TODD

There are many types of budgets available to use for law enforcements agencies (line item
budgets, performance budgets, program budgets, the hybrid budgets, the planning, programming
budget system and zero-based budgeting). The best type of budget for the law enforcement
agencies are program budgets. Program budget provides effective and efficient police services to
the city 24 hours a day including: protection of life and property; maintenance of order;
investigation of criminal events; prevention of crime; orderly flow and parking of vehicles in the
city. In addition, it includes field evidence collection, support services for all emergency
communications between department and community and delivery of a myriad of assigned
municipal services (Swanson, et al., 2012). Some of the budgets objectives are as follows:

It operates the Southern, Northern and Valley District so that 85% of those
citizens and business owners surveyed rate the district as safe.
Provides police services for the protection of life and property by handling of
citizen demands.
Provides flexible teams of officers (SET team) that are a resource to other work
units to address community problems.
Ensure safety of pedestrians, bicycle and vehicular traffic by providing patrol and
radar enforcement to achieve a 0% increase per year in accidents; parking
Enforcement & Vehicle Abatement.
Provide community services desk services so that 40% of the total numbers of
accidents requiring a police report are handled by taking telephone reports or
using other alternatives to dispatching a police officer.
Administrative support for programs objectives and resources.

Some strengths associated with the Program budget are:

Its focuses on achieving broad police goals.

Links programs, expenditures, and goals (e.g. 85% of citizens in the Southern District
feel safe)
Budget justification is more concrete and thus easier for police chiefs
Appropriators can easily shift resources from one program to another
Excellent management tool for police chiefs
Because of goal orientation, easier to explain to public and garner their support.

Weakness associated with the Program budget are:

Labor intensive to develop

Some police goals are hard to measure
Ineffectual program may be difficult to reduce or cut due to political champion of it
Lacks a full system of performance indicators, such as hazardous moving traffic citations
issued and percent of cases investigated resulting in arrest warrant insurance
Does not reveal priority of each program.

In conclusion, I will that the Program budget is the best for various law enforcement agencies,
reasons are detailed above (objectives and strengths),the weakness can be well managed to
reduce the effect of the weakness and if proper plannings are made the weakness will be cut off.
Swanson, C., Territo, L. & Taylor, R. (2012). Police administration: Structures, processed and
behavior (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson: Prentice Hall.

Police officers working the street and dealing with the agency administration are both prone to
stress due to the nature of their work, but in my opinion, I believe working on the street is more
stressful. Police officers are constantly exposed to violence, cruelty an aggression (Swanson, et
al., 2012).. Occasionally police officers also take/terminate life in the course of their duty
protecting their community.
The following points are the major reason why I believe it is more stressful for police officers
working on the street than dealing with the agency administration:

Police officer may go through emotional trauma while discharging their daily task
Potential of risking their life while trying to maintain peace and order
Being more prone abuse and insult from the citizens
Working under pressure and as such abusing alcohol, drugs etc.
Finding it hard to solve their personal problems/issues due to the ever tasking job of
street policing
Tasks that may often require combat at some critical situation

The following can be done by the police administration to reduce the stress felt by officers:

Provide t police officers hem with the necessary assistance as needed to reduce stress (i.e.
therapy etc.)
Encourage proper diet among officers
Provide officers with more time for their leisure to ease stress
Provide them with better relaxation techniques/resources
Encourage them to exercise their personal skill

On a final note, I will say the job of a police officer is a stressful and tedious one, and whatever
task is giving to an officer must be accomplish/completed because the goal is to make their
community crime free. If there is an adequate provision to motivate and reduce stress from the
task of policing the community, officers will achieve more positive results.

Swanson, C., Territo, L. & Taylor, R. (2012). Police administration: Structures, processed and
behavior (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson: Prentice Hall.

James Bing
12/10/15
Criminology
How is prostitution like other crimes? How does it differ? As part of this response pls include whether or
not you think prostitution should be legalized or not and specifically why. Pls be sure to full support your
view on this topic with scholarly data and or referenced real life examples.
Prostitution is a crime which affects the public. It is labeled a victimless crime, which is said to be
consensual with no injury intended. Like gambling and illegal drugs, there is a trade off of goods and
services. Because there is no intended victim the reluctance of those committing the illegal acts are
unlikely to make complaints to the police. And because victimization is unlikely to happen to third parties,
it is done in seclusion, and reports are not usually made to law enforcement. What make prostitution
different then other crimes is the commission of the act does not involve a perpetrator and a victim.
Deterrence arguments would state that those who choose to commit prostitution would not be so reluctant
if the penalty was great for that crime. deterrence argument, which assumes that individuals have free
will and that they choose to commit a crime by weighing the cost and benefits (Cullen & Agnew, 2006)
The problem is that punishments for those offenses which can carry a small penalty of (misdemeanor) do
not cause great deterrence for those committing those offenses.
For some the utility value is greater than the punishment itself, which doesnt hold a heavy jail term and
because of this the practice continues to flourish. Prostitution causes other issues which are linked to
drug use and violence. Prostitution affects the social fabric of a community which breeds crime, social
disorganization, sexually transmitted diseases in some cases, and the deterioration of community values
and norms. Those who participate in the acts of soliciting sex fully denigrate the person as well as them. It
becomes a moral issue. Prostitution violates basic human rights, and takes on many forms from sex
trafficking, brothels, and escort service.
Some would say because of the economic situation in the United States, with joblessness that prostitution
should be legalized because it provides a mean of income for those workers were there is so much
poverty prevalent, and provides them with a standard of living. Feminist theorists would argue that
prostitution causes psychological abuse, physical abuse, and degradation of the character and the
individual. it leads to the physical and psychological abuse and exploitation of women (Prostitutes are
mostly women) and their families (Farley & Kelly 2000).
In conclusion I do not advocate for prostitution. Prostitution is viewed as a public crime. and is said to be a
victimless crime, because of the mutual agreement between participants and the fact injury is not
intended. But proponents argue that prostitutes are

