiple, often competing(create tension) ideologies.
2. ideological formation: the totality of ideologies in a particular culture at a specific
historical moment. The tensions across the ideological field produce historical
contradiction and potentially can lead to change.
3. Dominant ideologies: Those ideologies associated with a ruling group in a
particular society, that is, when ideology in a field of social power and
privileges works to maintain the status quo()(hiding contradiction). The
group claiming a superior position in any socially constructed hierarchy has greater
access to rights, resources, and political power. Example: the ideology of white
supremacy.
4. Hegemonic: When dominant ideologies become common sense for almost
everyone they are hegemonic. Examples: patriarchy( women should be subordinate to
men). In democratic societies, hegemony is not imposed by force but built into
institutions such as schools and media. Groups that manage and reproduce dominant
ideologies are HEGEMONIC and control the process of HEGEMONY.
5. Contradiction: contradictions are present in all cultures and permeate every
ideological formation. The tensions produced by contradictions allow for the emergence
of new formations and ultimately facilitate social change. The new formation generates
new contradictions and the process continues on throughout history. Example:
ideologies of freedom and liberty for all vs. systemic discrimination against a specific
group.
a. competing ideologies coexist, different outcomes, produce
tensions, which lead to change.
6. Counter-hegemony: the elaboration of alternate, often subordinated ideologies
that critique and challenge the hegemonic ideologies. Groups that are
exploited,discriminated against, or disenfranchised may point out social contradictions
and then develop ideologies of resistance. Examples: Womens movements or LGBT
movements for equal rights.
7. Racial formation: The system of racial categories and ideologies in a specific
culture in a specific historical period. The racial hierarchy is linked to the dominant
ideologies and is legitimated by social institutions.
8. Racialization(to racialize): the imposition of a racial classification on to a
previously unclassified group or practice. A racialized group is inserted into the artificial
hierarchy of races in a specific culture in a specific historical period. Some groups

considered non-white may work their way into whiteness. Example: Irish immigrants
in the U.S.
9. Gender formation(to gender): The system of gendered relations and ideologies in
a specific culture in a specific historical period. The gender hierarchy is linked to the
dominant ideologies and is legitimated by social institutions. Traditional gender formation
sustain the power of men over women(patriarchy).
10. Class formation: The system of economic relationships in a specific society in a
specific historical period. In the history of the United States, classes have formed often
around the exploitation of cheap labor or free labor(slavery). The economic hierarchy is
linked to the dominant ideologies and legitimated through social institutions. A groups
position in the class hierarchy affects its life chances(opportunities).
11. Intersectionality: The shifting interaction among categories and ideologies related
to gender, class, and race in a specific culture in a specific historical period. Other
categories such as religion and sexuality may become relevant in some cases. The
context of each category changes along the continuum of history.
Week 1: understanding the contradiction(promised v. reality)
1. 1607 Jamestown colony Virginia: colonization of the New World(America)
a. background: first European colony = land displacement
b. significance: white supremacy(Caliban), manifest destiny,
paternalism
2. 1776 U.S Independence: American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
a. Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson- all mens are
created equal
b. draft ignores the role of slavery and natives
c. significance to DOC: white supremacy, African Americans are not
considered citizens
3. 1789 U.S Constitution
a. fundamental documents of rights and privileges of U.S citizens,
the future of the country
b. significance: contradiction to the reality, white supremacy shapes
the structure that people are not granted the rights of constitution.
4. 1821 Mexican Independence from Spain
a. Mexican is independent but also rise the tension between U.S and
Mexican, U.S wants that land and uses the term mongrel to express Mexicans
b. significance to DOC: Mexicans are being racialized as mongrel,
opposed to racial purity.
5. 1831-38 Trail of Tears(indigenous people)

