AP Human Geography Coach Clendenin

Name_____________________________________________

Unit Two: Migration

Chapter 3: Migration (page 82-83)

1. Explain the difference between immigration and emigration:_immigration
is migration to a location and emigration is migration from a
location_________________________________________________
2. Compare circulation and migration:_Short term, repetitive, or cyclical
movements that recur on a___ regular basis such as daily, monthly, or annually (eg;
home to work, school, shops, church, etc.)________
2. Explain how migration affects globalization:_People can participate in the
globalization of culture___ and economy regardless of place of residence, but still
migrate in large numbers. Place is still important_ to an individuals cultural identity
and economic prospects. Therefore, people migrate to escape cultural domination
by other groups or to reunite with people of similar cultures creating pockets of
diversity___ (ex; Chinatown in San Francisco or Puerto Rican neighborhoods in New
York)______________________

Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? (page 8388)

3. List E. G. Ravensteins three main elements of migration:
3.a._Reasons why migrants
move__________________________________________________________
3.b._The distance migrants typically
move___________________________________________________
3.c._The characteristics of
migrants________________________________________________________
4. Compare push to pull factors:_A push factor induces people to move out of
their present location,__ and a pull factor induces people to move into a new
location____________________________________
5. Name and describe three main types of push and pull factors for
migration:

5.a._Economicmost people migrate for economic reasons (ex; jobs)_(form of

voluntary migration)___
5.b._Culturalforced migration such as the slave trade in the southern United
States or refugees (ex;__ Palestinians in Middle East or Darfur in
Africa________________________________________________
5.c_EnvironmentalTo mountains, seasides, and warm climates (Sunbelt). People
with bronchitis,____ asthma, and allergies to dry climates like the deserts in Arizona.
To escape drought (Dust Bowl),_______ Hurricanes (Katrina), or
floods____________________________________________________________

5. Define intervening obstacle:_Environmental or cultural feature that hinders

migration (ex; mountains and deserts, or immigration laws requiring passports to
leave a country and visas to legally immigrate to an
area_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Compare internal migration to international migration:_International
migration is permanent______ movement from one country to another. Internal
migration is permanent movement within the same__
country_____________________________________________________________________________
__
7. List and explain the two types of internal migration:
7.a_Interregional migration is movement from region of a country to
another____________________
7.b._Intraregional migration is movement within one
region____________________________________
8. List and explain the two types of international migration:
8.a. _Voluntary migration implies the migrant has chosen to move for economic
reasons____________
8.b._Forced migration means the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural
factors_________
9. Describe Wilbur Zelinskys migration transition model:
_A society in stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) (high birth (CBR)
and death rates____ (CDR) and low natural increase rate (NIR)) is unlikely to migrate
permanently to a new location, but does have high daily or seasonal mobility in
search of food__________________________________________

_ According to migration transition theory, societies in stages 3 and 4 are the

destinations of the______ international migrants leaving the stage 2 countries in
search of economic opportunities._____________
_ Internal migration within countries in stages 3 and 4 of the demographic transition
is intraregional,___ from cities to surrounding
suburbs.________________________________________________________

10. What changes did Ravenstein observe about gender and migration?
_Males were more likely than_ females to migrate long distances to other countries
searching for work and were more likely to be____ employed, but since 1990 the
trend has reversed and women make up 54% of U.S. immigrants. This____ trend is
also true of undocumented immigrants from Mexico. Reasons include the changing
role of_____ women in Mexico. Some come to join husbands and brothers already in
the U.S., but most come for___ jobs because of poor economic conditions in
Mexico__________________________________________
11. What changes did Ravenstein observe about family status and
migration?_He believed that most__ long-distance migrants were young adults
seeking work, rather than children or elderly people. This is__ still true about 55% of
U.S. immigrants are between 18 and 44. Only 5% of immigrants are over age____
65._An increasing number of immigrants are children under age 17, because
children tend to travel with their
mothers__________________________________________________________________________
12. Why do undocumented residents (illegal immigrants) have little
trouble finding jobs in the U.S.?__
Because employers can pay them lower wages and do not have to provide health
care or retirement__ plans and other benefits. They can also be threatened with
deportation if they dont work hard______

Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed?

(page 88-96)

13. Describe three characteristics of global migration patterns:

13.a. _Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net outmigration___________________________________
13.b._North America, Europe, and Oceania have net inmigration________________________________
13.c._The three largest flows of migrants are to Europe from Asia; to North America
from Latin America and Asia; and also from Europe to North America and Asia to
Oceania____________________________
14. What percentage of the following countries populations is made up of
immigrants?

