BACKHOES

AND
POWER SHOVELS
Amit Kumar
Anal Kumar Shahi
Anant Pratap Singh
Ankit Kumar

Excavation
Typical earthworks include roads, railway beds, causeways, dams, canals
and foundations. Other common earthworks are land grading to
reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize slopes.

1. Backhoe
A backhoe is a piece of
excavating equipment
consisting of a digging bucket
on the end of a two-part
articulated arm.
The name "backhoe" refers to
the action of the bucket, not
its location on the vehicle.
Efficiency
Capacity of bucket
Time per swing

Backhoe - Segments
It has four segments:
The Boom (section of arm
closest to the vehicle)
The Stick
The Bucket
The Thumb (optional)

Thumb of Backhoe
Thumb is hinged to the scoop
which grips like a human thumb to
pick up objects.

How does it work?

Hydraulic systems simply transmit forces from point to point through
an uncompressible fluid.
Hydraulic multiplication-Because the second piston has a
larger diameter than the first piston, the second piston moves a
shorter distance but pushes up with greater force.

Hydraulic Ram
There are some significant differences in how the two systems
operate, however. The simple piston we looked at could only apply
multiplied force in one direction. If you pushed down on the narrower
piston, the wider piston moved up with greater force. But for a
backhoe to dig, its arms have to be able to move in different
directions.
There is fluid on both sides of this piston head, fed by two different
hoses.

Applications:
Suitable for digging below
machine level
Effectively used to dress or
trim the surface avoiding
the use of manual effort
for dressing the excavated
surface

Backhoe in action

Backhoe Manufacturers Caterpillar Incorporation

JCB
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Volvo Construction Equipment
Deere & Company

2. Power Shovels
Construction equipment used
to excavate the earth and load
it into trucks or other hauling
equipment.
Crawler mounted power shovel
& wheel mounted power
shovel.
Consists of mounting, cab,
boom, dipper stick, host line.

Working The shovel operates using several main motions:

Hoist lifting of the load (i.e. the bank of material being dug)
Crowd - moving the dipper handle out or in to control the depth of cut
Swing - rotating the shovel between digging and dumping
Propel - moving the shovel unit to different locations or dig positions
Work Cycle Digging-> Swinging-> Dumping-> Returning

Selection of type Job location

Small jobs- at different places- rubber-tyred shovel due to its mobility
Large job at concentrated location- crawler mounted shovel- more desirable.

Type of footing
Soft and muddy soil with large undulation- crawler mounted shovel- only
choice

Selection of size1. Cost per cubic meter of output (best size=minimum cost)

Size of job- larger job- higher cost-large shovel size.

Cost of transportation- Large size- higher cost
Depreciation Rate- large shovel- high depreciation rate- difficulty in disposal
Cost of wage per cubic meter- large shovel less wage
Downtime cost- large shovel-high downtime cost increase delay in obtaining
spare parts
Combined cost of drilling, blasting and excavating of rock- bigger shovels- less
expenditure in combined cost.

2. Job-site conditions
If project time is such that it needs high hourly output , large shovels must be
preferred.
Size of hauling unit determines the size of shovel .
For excavating hard and tough bed of soil, dipper of large shovel- exerts
greater downward pressure more suitable.
Excavating blasted rocks- large size dipper- easy to handle big rocks.
For high lifts to dump earth from basement into trucks- requires long boom
large shovel .

Optimum depth of cut- greatest output-> dipper coming up with full loadwithout excessive download pressure and tension- depends on type of soil and
size of dipper

Output of power shovel Expressed as cubic meter per hour, based on bank-measure volume.
For Ideal Conditions,

Factors affecting output Class of material Sand Clay- Rocks.

Angle of swing- As angle of swing increases- time for discharge of load
increases- cycle time increases- output decreases.
Job Conditions- Drainage of soil- size of embankment- depth of cutcondition of haul road- climatic conditions.
Management Conditions- Greasing/lubrication of shovel replacing
of worn out parts- major overhaul when necessary- bonus to crew.
Size of hauling units- large shovel- large hauling unit- output increase
Skill of operator
Physical Condition of Shovels

Applications
Suitable for close range work
Capable of digging very hard
materials and remove big
boulders
Used in digging gravel banks,
clay pits, digging cuts in road
works etc.

 Backhoe
Bucket Capacity 6 m3 52 m3

Power Shovel
Dipper Capacity - 19.1 m3 62.7m3