a. In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal

policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi
River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people
called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. The
migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000
out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died.
b. land displacement, indian removal
c. ideologies: white supremacy, manifest destiny
d. example answer: forced removal of Cherokees Natives under
Andrew Jackson for the purpose of land. This forced removal is indicative of
manifest destiny, the idea that white settlers were granted the lands from God via
divine intervention. Many natives were killed in this campaign, which also
represents how natives were othered and made into Caliban. In other words, how
they were deemed savages and uncivilized.
6. 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: give of Mexico land to American end of the
American-Mexican War;
a. profit-providence: war against Mexico, tied with the ideology of
manifest destiny
b. manifest destiny, how Mexicans are being racialized by U.S
people during the war. economical interests
7. 1815-1850 Market Revolution: importance of cotton gin: 1. a institution of slavery,
need people power to use the land, 2. need of land of natives
a. background: same time with Indian removal and African slavery,
economical interests for slavery to continue
b. significance: white supremacy, manifest destiny.
Manifest Destiny: ideology pertain to ruling class(civilized people)s duty to
civilize people across the continent. (profit-providence), economical and political
Andrew Jacksons Indian Removal Act : 1830
removal of Indians to put land to good use and benefit others
contradiction: natives already had their system of living and not
actually benefit the natives
ideologies: manifest destiny, paternalism
Thomas Jefferson's Original Rough Draught: himself saw the contradiction and
replace it. He was trapped in the counter-hegemony. He didnt think European and
African Americans are equal.
Week 2:
1.
Middle Passage late 1600s and early 1700s: bring African Americans to the New
World, Atlantic slave trade
a. significance: white supremacy, brought to the U.S involuntarily
beginning 1700s.

2.
1676 Bacons Rebellion: indentured servants(African Americans,Irish, Britain) of
all races against landlords. Origin of white supremacy, sign of class hierarchy.
a. indentured servants and slaves together fighting against Virginia
ruling class, large landlords believed that the social order would always be in
danger as long as they relied on white labor-> turn to use African American
slaves for labor.
b. counter-hegemonic movement, threat to the hegemonic order, the
fear of racial solidarity
3.
1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford: U.S Supreme Court denied citizenships of African
Americans, enslaved or free.Reinforce racialization and white supremacy.
a. ruled that African Americans citizenship
b. significance: racial formation of African Americans as slaves at
that time, white supremacy also shapes this kind of thinking (racial formation =
racialization creates racial hierarchy)
c. contradiction: all men deserves equal rights
d. hegemonic ideology: people of African descent are not citizens,
they are properties, ideology of white supremacy permeate the institution, not
only about how to treat individuals, but embedded in the institutional level.
4.

1861-1865 U.S. Civil War (followed by Reconstruction)

a. war between north and south, challenging the institution of slavery,
Reconstruction doesnt provide much help to the freed slaves. After
Reconstruction, Jim Crow begins to rise. Didnt abolish the structures that
maintain the hierarchy.
b. significance: end slavery, arise of the New South, Jim Crow and
constitutionalized of segregation

5.

1863 Emancipation Proclamation

a. Written by Abraham Lincoln, declared that all slaves in the
confederate states would be free, gave full citizenship to African Americans.
b. significance: end slavery, but not for all the states.

6.
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson: pointed out that segregation is constitutional,
separate but equal
a. ideologies: white supremacy is shaping in the structural level,
upholding t racial hierarchy
7.

Frederick Douglass(1800s)
a. African American abolitionist. After escaping slavery, he became a
leader of abolitionist movement, hope for an interracial society, blacks were
Americans do not to go back to African
b. work hard, similar to Booker T washington(1900s).
c. nonviolent, similar to Dr.King

8.

Martin Delaney (1800s)

a. an African American abolitionist, black nationalist

b. go back to Africa, no hope in U.S because white supremacy
c. economical independent, but racism will never go away
d. similar to Garvey(1900s): go back to Africa
9. 1950s Dr.King: militant non-violent; Malcolm X: self-defense, arm ourselves, must
be active
10.
slavery

Servitude to slavery: shift from servitude(white working class Europeans) to

a. racial solidarity will destroy the hegemonic group, so they want to
continue to press African Americans as slaves

11.

