EPT 152/2 ENGINEERING DRAWING

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCE

(GD&T)

CO5:
Apply knowledge to use for geometric
tolerancing, the relationship between datums

and tolerancing.

4.1 Basic concept, size of dimension, Interpretation

of drawing and dimension.

4.2 Understanding datum.

4.3 Geometrical tolerances.

4.1 Basic Concept.

Why dimensioning?
Production personal can make mating parts that will fit properly
when assembled / replace parts.

For precise manufacturing & interchangeability.

Why tolerance?
Specify a range of accuracy for the shape, size & position for
every feature of product.

Parts will fit together & function properly when assembled.

What is tolerance?

Tolerance is the total amount that a specific dimension

is permitted to vary.

Example:
Measuring the features of any part or assembly to such
precision that no two would be identical

For their intended purposes, all parts can vary within limits
and still be adequate
Too little precision produces bad product
To much precision causes the higher prices
The products produce must have tolerance for economical
manufacture.

In dimensional metrology, tolerances are applied to

both position (where) and size (how big) dimension.

Figure 4.1 Tolerances Apply To Both Dimensions Of Size (A,B,

E) And Dimensions Of Location ( C and D)
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Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning &

Tolerance (GD&T):

GD&T is a means of dimensioning and tolerancing a drawing with

respect to the actual function or relationship of part features that

can be most economically produced

It is a language of symbols used on mechanical drawings to

efficiently, and accurately communicate geometry requirements for
features on parts and assemblies.

Benefits Of GD&T:

The universal symbols can be used to convey design.

intent to remote manufacturing or assembly sites.

Provide a common standard for dimensioning practices.

Enhance repeatability of part orientation.

Increase interchangeability of parts.

Increase production tolerancing.

Size of dimension.
Never scale measurements from drawing.

Dimension units are stated in title block, not in object / view

drawing. Ex.: ALL MEASUREMENTS IN MILIMETER
Make all decimal points bold. Ex.: 0.04
Where metric dimension is a whole number, do not show

decimal point / zero. Ex.: 260 not 260. not 260.0

Where metric dimension < 1mm, a zero precedes the decimal
point. Ex.: 0.4
Where decimal-inch dimension used, zero is not used before

decimal point of values < 1in. Ex.: .45 not 0.45

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Dimension Symbols:

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Interpretation of drawing and dimension.

Key terms in GD&T

Feature

general term applied to a physical portion of a part

such as a surface, hole or slot. Generally part surface.

Feature control frame

rectangular box that contains the

geometric symbols, modifiers and datum reference.

Datum- a theoretically exact plane, point axis from which a

dimension is measured.

Datum feature

part feature that contacts a datum (use as

the origin for measurement).

Datum reference frame- a set of three mutually

perpendicular datum planes .
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Feature of size- one cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of two

opposed parallel surface associated with a size dimension.

i.

internal the diameter of a hole or the width of a slot.

ii.

External the width or length of a block or a shaft diameter.

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Figure 4.4 Feature Of Size

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Figure 4.5 Symbols In GD&T

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Definitions for size designation:

Nominal size used for general identification & usually expressed in decimal
or often in fraction. Ex.: 1.50mm or 1-1/2mm

Basic size the size from which the limits of size are determined by applying
tolerance & allowance.

Actual size the measured size of the finish part.

Allowance - min clearance space [max interference] that is specified to achieve
a fit between 2 mating parts.

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4.2 Understanding The Datum.

A datum is a theoretical exact point, axis or plane
from whichthe location or geometric characteristic of
a part feature are established.
Its a starting point or origin

Figure 4.5 Datum

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Datum C
Datum B

Datum A

Figure 4.6 Datum Reference Plane

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Datum reference planes:

Primary datum surface.
Secondary datum surface.
Tertiary datum surface.

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Material Condition Modifier:

1.

2.

3.

Maximum material condition (MMC)

The condition in which a feature of size
contains the maximum materials within its
stated tolerance limit
Least material condition (LMC)
LMC is the condition in which a feature of size
contains the least amount of material within its
permissible limits
Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
Indicates a geometric tolerance that applies at
any increment of size of the feature within its
permissible limits.
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 When a part feature contains the

maximum amount of material allowed

within the specified size limits, it's said to

be in its maximum material condition.

An external feature, such as a fastener,
is in its maximum material condition

when it's at its upper size limit.

When a part feature contains the least

amount of material allowed within the

specified size limits, it's said to be in its
least material condition.

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The language of GD&T is a set of symbols.

Form tolerance
Profile tolerance
Types of
GD&T

Orientation tolerance

Location tolerance
Runout tolerance

Notes:

Geometric controls of form never use a datum reference.

Form control (straightness, flatness, circularity or

cylindricity) are always relative to themselves and not other
features.

some geometric controls (orientation, location, or runout)

must have a datum reference

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Table 4.1 Geometric Characteristic Symbols.

