Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference

December 22-24, 2013, Roorkee

ANALYSIS OF PILE GROUP SUBJECTED TO EMBANKMENT INDUCED SOIL

MOVEMENT
M. Samanta, Scientist, CSIR- CBRI, Roorkee, manojit_samanta@rediffmail.com
R. Bhowmik, M.Tech. Student, CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee, riyabhowmik89@gmail.com
P. Mohanty, Scientist, CSIR- CBRI, Roorkee, pyushmohanty@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: Response of 2x2 pile group subjected to indirect load from embankment induced soil movement had
been studied through three dimensional finite element analyses considering embankment construction sequence.
Immediate (short-term) and consolidation (long-term) effect of soft clay on pile group response for different time
rate of embankment construction had been investigated. Response of pile group had been examined for different
slenderness ratio, spacing and vertical load on piles. Analysis shows that the maximum bending moment and
displacement increases with increasing slenderness and spacing of piles. Vertical load had negligible effect on
response of pile group. Long term pile response was observed to be lower than immediate response. Shielding
effect of piles in group was also observed.

INTRODUCTION
Construction of an embankment in soft clay results
in lateral flow of soil away from embankment.
Existing pile foundation situated in this
deformation zone will be subjected to additional
load resulting from the embankment construction.
This additional indirect load also called passive
load, may induce bending moment and lateral
displacement causing failure and/or servicebility
problem of pile (Bransby and Springman, 1996).
Several analytical, numerical, field and centrifuge
studies had been carried out to understand the
response of single and group of pile subjected to
embankment induced passive load. Springman et
al. (1994) conducted full scale instrumented
centrifuge tests to study the response of piles
supporting bridge abutment subjected to lateral
loading from the approach embankment. The long
term bending moment and displacement of piles
were found to be higher by 17-36 % and 50 %
compared to short term response. But, contrary to
this, Jeong et al. (2004) found that long term
bending moment and deflection of the pile are
lesser than that of short term, through centrifuge
tests in plane stain condition.
Mean lateral
pressure was observed as 0.75 and 0.35 times the
surcharge load under short and long term loading
conditions respectively.
A lot of researchers have resorted to finite element
based numerical study to investigate the response

of single and group of piles under embankment

induced lateral soil movements. Based on such
study, Goh et al. (1997) developed an empirical
relation of maximum bending moment of a single
pile located at the toe of a sloped embankment.
Through three-dimensional finite element package
ABAQUS, Pan et al. (2002) investigated the effect
pile flexibility on ultimate soil pressure and
computed it to be 10 and 10.8 times the undrained
shear strength of soil for stiff and flexible pile
respectively. The ultimate soil pressure was
developed after the soil flow past pile a distance of
0.2 times the width of pile. Bransby & Springman
(1994) and Jeong et al. (2009) investigated the
response of pile group subjected to lateral soil
movement due to deformation of a clay layer under
surcharge load. Piles response was found to be
influenced by in-situ state of stress of soil, pile
head fixity conditions and rate and magnitude of
surcharge load. Using the available knowledge on
the behaviour of piles under passive load, Chen
and Poulos (1997) presented design charts for
vertical piles subjected to linear lateral soil
movement. For piles in group, a limiting pile-soil
pressure was used considering the soil-pile
interaction effect. A theoretical approach was also
developed by Poulos (2004 & 2009) to determine
axial and lateral response of isolated and group of
pile under passive loading.