victims and violates human rights in reference to human trafficking and slavery. The institution of sex for
sale poses moral, physical, and mental problems for those willing to commit it.
There are strong points on both sides of the argument of criminalizing and legalizing prostitution. There
are those who feel prostitution provides a standard of living for those who are already unable to gain
employment in an economically depressed society, but then the legal ramification such as drug use, theft,
violence and a plethora of crimes, holds a heavy toll. Deviant behavior is what follows with the acts of
prostitution and disrupts the ecological balance of a community. It is also attributed to mental illness,
homelessness, and a lack of education. Substandard living, inequality, sexual abuse, and drug
dependency are some of the issues for those engaged in prostitution.
References:
Cullen, F.T., & Agnew, R. (2006).Criminological theory: Past to present (3rd ed.) Los Angeles,CA:
Roxbury.
Victimless Crime
Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice/2002/ FRASE, RICHARDS S.
COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.
Shekarkhar, Z and Hayes-Smith, R (2010) Why is prostitution criminalized? An Alternative viewpoint on
the Construction of sex work.
Farley, M., & Kelly, V. (2000). Prostitution: A critical review of the medical and social
sciences literature.
Women and Criminal Justice, 11 (4), 2964

Should marijuana be legalized in the U.S? Why or why not? Pls keep in mind that we are looking for
scholarly/thorough support for your view that is, not just an opinion.
I think marijuana should be legalized for medicinal purposes! There are many people who suffer from a
multitude of illnesses such as cancer, glaucoma, and multiple sclerosis and their only relief is marijuana.
Twenty three states including the district of Colombia have passed medical marijuana laws. Talk show
host Montel Williams is a strong advocate on the legalization of medical marijuana. He states that as early
as 16 years old he was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and that he finds relief with cannabis.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) through scientific study has documented medical findings
through research that support the claims of marijuana positive effects in the treatment of a host of
illnesses. Below I list a few of the benefits of cannabinoids.

Two FDA-approved medications already developed.

THC May decrease pain and inflammation.

CBD Used in reducing pain and inflammation/Controlling seizures/possibilities on treating

psychosis and addictions.

Dronabinol used to threat nausea caused by chemotherapy.

In New York (My state) they have implemented a Medical Marijuana Program. Governor Andrew Cuomo
and the New York State legislature have enacted a Compassionate Care Act which is supposed to help
New Yorkers in a safe manner which doesnt jeopardize the public health and safety.
I do not think Marijuana should be legalized for recreational purposes. In America alone 20 million
American citizens have been arrested for marijuana offenses. Marijuana consumption is used by the
young as well as the old. The drug has become more potent and despite the laws on the use of it, people
still opt to have this drug which is said to relax them. Marijuana use is a public health issue, and at this
time it is unclear of the possible ramifications mentally or physically by this drug. But if the drug was to be
legalized it would be at the expense of the younger generation, who I feel at this present time are not
mature enough to balance the intricacies of a drug like this. It also has been stated that marijuana is a
gate way for other drugs. So if marijuana is a gateway for other drugs, and drugs and crime are
correlated, it would be a grave injustice to legalize marijuana!
Marijuana consumption is associated with deviant behavior and juvenile crime. In a paper written in 2008
CASA wrote that in 2006 youth had been arrested and booked for breaking the law were four times
likelier than those who were never arrested to have marijuana in the past year.136

Report/ Criminal Neglect: Substance Abuse/ Juvenile Justice and the Children Left Behind. Youth
who use marijuana are likelier than those who do not to be arrested and arrested repeatedly.

Report 2007 /ONDCP states Marijuana is known to contribute to delinquent behavior.

Moreover, early use of marijuana, the most commonly used drug among teens, is a warning sign
for later criminal behavior.

In summary legalization of marijuana has been a hot topic in our nation for awhile, from celebrities to
government officials openly speaking out on the use of it. As stated earlier I am for the legalization of
marijuana for medical purposes, and not for the use of recreational activities. Marijuana use is tied to
deviant behavior by minors and is also a gateway drug for others. Criminal behavior is also linked to
violence which plagues many urban communities. The drug epidemic has cost the nation much
financially in rehabilitation, mental health services and incarceration. I think to end some of the social
problems we face in this country is to fully address the issues that plague us. But by actually legalizing
marijuana for consumer use would set our society backwards.

References:
Early Marijuana Use a Warning Sign For Later Gang Involvement, ONDCP press release, June 19,
2007. 137
Non-Medical Marijuana III: Rite of Passage or Russian Roulette? A CASA White Paper, June
2008.http://www.casacolumbia.org. 136
New York State Medical Marijuana (2014)
The Dangers and Consequences of Marijuana Abuse (2014)
http://www.dea.gov/docs/dangers-consequences-marijuana-abuse.pdf