Scientific racism
a. invention of racial hierarchy based on pseudo scientific evidence
b. significance: justified white supremacy and reinforced segregation

12.

Paternalism:
a. dominant groups regards the inferior group as children and
needed guidance, in order to justify their power.
b. example: Jacksons attitude to native Americans; inferior groups
can be immigrants, black, women

David Walker (1830): early abolitionist, in the article contradiction between

Christian values and institution of slavery, his article highlighting the contradiction in
slavery at the period of slavery is thriving. Destroying the ideology of Christianity, from
the same god, African Americans are not inferior, contradiction to Jeffersons Declaration
of Independence, also his article also reveals white supremacy.
John Brown(1859): advocate militant (violent,armed)liberation of
Black(abolishment of the institution of slavery), also used Christianity to make argument
for liberation.
Sojourner Truth: #1 (Aint I a woman): intersectional analysis, focus on voting
rights, women need voting rights too! She being a black women and former slave, she
also discuss the intersectional category of class and race. #2 patriarchy
Week 3:
1.

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

a. Chinese are excluded, threatening the racial purity and
nativism(immigrants are bring the worst), dont want immigrants
b. forever foreigner, even lived at American for decades, still
considered foreigner.

2.
pogrom: violent riot aimed at massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious
group, particularly one aimed at Jews. Anti-Jewish program.
a. violence at home led them to the U.S, face racial formation of the
Jewish in the 1900s
b. significance: racialize Jewish garment workers

3.

Clara Lemlich
a. union organizer of Jewish immigrant community, solidarity worker,
organize different races, demand for better working condition, leader of uprising
twenty-thousand, her speech compared the abuse of garment workers to the
experience of blacks
b. significance: counter-hegemonic, structural racism

4.

quotas
a. 1924 Immigration Act, disallow most immigrants enter, uphold the
idea of who is more valuable

5.

nativism
a. political position of preserving status for certain established
inhabitants of a nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants.
Opposed to immigration
b. ideology protecting U.S from immigrants
c. examples: Chinese Exclusion Act, quota, restrict immigration act

Omi and Winant(1994 racial formation): race is not just about skin color, defines what is race:
ideological construct plays a fundamental role in structuring and representing the social world, race
is an element of social structure; defines racial formation: race is a matter of both social structure
and cultural representation, racial projects links the two, hegemony operates simultaneously
structuring and signifying. Race has no fixed meaning(changes over time). Race and racism are not
the same, although racism also changes over time.

Noel Ignatiev: Irish work their way to whiteness, enter a different racial category.
Gould: how random of the creation of racial hierarchy, very pseudo-science, brain structures
different and whites are more superior, scientific racism is used to uphold the ideology of white
supremacy.
Week 4:
1.

1910 Mexican Revolution (immigration north)

a. in addition to poverty, the danger of violence also pushed
Mexicans to immigrant northward to America, where they regraded as land of
opportunity.

2.

1910-1930 Great Migration (internal immigration)

a. southern blacks were migrating northward, where they join
European immigrants, including the Irish and Jew.

3.

1920s-30s Harlem Renaissance

a. in New York, African Americans are moving North for
employments

b. flourishing of art, music: counter-hegemonic moment, empowering

of their community
c. change the cultural representation of African Americans, challenge
the racial formation of African Americans
4.

Booker T. Washington / W.E.B. DuBois / Marcus Garvey

a. Booker T. Washington: work hard(more on simulation side) for
equality integration, black self-help and independence,
b. Du. Bois(1900s): critic the system, working hard is not enough,
need changes in the structural level for blacks to achieve liberty. White
supremacy must be eradicated. Long being a fighter for integration, after Great
Depression, urge blacks to form their own community, segregate themselves,
form middle-class of African Americans
c. Marcus Garvey: people of color would not have equality, they
should go back to Africa. He personified a new stirring, a vision of black pride
sweeping through Harlem.