Page 1 of 10

M. Samanta, R. Bhowmik & P. Mohanty

Analysis of piles situated in soft clay subjected to

ground movement due to adjacent construction
activity is three dimensional and time dependent in
nature, where pile-soil interaction can be best
analyzed by a complete three dimensional analysis
rather than two dimensional or plane strain
analyses. The review of literature has revealed that
such a study involving three dimensional and timedependent analysis of pile group subjected to
ground movement due to adjacent activity is
limited. This paper presents the results of
numerical investigation on 2x2 pile group
subjected to embankment induced soil movement.
Three-dimensional analysis had been carried out
using finite element based package Plaxis 3D
Foundation. Details of the numerical work, short
(immediate) and long term (consolidation) effects
of adjacent embankment construction on pile-soil
interaction had been described in this paper. Pilesoil interactions were investigated in terms of
displacement and bending moment for different
slenderness ratio, spacing and vertical load on
piles.

bottom boundary was fixed at a distance of 2L

from pile tip; where B is width of the embankment
and L is the pile length. Vertical boundaries with
their normal at x and z direction were fixed.
Bottom boundaries were fixed in all directions and
the ground surface was free in all directions.
Figure 1 shows the typical 3D mesh with boundary
fixities used in the analyses. Embankment load in
form of surcharge was applied after the initial
stress equilibrium reached. Construction effect of
the piles was not considered in present analysis.
Response of piles was computed immediately after
the construction of embankment and after a
consolidation period of one, two & three year. All
the analyses were done in hydrostatic condition.

7B

5B

NUMERICAL MODELLING
Finite Element Mesh & Boundary Conditions
The response of pile group subjected to
embankment induced passive loads was
investigated by carrying out three dimensional
finite element analysis using software package
Plaxis 3D Foundation. Homogenous soft clay
overlying dense sand was taken for present study
and piles in group were taken as end bearing in
dense sand. Diameter of the piles was taken as 0.5
m with varying slenderness ratio. Pile cap rested on
the soil surface and connection between the piles
and cap was taken as rigid. Pile-soil interface was
taken as slip while capsoil interface was
considered as smooth. Numerical domain of the
model was fixed from trial calculations, during
which the boundaries were increasingly extended
till the stresses and displacements of a fixed point
under the embankment and on pile were unaffected
by further increase in the size of the domain. From
trial calculations, side boundaries were fixed at a
distance of 5 B from edge line of the embankment,
length of the embankment was taken as 7 B and

Fig. 1 3D Mesh with Boundary Conditions

Constitutive Modelling
For the present analysis, soft soil and dense sand
were modeled using elastic-perfectly plastic MohrCoulomb constitutive model. This model is based
on linear elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain curve
(Figure 2). The plastic behaviour is governed by
six yield functions (fij) and six plastic potential
functions (gij) in three dimensional stress-strain
space [5]. The yield functions are functions of
stress and strain and are dependent on soil
parameters cohesion (c) and friction angle ().
Plastic yielding is related to the condition fij= 0.
This condition can be represented as hexagonal
cone in principal stress space, as shown in Figure
3. As long as the stress states are within the yield
surface, the material behaves as linear elastic (f
<0). The parameters considered in the MohrCoulomb model are assumed to remain constant

Page 2 of 10

Analysis of pile group subjected to embankment induced soil movement

even at the occurrence of material hardening or

softening after the onset of yielding.

Fig. 2 Linear Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Model

3

1= 2 = 3

1
Fig. 3 Mohr-Coulomb Yield Surface
The soil continuum was discretised by 15 noded
wedge elements in the 3D mesh which has three
translational degrees of freedom at each node [3,
4]. Cap was modeled by 6-noded triangular
elements with 6 degrees of freedom at each node.
The pile was created as solid circular pile
composed of same volume elements as soil with 6
degrees of freedom at each node [3, 4]. The cap
and pile were taken as linear-elastic. The soil-pile
interface was modeled by 16 noded quadrilateral
interface elements, as shown in Figure 4. Each
node has three translational degrees of freedom (ux,
uy and uz), allowing simulation of slipping and
gapping between soil and pile. A virtual thickness
is employed to calculate the stiffness properties of
the interface. The stiffness and strength of interface