Country

Percentage of population made up

of immigrants

United States

10%

Canada

15%

Germany

6%

United Kingdom

6%

France

10%

United Arab Emirates

90%

Kuwait

70%

15. Describe who came to the U.S. and why in each of the following three
eras:
15.a. Colonial Immigration (1600s to 1800)_90% from Great Britain with some
from other European___
countries___________________________________________________________________________
__
15.b. Nineteenth Century Immigration
A. First Peak (1840s & 1850s)_90% from Northern and western
Europe___________________________
B. Second Peak (1880s)_ 3/4ths from Northern and Western
Europe_____________________________

C. Third Peak (1890s)_ 3/4ths from Southern and Eastern

Europe_______________________________
*Populations of Countries of Northern and Western Europe grew rapidly during the
first and second___ peak and in Southern and Eastern Europe during the third peak
due to industrialization, improvements_ in medicine and sanitation and a decline in
the CDR. With these countries entering stage 2 workers____ started looking for
economic opportunity (jobs) abroad (international migration)___________________
15.c. Recent Immigration From LDCs
A. Asian (1970s - _Leading source of immigration between late 1970s and 1980s.
Most were from____ China, Philippines, and Vietnam in 1990s. Through the 20 th
Century most were from China (including___ Taiwan) and
India______________________________________________________________________
B. Latin American (1980s - ) _Replaced Asian countries as the largest source of
immigration. The largest number of immigrants in the 1990s came from Mexico,
the Dominican Republic, and El Salvador. The__ 1986 Immigration Reform Act
granted legal visas to several hundred thousand undocumented________
wokers______________________________________________________________________________
_
16. In a sentence, summarize how immigration patterns to the U.S. have
changed:_Early immigrants__ came from Northern and Western Europe and later
Southern and Eastern Europe, but recent_________ immigration has been from Asia
and Latin America____________________________________________
17. How did the demographic transition affect Europes emigration?_
18. Describe the impact of European emigration on world
culture:______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
19. What have been the main destinations of recent immigrants into the
U.S.?_California (Mexico,____ Philippines, Vietnam, and China)), Texas (Mexico), New
York and New Jersey (Dominican Republic),____ Florida (Cuba), and Illinois (Mexicans
and Poles). Proximity plays a part in some destinations like_______ Mexicans to Texas
and California and Cubans to Florida________________________________________
20. Define chain migration:_Migration of people to a specific location because
relatives or members of_ the same nationality migrated
there_______________________________________________________
21. What is an undocumented immigrant and how do they get into the
U.S.? _illegal immigrants who_ slip across the U.S. border without showing a

passport or visa, or who enter as students and tourists and then remain after they
are supposed to leave________________________________________________

Key Issue 3: Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?

(page 96-102)

22. What are the two main difficulties faced by migrants to a new country
today?
22.a. _Gaining permission to enter a new
country_____________________________________________
22.b._Hostile attitudes of citizens in the new
country__________________________________________
23. What was the primary goal of the Quota Act of 1921 and the National
Origins Act of 1924?_To____ assure that most immigrants were European and that
most Asians were excluded___________________
24. How did U.S. immigration policy change in 1968 and 1978?_Quotas for
countries were eliminated and replaced with hemisphere quotas and in 1978 a
global quota_______________________________
25. Who gets preference for legal migration to the U.S.?_1. Spouses,
children, and parents of U.S._____ citizens have no quota. 2. Spouses or unmarried
children of noncitizens already living in the U.S. (also a_ hand full of brothers,
sisters, and relatives of noncitizens), 3. skilled workers and professionals, and____
citizens from countries that have historically sent few immigrants to the U.S.
(diversity category)______
26. How are refugees treated under U.S. law?_Quotas do not apply to refugees
who are admitted if___ they are judged genuine
refugees__________________________________________________________
27. Define brain drain:_A large scale emigration by talented
people______________________________
28. Compare and contrast guest workers to time-contract workers:_Citizens
of poor countries who___ obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle east are
guest workers. They are protected by minimum_ wage laws and take jobs many
Western Europeans dont want, but still make much more than they____ would at
home. Millions of Asians migrated in the nineteenth century as time-contract
workers to work_ for a fixed amount of time on plantations and in mines. When their
contract expired many would settle_ permanently in their new country. (Japanese to
Hawaii, Chinese to California (transcontinental railroad))
29. Compare and contrast the U.S. attitude towards immigrants to that of
other countries toward their guest workers:_Many citizens of the U.S. are

suspicious of immigrants. Racism, prejudice, fear of unknown groups (nativism),

economic fears, and anti-immigrant sentiments exist. As a result many immigrants
face hostility from citizens. Guest workers are seen as temporary workers by their
hst countries and themselves, but many workers remain indefinitely. Many
Europeans oppose expanding benefits for guest workers or improving their
conditions. There have been efforts to limit immigration and guest worker programs
in many European countries and some countries are paying the workers to return
home.
30. Explain how the U.S. treats people leaving the following locations
coming to the U.S.:
Country