Lorber: gender formation and gender is socially constructed, held by individuals and institutions,
it can change, not fixed; gender is performed
Crenshaw: intersectionality
Week 5:
1.

Great Depression begins 1929

a. unemployment rate of African Americans was really high,
starvation, whites took all the job opportunities, even the degrading jobs.
b. significance: white supremacy, exclusion of African American
workers in the labor market, structural discrimination, labor hierarchy was
changed and maintained by white supremacy

2.

New Deal 1930s

a. Background: A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin roosevelt
administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the great
Depression.
b. provide safety net for people
c. Significance to DOC: social structural discrimination

3.

World War II dates, main players

a. 1939-1945, Italy, Germany and Japan against all Europe
b. U.S (fighting for democracy)joined the war in 1941, reinforce racism
against Japanese
c. significance: contradiction: fighting for democracy, liberty,equality but
inside U.S Jim Crow, racial hierarchy, concentration camps, zootsuit riots

4.

Japanese internment 1942

a. Background: Japanese were sent to hastily constructed camps

called War Relocation Centers in remote portions of the nations interior.
b. Significance to DOC: white supremacy, racial hierarchy,
contradiction.
c. Camps were compared to the concentration camps of the German
in an effort to show the US as having favorable camps.
d. Used in the racialization of Japanese as devious individuals.
(representational)
5.

Zoot Suit riots 1943

a. World War II, nationalists beat who dresses the Zoot Suit up
b. Mexicans were racialized at that time, they are not Americans
c. their brothers were fighting for the war while their younger
brothers were beat up
d. criminalization of black, brown
e. Mexicans realized that they were fighting in another country for
freedom but was lacking it back in the U.S.

6.

Final Solution
a. Hitler wants a perfect race by exterminating Jewish population
b. Why important to DOC: explain why Jews moved to U.S

7.

Hiroshima-Nagasaki
a. atomic bombs were dropped in Japan
b. without hesitation to drop the bomb, Japanese are racialized at
that time

8.

Cold War dates, main players(smaller wars between followers)

a. a battle of ideas of capitalism(west) and communism(east),
Vietnam(1962-1974) and Korean War, a battle of ideologies of capitalism and
communism
b. contradiction: reality in U.S racism(no equality), structural racism
people being treated differently
c. cold war is fighting for democracy in that capitalism over
communism
d. proxy war: fight indirectly

9.

G.I. Bill
a. upheld structural racism: disparities in education,health care
b. veterans, World World II New Deal package
c. Distribution of benefits was decided by the states. Many African
Americans were not given any assistance.

10.
Bracero program 1947-1964: Government brought Mexican worked to to do the
bottom work, explained the importance of temporary Mexican laborers during the early
phase of WW2. The sign of intersection of race and class where cheap labor is racialized to
maintain the class hierarchy.

11.
Mendez v. Westminster 1947: against racial segregation in Orange County, first
ruling to desegregate.
a. desegregate schools only in california state
12.
Korean War 1950-1953
proxy war: indirect conflict: providing troops and arms
Significance: U.S in fight with Soviet Union indirectly, blacks and whites together
13.

Jackie Robinson
a. African American baseball player,first black in person to play in the
major league
b. redefine/challenge the culture representation of blacks, at the
same time, he still in the system with discrimination.

14.

Brown v. Board of Education 1954

a. desegregate schools in a national level
b. Significance to DOC: a counter-hegemonic movement

Katznelson: certain states upheld structural racism

Week 6:
1.

Student power

2.

Rosa Parks
a. 1st one to fight against Bus Segregation
b. significance: counter-hegemonic, destroy Jim Crow

3.

March on Washington, 1963

a. jobs and freedom

4.

Malcolm X
a. self-defense

5.