is determined by the parameter Rinter. This

parameter relates the stiffness of interface and soil
through the following relations:
tan (i) = Rinter tan (s)
(1)
2
Ei= Rinter Es
(2)
Gi= Rinter2Gs
(3)
Where, subscript s and i denotes soil and interface
parameters respectively. A default value of 0.45 of
Poissons ratio for interface was used in the
analysis. Elasto-plastic consolidation formulation
of the soft clay layer is based on Biots theory.
Darcys law of fluid flow and elastic behavior of
soil skeleton is assumed. Same interpolation
function for displacement is used for computation
of pore pressure. In the analysis, top surface of the
soil layer was taken as permeable whereas bottom
and side boundaries were taken as impermeable.
Validation
The validation of finite element model of PLAXIS
was done by comparing the results of centrifuge
test on pile group subjected to embankment
induced soil movement published by Jeong et al.
(2004). Six plane strain tests on 2x3 pile group in
1/40 scale was done for different soil conditions
and rate of embankment constructions. Piles were
made of hollow aluminum pipe of 400mm length,
20mm outer dia. and 3mm thick. Piles were fixed
at the top with pile cap made of aluminum, 177mm
x106mm in plan and 30mm thick. Tip of the pile
was fixed in dense sand. Response of pile group
was computed immediately after the embankment
construction (short term) and after more than 95 %
consolidation of the soft clay layer was completed
(long term). Test 1 was modeled in Plaxis for
scaled up geometry with same boundary and
loading conditions. Properties of soil, pile and cap
taken in the analysis are listed in Table 1. Figure 4
shows the comparison of centrifuge test results and
Plaxis results of bending moment of front pile for
short and long term analysis. A close matching
between the two results were obtained.

Page 3 of 10

M. Samanta, R. Bhowmik & P. Mohanty

Table 1 Material Properties for Validation of Model

Material

Model

E
(kPa)

c
(kPa)

()
32

Sand Mat

MohrCoulomb

3.0x 104

0.2

Lower
Sand

MohrCoulomb

5.00 x104

0.2

Soft Clay

MohrCoulomb

5.00 x 103

5.0

23

Linear Elastic
LinearElastic

5.84 x105

5.84 x105

Pile
Pile Cap

1000

16.2

20

0.3

1.30 x 10-04

18

18

0.33

25

0.33

25

-6

Plaxis Short Term

-8
Centrifuge Short Term
-10

0.3

36

2000

Depth (m)

Centrifuge Long Term

Unsaturated Saturated
19.6

-2
-4

0.3

t(kN/m3)

15.5

Plaxis Long Term

k
(m/day)
1

Bending Moment (kN-m)

-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000

-12
-14
-16

Fig. 4 Comparison of Long & Short Term

Bending Moment of Front Pile
PARAMETRIC STUDY
A series of analysis was carried out to
quantitatively evaluate the pile-soil interaction in
soft soil subjected to embankment induced soil
movement. A hypothetical problem of 22 pile
group subjected to passive load due to adjacent
construction activity is shown schematically in
Figure 5. Soil and pile properties considered in the
analysis were taken from Jeong et al. (2009) and
are listed in Table 2. A 20 m wide, 140 m long and
5 m high embankment was considered in the

analysis. Distance between the embankment and

pile group was taken as 4 m in all parametric
study. A 0.5m thick sand mat beneath the
embankment was considered in all analysis for
better stress distribution and horizontal drainage.
Embankment loading was simulated by applying
equivalent surcharge load. Surcharge load was
applied in five stages (one stage loading equal to
one meter high embankment) and the time lapse
between two consecutive stages was varied to see
its effect on pile response. Pile responses were
computed immediately and after 1, 2 & 3 year of
embankment construction. Pile-soil interactions
are expressed in terms of bending moment and
lateral displacement. The effect of consolidation
was assessed through change in excess pore water
distribution in soft clay. Effect of slenderness ratio,
spacing and vertical load on pile response were
quantitatively evaluated and are presented in the
next section.
Soft

LS Clay
A

A
W

LH
Dense
Sand

(b)
(a)
Fig. 5 Schematic Diagram of Considered
Problem (a) Plan (b) Section at AA