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State how far an actual surface or feature is

permitted to vary from the desired form implied by
the drawing.

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Straightness:

The condition where one line element of an axis, or surface is

in straight line.
Straightness tolerances can be applied to an axis or to a
surface.

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Figure 4.10 Straightness Tolerance Applied To An Axis

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Figure 4.11 Straightness Tolerance Applied To A Surface

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Flatness:

The condition of surface having all elements in one plane.

When flatness is specified, the feature control frame is attached

directly to the surface or to an extension line of the surface.

The flatness tolerance zone is defined by two parallel planes.

All points of the surface must be within the limits of the

tolerance zone defined by these two planes.

The smaller the tolerance zone, the flatter the surface.

Does not need to be related to a datum.

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Figure 4.11 Flatness Tolerance Applied To A Surface

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Circularity:

Circularity is identified with any given cross section taken

perpendicular to the axis of a cylinder or cone or through the
center of sphere.

The tolerance is bounded by two concentric circles.

Each circular element of the surface must be contained within

these concentric circles.

The circularity tolerance must be less than the size tolerance,

except for parts subject to free state variation.

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Figure 4.12 Circularity Tolerance

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Cylindricity:

Defined as the condition of a surface of revolution in which all

points of the surface are equidistant from a common axis,

The tolerance zone for cylindricity is bound by two concentric

cylinder.

All surface elements must lie within these concentric circles.

The tolerance applies simultaneously to both the circular and

the longitudinal elements of the surface.

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Figure 4.13 Cylindricity Tolerance

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Coplanarity / Profile.
Coplanarity refers to the relative position of two or more flat

surfaces that are intended to lie in the same geometric plane.

A profile-of-a-surface tolerance may be used when it is
desirable to treat two or more surfaces as a single interrupted

or noncontinuous surface.
Each surface must lie between two parallel plane .003 in.
apart.

Also, both surfaces must be within the specified limits of size.

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 No datum reference is stated in the figure.

Since the orientation of the tolerance zone is established from
contact of the part against a reference standard, the datum is
established by the surface themselves.

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Figure 4.14 Profile-Of-A-Surface Tolerance For Coplanar Surfaces

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Location.

States how far an actual size feature is permitted to

vary from the perfect location implied by the
drawing as related to a datum or other feature

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Position:

Position tolerance defines a condition where the center, axis

or center plane of a feature of size is allowed to vary from

true position.

True position is the theoretically exact location of a feature.

The location of each feature is given by basic dimension and

the location tolerance is indicated by the position symbol, a
tolerance value, applicable modifiers and datum references.

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Figure 4.15 Position Tolerance

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Concentricity:

Concentricity is used to control the relationship between the

axes of two or more cylindrical features.

When the axes of each cylinder fall on the same centerline,

they are concentric.

The tolerance zone for concentricity is a cylindrical tolerance

zone whose axis coincide with the axis of the datum feature.

Concentricity is a relative measurement, so it requires a

datum specification.

The tolerance can only be applied on an RFS basis.

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Concentricity tolerance. Concentricity is defined as the condition where all

median points of diametrically opposed elements of a cylinder are congruent
with the axis of a datum feature

Figure 4.16 Concentricity Tolerance

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Symmetry:

Symmetry is a positional tolerance where the median points

of all opposed elements of two or more feature are congruent

with the axis or center plane of a datum feature.

Concentricity and symmetry are similar concepts.

The difference is that they are applied to different geometric

configurations- concentricity applies to cylindrical features
while symmetry is applied to planar features.

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The tolerance zone is centered about the center

plane of the datum.

Figure 4.17 Symmetry Tolerance

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States how far an actual surface or feature is

permitted to vary from the desired form implied by

the drawing during full 360 degree rotation of the
part on a datum axis.

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Circular runout:

Circular runout controls circularity and coaxiality (the

condition where two or more features share a common axis).

The tolerance is measured by full indicator movement of a

dial indicator placed at several locations while the part is

rotated 360 degree.

Circular runout is measured as a single circular element at

each measured location.

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Figure 4.18 Circular Runout

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Total Runout:

Total runout is used to provide total composite control of all

surface elements.

The total tolerance is applied to both circular elements and

the profile.

When applied to the surface around and at right angle to a

datum axis, total run out may be used to control a

combination of circularity, straightness, angularity, taper and

profile.

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Figure 4.19 Total Runout

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The worst circular runout error occurs at the slice

with the greatest variation. In this case two slices
vary a total of 0.03.

Total runout is the difference between the highest

and lowest readings found over the entire feature.

The highest reading was +0.02 and the lowest

reading was -0.09. Therefore, the total runout for
the feature is 0.11, the difference between +0.02

and -0.09.

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