U.S. treatment of emigrants from that country

Cuba

Political Refugees since 1959 when Fidel Castro came to power

Haiti

U.S. Immigration said the Haitians were economic exiles and not
political exiles like the Cubans, so they were not allowed to remain
in the U.S. The Haitians filed a lawsuit and won the right to stay

Vietnam

Boat people after the Vietnam War were considered political

refugees, but today immigrate primarily for economic reasons

Key Issue 4: Why Do People Migrate Within a

Country? (page 102-107)
31. Name and describe two main types of internal migration:
31.a._Interregional primary type is between rural and urban
areas_____________________________
31.b._Intraregional from older cities to
suburbs_____________________________________________
32. What is the center of population gravity?_Average location of everyone
in the country as_______ computed by the U.S. Census
Bureau_______________________________________________________
33. List three reasons it took so long for the center of population gravity
to move away from the coast:
33.a. Reason 1:_Colonists depended on shipping links with
Europe______________________________
33.b. Reason 2:_Intervening obstacles like the Appalachian
Mountains____________________________

33.c. Reason 3:_Hostile Indians in the

interior________________________________________________
34. What two factors fueled the western movement between 1790 & 1830?
34.a. Factor 1:_Opportunity to obtain large tracts of land at a low
price___________________________
34.b. Factor 2:_Transportation improvements (canal building especially the Erie
Canal connecting the__ Great Lakes to the east
coast_____________________________________________________________
35. What role did the 98th meridian play in the western expansion of the
US?_Marked the beginning_ of the Great Plains which stretched to the Rocky
Mountains and received very little rainfall making it___ unfit for farming at the time.
Today it is one of the Worlds richest farming areas___________________
36. State two reasons the western movement of the center of population
gravity slowed after 1880:
36.a._Large numbers of immigrants that came from Europe and settled on the East
Coast____________
36.b._Pioneers and farmers started settling the Great Plains with the construction of
the_____________ transcontinental railroad and not continuing on to the west
coast________________________________
37. List the 2 reasons for the movement of people from the North & East
to the South& West:
37.a._New
Jobs________________________________________________________________________
37.b._Environmental reasons
(Sunbelt)___________________________________________________
38. Explain why interregional migration has occurred in Russia, Brazil, and
Indonesia:
38.a. Russia:_Soviet government initially forced workers to migrate to work in
remote factories, steel__ mills, hydroelectric plants, and mines located near
resources rather than population centers. Later they_ offered incentives such as
higher wages and early retirement for people to relocate_________________
37.b. Brazil:_The government moved its capital city from Rio on the coast to a
brand new city called___ Brasilia in the interior (called a forward capital)_ to
encourage economic development of the countries_
interior_____________________________________________________________________________
__

37.c. Indonesia:_Nearly 2/3 of its citizens live on the island of Java. The
government is giving away 5___ acres of land, materials to build a house, seeds,
pesticides, and food to encourage them to move to less_ populated
islands_______________________________________________________________________
38. How does intraregional migration patterns differ between MDCs and
LDCs?_In MDC most________ intraregional migration is urban (central city) to
suburban. Whereas; in LDC intraregional migration is___ primarily rural to
urban__________________________________________________________________
39. What is a favela?_squatter settlements located on the outside of large cities
occupied by people___ who cant find or cant afford housing. They may lack
electricity, running water, and paved streets (see_ chapter
13)____________________________________________________________________________
40. What are the attractions of the suburbs over urban areas?_lifestyle
changes like living in a________ detached house with a garage and a driveway rather
than an apartment, having a yard, safety of______ children, and better schools all
made possible by the automobile. NOT for economic opportunity or jobs like most
migration patterns______________________________________________________________
41. What is counterurbanization?_Net migration from urban to rural
areas_______________________
42. Why is counterurbanization no longer a factor in .the USA?_Poor
economic conditions in many____ rural areas; many factories in rural areas have
closed because they are being undersold by Asian_______ competitors. Many small
farmers are going bankrupt because of the high cost of farming_____________