Page 4 of 10

Analysis of pile group subjected to embankment induced soil movement

Table 2. Material Properties

Model

Pile

Linear- Elastic

2.5x107

Pile cap

Linear- Elastic

2.5x107

0.2

Sand mat

Mohr-Coulomb

3x104

0.2

32

0.3

15.5

Soft clay

Mohr-Coulomb

5x103

23

0.3

17

5x104

0.2

36

0.3

16.2

Dense sand

E (kPa)

c
()
unsat
sat
3
(kPa)
(kN/m ) (kN/m3)
0.2
25

Material

Mohr-Coulomb

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Effect of Slenderness Ratio
This series of analysis focused on the effect of
varying slenderness ratio of piles on its response
when subjected to ground movements. The values
of slenderness ratio (Ls/D) were taken as 20, 30,
40, 50 and 60. Diameter (D) of pile was kept
constant as 0.5 m. The analysis had been carried
out for the pile group with spacing of 5 D between
piles, with time lapse of 10 days. For each case, the
piles were embedded in dense sand for a depth of 5
m. Figure 6 shows the variation in lateral
deflection profile of front pile for different Ls/D
ratio.
-0.20

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

25

19.6

18

1.3*10-4

20

As can be seen from the figure, pile head deflection

increases with increasing with Ls/D ratio. The
maximum deflection of pile with Ls/D of 60 is
about 175 % more than that of pile with Ls/D of 30.
For all the cases, maximum deflection occurred at
a depth of about 0.25 to 0.3 times the depth of soft
soil layer. Also, the embedded depth of pile was
virtually unaffected by the induced ground
movement. Negligible deflections were induced on
pile with Ls/D of 20. The probable reason can be
that the depth of soft soil layer was shallow enough
to induced significant amount of lateral soil
movements. Figure 7 shows the variation in
bending moment for change in slenderness ratio.
-200

HOR DISP (m)

kx,y,z
Rinter
(m/day)
-

-100

0.00
0

MOMENT (kN-m)
0
0

100

-5

-15
L-D-20
L-D-30
L-D-40
L-D-50
L-D-60

-20
-25
-30

Fig. 6 Deflection of Front Pile for diff. Ls/ D

-10
-15
-20
L-D-20
L-D-30
L-D-40
L-D-50
L-D-60

-25
-30

PILE DEPTH (m)

-10

PILE DEPTH (m)

-5

Fig. 7 Moment of Front Pile for diff. Ls/ D

Page 5 of 10

M. Samanta, R. Bhowmik & P. Mohanty

-0.16

HOR DISP. (m)

-0.12 -0.08 -0.04

0.00
0

-15

2D
3D
4D
5D
6D

-10

Fig. 8 Deflection of Front Pile for diff. S/D

The reason for this enhancement can be attributed
to the diminishing shielding influence of group
effect. For closer spacing, pile-soil-pile interactions
create relatively more hindrance to free-field soil
displacements, and hence lesser deflections and
moments were induced.

100

-15

-25

Fig. 9 Bending Moment of Front Pile for Different

Spacing between Piles
This shielding effect is more pronounced in rear
pile, as seen in Figure 10 and 11, where lesser
deflections and moments were induced when
compared to that of front pile. The maximum
lateral deflection occurred at pile head instead of at
a depth from pile head and moments induced were
of opposite nature of front pile.
0.000
0
-5
-10

-20
-25

50

-20

PILE DEPTH (m)

2D
3D
4D
5D
6D

-5

HOR DISP (m)

-0.160 -0.120 -0.080 -0.040

-5
-10

MOMENT (kN-m)
-100
-50
0
0

-15
6D-FRONT-ST
6D-REAR-ST

PILE DEPTH (m)

Effect of Spacing between Piles

In this set of analysis, the spacing between piles
was varied as and its effect was studied on overall
response of pile group. This effect had been
investigated immediately after embankment
construction. The time rate of construction of
embankment was considered as 10 days. All the
analysis had been done for Ls/D of 50, with 5 m
embedded depth. Fig. 8 & 9 shows the variation in
lateral deflection and bending moment profile of
front pile for different spacing. As the spacing
between piles was increased from 2D to 6D, the
maximum deflection and moment induced on piles
was also enhanced by 5 % and 98 % respectively.

