where ?

L2 = length change because of the buckling effect; r = radial clearance b

etween tubing OD and casing ID, [ (IDC
ODt)/2]
Ap = area of the packer bore; Ai = area of the tubing ID; Ao = area of the tubin
g OD; ?pi = change in tubing pressure at the packer; ?po = change in annulus pre
ssure at the packer; E = modulus of elasticity (30,000,000 for steel); I = momen
t of inertia of tubing about its diameter[
I = p/64 (D4 d4, where D is the tubing OD and d is the tubing ID*]
Ws = weight of tubing per inch*; Wi = weight of fluid in tubing per inch*; and W
o = weight of displaced fluid per inch.* (* = values for common tubing sizes can
be found in Tables 2 and 3).
Table 2-Weight Per Inch Of Tubing And Fluid
Table 3-Tubing Dimensional Data
Ballooning and Reverse Ballooning
The ballooning effect is caused by the change in average pressure
ide the tubing string. Internal pressure swells or "balloons" the
ses it to shorten. Likewise, pressure in the annulus squeezes the
g it to elongate. This effect is called "reverse ballooning." The
reverse ballooning length change and force are given by

inside or outs
tubing and cau
tubing, causin
ballooning and

RTENOTITLE....................(4)
and RTENOTITLE....................(5)
where ?L3 = length change because of ballooning/reverse ballooning, F3 = force c
hange because of ballooning/reverse ballooning, L = tubing length, ? = Poisson
s
ratio (0.3 for steel), E = modulus of elasticity (30,000,000 for steel), ?pia =
change in average tubing pressure, ?poa = change in average annulus pressure, A
i= area of the tubing ID, Ao = area of the tubing OD, and R = ratio of tubing OD
to ID (given in Table 2) for common tubing sizes and weights. The ballooning ef
fect will always result in tubing-length changes, but it does not become a force
unless the tubing movement is restrained at the packer.
Temperature Effect
Thermal expansion or contraction causes the major length change in the tubing. H
eated metal expands, and cooled metal contracts. In a long string of tubing with
a temperature change over its entire length, this contraction or elongation can
be considerable. The three operational modes that influence temperature effect
are producing, injecting (water, gas, or steam), and treating.
The change in tubing length because of temperature effect is calculated as follo
ws:
RTENOTITLE....................(6)
where ?L4 = change in tubing length, L = tubing length, = coefficient of thermal
expansion (0.0000069 for steel), and ?t = change in average temperature.
Length changes are calculated readily if the average temperature of the tubing c
an be determined for the initial condition and then again for future operations.
The average string temperature in any given operating mode is approximately one
-half the sum of the temperatures at the top and the bottom of the tubing. Thus,
in the initial condition, the average temperature would be based upon the mean

yearly temperature and the BHT. The mean yearly temperature is generally conside
red to be the temperature 30 ft below ground level; ?t is the difference between
the average temperatures of any two subsequent operating modes.
If tubing movement is constrained, forces will be introduced as a result of the
temperature change. The temperature-induced force is
RTENOTITLE....................(7)
where F4 = pounds force (tensile or compression, depending on the direction of ?
t ), AS = cross-sectional area of the tubing wall, and ?t = change in average tu
bing temperature.
Net results of combined effects
The net or overall length change (or force) is the sum of the length changes (or
forces) caused by the temperature, piston, and ballooning effects. The directio
n of the length change for each effect (or action of the force) must be consider
ed when summing them. It follows that for a change in conditions, the motion (or
force) created by one effect can be offset, or enhanced, by the motion (or forc
e) developed by some other effect.
Mosely[3] presented a method for graphically determining the length and force ch
anges as a result of buckling and ballooning (L2 , L3, and F3). This method is p
articularly useful on a fieldwide basis, where wells have the same-size tubing,
casing, and packers.