Militant non-violence
a. Idea used by MLK in the Civil Rights movement(1954-1968).

6.

Watts riots, 1965: Police brutality

7.

Civil Rights Act 1964; Voting Rights Act 1965

8.

Loving v. State of Virginia (1967)

a. allow interracial marriage

Week 7:

1.

Womens Liberation Movement (Second Wave Feminism)

a. Between the 1960s-70s.
b. Wanted to end the objectification of women (representational/sexism), gain
reproductive rights (abortion), gain equal pay for equal work, fight for divorce, and bring
attention to domestic/sexual violence.
c. Referred to as white feminism
2.

American War in Southeast Asia, ca. 1962-1973

a. Vietnam War

3.

COINTELPRO (FBI counterintelligence program)

a. FBI program to infiltrate oppsingiradicel ogranizations(Chicano
movement, black panther party, American Indian Movement, counter-hegemonic
movement) to dismantle them
b. protect the hegemonic order, shut down any counter-hegemonic
movement

4.

Third World feminism

5.

Stonewall riots, 1969

a. police brutality issue, police arrest the people at the gay bar, they
start to fight back physically.
b. LGBTQ issues, counter-hegemonic

6.

ACT UP, 1987

a. AIDs coalition to unleash power: raise awareness to AIDs/HIV,
blaming to LGBT couples, gods way to punish those people, heteronormative
b. LGBTQ rights
c. but now affect normal couple, becomes a real issue.

7.

queer politics: more radical politics compared to gay/lesbian politics

a. gay/lesbian politics more accord with hegemonic ideologies
b. queer politics is more radical and critic of the entire system
c. connection to the stonewall riots.

Week 8:
1.
Keynesianism/social safety net (classic or embedded liberalism): must have
government interference in the economical market
a. Roosevelts New Deal as an example: provide social services, big
government-> providing social safety nets.
b. although progress, but not equal to all people(G.I bill)
c. invests in the public good
2.

Neoliberalism=anti-liberalism (conservatism/free market economics)

a. small government, government will not help you, individual to
ensure safety net
b. bootstrap: ones success only belongs to ones own hard work

c. invest in private good, individual responsibilities

3.

Globalization/deindustrialization: build factories in another country

4.

Shift from production (manufacture) to finance

a. Neoliberalism

5.

Privatization and structural adjustment

a. privatization: from public good to private good
b. structural adjustment: maintained and implemented in a
structural level, services are being cut in a structural level.

6.

Privatization and personal responsibility (excellence and entrepreneurs)

a. personal responsibility: up to you, individual responsibilities to go
to colleges

7.

Trickle down theory

a. eventually the wealth will be trickled down

8.

Public good/private good

9.
Main St./Wall St.: Main St. advocates industrialization but Wall St. advocates
uses capital to earn money, build industry in another country.

Melting pot: we are all immigrants, romanticized notion, creating one distinctive culture; But
racialized policies: exclusion act, quota, and nativism, DOC debunks that notion, it is not true,
reality we are not melting pot, African Americans didnt chose to come to America, they were
brought as slaves.

1st wave feminism(1840-1920): mainly focus on voting rights of white middle class women
2nd wave feminism(1960-present): white middle class women asked for more rights; the pill,
sexual liberation; counter-hegemonic movement to patriarchy.
3rd wave feminism(simultaneously with 2nd wave feminism): Anna Nieto Gomez, she is a
working class Chicana woman; more about intersectional analysis: gender, class, race.
Answer format:
1. name and time
2. historical background
3. DOC significance
white supremacy: a way to categorize people through social institutions and cultural
representation based on racial hierarchy, which is based on racial purity.

fluidity of racial hierarchy and racial formation

contradiction is behind a lot of events
four court cases:
1. 1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford: U.S supreme court denial of African American
citizenships, contradiction, white supremacy, racial formation
Extra Credit of Black Panther Party will be multiple choice, worth about 1-2 points.