-150

PILE DEPTH (m)

The trend showed for variation in bending moment

at pile head is similar to as seen previously for
deflection. The moment induced at pile head for
Ls/D of 60 is about 115 % more than that at pile
head for Ls/D of 30. For all the cases, the
maximum moment was induced at the interface of
soft clay and dense sand. But among all, the
maximum moment was induced for Ls/D of 40.

-20
-25

Fig. 10 Deflection of Front & Back Pile

Page 6 of 10

Analysis of pile group subjected to embankment induced soil movement

-200

-100

100

-0.20

-0.15

HOR DISP (m)

-0.10
-0.05

0.00
0

6D-FRONT-ST

-10

6D-REAR-ST
-15

-5

PILE DEPTH (m)

-5

-10

-15
L-D-50-VER

-20

PILE DEPTH (m)

MOMENT (kN-m)

-20

L-D-50
-25

-25

Fig. 11 Bending Moment of Front & Back Pile

Effect of Vertical Load
This set of analysis investigated the effect of
passive loads on axially loaded pile group and
compared its behaviour with the previous case
where axial load was not present. Axial load on
pile cap was uniformly distributed of magnitude
730 kN/m2. Figure 12 (a) and (b) shows the lateral
deflection profile for front and back pile
respectively.
-0.20

HOR DISP (m)

-0.15
-0.10
-0.05

0.00
0

Fig. 12 (b) Deflection of Back Pile in Absence and

Presence of Axial Load
As shown in the figures, vertical load has stiffening
effect on piles when subjected to lateral flow of
soil; maximum lateral deflection being reduced by
3.5 % and 11 % respectively for front and back pile
respectively. Figure 13 (a) and (b) show the
bending moment profile for front and back pile
respectively. Effect of axial load is more
pronounced in case of rear pile, as seen from both
deflection and bending moment profiles.
MOMENT (kN-m)
-100
0
0

-200

100

-15
L-D-50-VER LOAD
L-D-50

-5
-10
L-D-50-VER LOAD
L-D-50

PIE DEPTH (m)

-10

PILE DEPTH (m)

-5

-15

-20
-20
-25

Fig. 12 (a) Deflection of Front Pile in Absence and

Presence of Axial Load

-25

Fig. 13 (a) Bending Moment of Front Pile in

Absence and Presence of Axial Load

Page 7 of 10

M. Samanta, R. Bhowmik & P. Mohanty

MOMENT (kN-m)
-100

100

-5
-10
L-D-50-VER LOAD -15
L-D-50

PILE DEPTH (m)

-20

-0.20

-0.15

HOR DISP (m)

-0.10
-0.05

-25

0.00
0
-5

Fig. 13 (b) Bending Moment of Back Pile in

Absence and Presence of Axial Load

-10
-15
-20

Effect of Time Rate of Embankment Construction

Rates of embankment construction were varied as
1m lift in 10 days, 20 days and 30 days. The final
height of embankment was 5 m. This series of
analysis was performed on pile group with Ls/D of
70; with embedded depth of 15 m. Figure 14 shows
the change in excess pore water pressure with time
at mid-depth of soft clay layer below the surcharge
loading for different rates of construction.

ST-10d
-25
ST-20d
-30
ST-30d
-35

Fig. 15 Deflection of Front Pile for Diff.

Construction Rate of Embankment

-200
90

PILE DEPTH (m)

-200

stage of increment of surcharge loading, after

which the excess pore pressure dissipated with
time due to consolidation. But, faster is the rate of
construction, higher is the excess pore pressure
generated. For the rate of 1 m lift/10 days, excess
pore pressure attained is 16 % higher than that of 1
m lift/30 days and was little less than the ultimate
surcharge loading applied. Figure 15 and 16 shows
the variation in deflection and bending moment
profile with varying rate of construction.

