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Energetics and the Laws of

Thermodynamics
LIVEZEANU M.PETRE

Keywords: Energetics, Laws of Thermodynamics, Carnots theorem,


Entropy, Internal Energy

ABSTRACT:

The Laws of Thermodynamics are closely linked to the field of


Energetics and in fact critical for understanding many processes such as energy conversion.
Without a firm grasp of these laws that establish concepts such as thermodynamic cycles
the efficient design of systems such as heat engines is impossible. This article will explore
the relations between the Zeroth, First and Second laws of Thermodynamics and the field of
Energetics.

1. Introduction
Thermodynamics is the study of the inter-relation between heat, work and internal energy
of a system.[1] The Laws of Thermodynamics are four laws of physics that establish certain
fundamental physical quantities and describe how these quantities change under certain
conditions.
Since Energetics is primarily concerned with energy conversion and the efficiency of energy
conversion, the way physical quantities change under the Laws of Thermodynamics is of
particular interest.

2. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics


The zeroth law of thermodynamics is the fundamental law that cannot be derived from
other laws. It precedes the other laws logically which is why its been named the zeroth
law despite being formulated after the first law. The zeroth law establishes the concept of
thermal equilibrium and temperature. The Zeroth Law has the following formulation:
If A, B, C are thermodynamic systems such that A is in thermal equilibrium with B and B is
in thermal equilibrium with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C.
The law establishes that thermal equilibrium constitutes an equivalence relation between
pairs of thermodynamic systems, a concept which is necessary for a coherent mathematical
definition of temperature. Temperature is an important physical quantity for Energetics
because it describes the richness of heat. In other words, when the conversion of heat to
work is concerned, heat of higher temperature is more capable of doing work.
This is of great importance when designing heat engines since it pertains to the efficiency
of heat-work transfer.

3. The First Law of Thermodynamics


The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the law of conservation of energy.
Whenever energy passes into or out of a system its internal energy must change according
to the law of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred from one system to another
but it cannot be created and it cannot be destroyed, it can only be conserved. [2]
The total amount of energy in an isolated system is conserved.
Another way of stating the law was formulated by Planck:
It is in no way possible, either by mechanical, thermal, chemical, or other devices, to
obtain perpetual motion, i.e. it is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a
cycle and produce continuous work, or kinetic energy, from nothing
The first law is critical to understanding the transfer of heat to work by introducing as third
linking factor called internal energy. Internal energy refers to the all the energy within a
given system, including the kinetic energy of molecules and the energy stored in all of the
chemical bonds between molecules. With the interactions of heat, work and internal energy,
there are energy transfers and conversions every time a change is made upon a system.
However, no net energy is created or lost during these transfers.
Internal energy refers to the all the energy within a given system, including the kinetic
energy of molecules and the energy stored in all of the chemical bonds between molecules.
[3]

The mathematical form of the law where U represents the change in internal energy, Q
represents the heat transferred and W the work transferred.
According to the equation in each repetition of a cyclic process the work done by the
system is proportional to the heat absorbed by the system. That proportionality is
irrespective of the system in which it is measured. Its universal.

4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics


The second law of thermodynamics defines the concept of entropy. Entropy is produced by
all processes and associated with the entropy production is the loss of ability to do work.
The second law says that the entropy of the universe increases. An increase in overall
disorder is therefore spontaneous. If the volume and energy of a system are constant, then
every change to the system increases the entropy. If volume or energy change, then the
entropy of the system actually decrease. However, the entropy of the universe does not
decrease.[4]
Plancks statement:
Every process occurring in nature proceeds in the sense in which the sum of the entropies
of all bodies taking part in the process is increased. In the limit, i.e. for reversible processes,
the sum of the entropies remains unchanged
Clausius statement:
Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change,
connected therewith, occurring at the same time.

A corollary to the second law is Carnots theorem. Carnots theorem is of particular interest
to the design of engines in Energetics since it limits the maximum efficiency of any possible
engine. Carnots theorem states that: Carnot's theorem states:

All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a
Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs.

All reversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are equally efficient with a
Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs.

Figure 1 - Classical Carnot Heat Engine


The second law, in addition, forbids the existence of perpetual motion of the second kind. A
perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine which spontaneously converts
thermal energy into mechanical work. When the thermal energy is equivalent to the work
done, this does not violate the law of conservation of energy. However it does violate the
more subtle second law of thermodynamics. The conversion of heat into useful work,
without any side effect, is impossible, according to the second law of thermodynamics due
to a rise in entropy.[5]

5. Conclusions
The laws of thermodynamics establish fundamental physical truths that are critical for the
design of efficient systems and cycles that can convert energy from one state to another.
Thermodynamics is inexorably intertwined with Energetics in the same way heat is related
to the concept of energy.

1. References
1 http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae280.cfm
2 http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/thermo1.html
3

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Laws_of_Thermodynamics/First_Law_of
_Thermodynamics
4 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/law-thermodynamics-d_94.html
5 http://homeenergypros.lbl.gov/profiles/blogs/why-free-energy-perpetual-motion-devices-don-t-work

Anex obligatorie
Coordonatele fiecrui autor:
Prenumele i NUMELE
Livezeanu Petre
Titlul tiinific
Societatea /Instituia
/Univ.
Depart.Secie/Fac./Cat.
Adresa potal complet
(profesional)
Telefon fix
Telefon mobil
e-mail

inginer cercettor
UPB, Facultatea de Energetic
Mioveni,str.Muntenia,nr.407
745912117
Petranu.live2014@gmail.com

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