MOMENT (kN-m)
-100
0
0

100

PWP (kN/m^2)

70

PIE DEPTH (m)

80
10days

60

-10

20days

50

-15

30days

40

-5

30

-20

20

ST-10d

10

-25

ST-20d

0
0

200

400
600
Time (days)

-30

800

Fig. 14 Excess Pore Water Pressure Distribution

for Different Construction Rate of Embankment
As can be seen from the plots, for all the cases, the
maximum pore pressure was attained at the final

ST-30d
-35

Fig. 16 Bending Moment in Front Pile for Diff

Construction Rate of Embankment
Similar to the trend observed before, reduction in
maximum deflection was by 70 % between rates of

Page 8 of 10

Analysis of pile group subjected to embankment induced soil movement

10 and 30 days. The influence on induced moments

is not much pronounced for front pile, although
marginal reduction has been observed.
The effect of consolidation has also been
investigated by comparing deflections and bending
moments induced immediately and 3 years after
application of surcharge load, as shown in Figure
17 and 18.
HOR DISP (m)
-0.20

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00
0

-10
-15
-20
ST-10d

-25

LT-3y-ST-10d

-30

PILE DEPTH (m)

-5

-35

Fig. 17 Short-Term and Long-Term Deflection of

Front Pile
MOMENT (kN-m)
-200

-100

100

0
-5

-15
-20
-25
LT-3y-ST-10d
ST-10d

-30

PILE DEPTH (m)

-10

-35

Fig. 18 Short-Term and Long-Term Bending

Moment of Front Pile
Long term deflection and moments are 89 % and
56 % lesser than that of short term. Thus the
induced deflections and moments reduce with

passage of time as the degree of consolidation

increases.
CONCLUSIONS
The objective of this paper was to investigate the
short term and long term response of a pile group
subjected to ground movements due to adjacent
embankment construction. The effect of
slenderness and spacing ratio of piles, presence of
vertical load and different rate of construction of
embankment had been investigated numerically
using finite element package Plaxis 3D
Foundation. From the study, following conclusions
may be drawn:
i. Deflections and moments induced on a pile due
to lateral soil flow depend on its slenderness
ratio. More slender a pile is; more it is
subjected to deflections and moments due to
ground movements. The maximum deflection
and moment induced on front pile with Ls/D of
60 was about 175 % and 115 % more than that
of pile with Ls/D of 30.
ii. The intensity of lateral soil flow also depends on
the thickness of soft soil layer. If depth of the
soft soil is shallow, the effect of lateral soil flow
on the existent pile may not be significant.
iii. Maximum deflection on piles occurred at a
depth of about 0.25 to 0.3 times the depth of soft
soil layer.
iv. The deflections and moments induced on piles
increases as spacing between piles increases.
The maximum deflection and moment induced
on piles enhanced by 5 % and 98 %
respectively, when spacing ratio increased from
2D to 6D. The reason for this enhancement can
be attributed to the diminishing shielding
influence of group effect. For closer spacing,
pile-soil-pile interactions create relatively more
hindrance to free-field soil displacements, and
hence lesser deflections and moments are
induced.
v. Due to this shielding effect, moments induced
due to lateral soil flow were different for front
and rear pile. Hence this aspect should be taken
into proper consideration during design of piles.
vi. Vertical load has stiffening effect on piles
when subjected to lateral flow of soil.
Maximum lateral deflection reduced by 3.5 %

Page 9 of 10

M. Samanta, R. Bhowmik & P. Mohanty

and 11 % respectively for front and back pile,

respectively in presence of vertical load.
vii. Excess pore pressure generated depends on the
rate of construction. Faster was the rate of
construction, higher was the excess pore
pressure generated. Induced deflections and
moments also reduce as rate of construction
gets slower.
viii. Induced deflections and moments on piles
reduce as the degree of consolidation
increases. Long term deflection and moments
in front pile were 89 % and 56 % lesser than
that of short term.
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