Contemporary Communication SystemSolutions Problems Chapter2

Chapter 2
2.1
Consider the signals displayed in Figure P2.1.Show that each of these signals can be
expressed as the sum of rectangular (t ) and/or triangular (t ) pulses.
Figure P2.1
Solution:
a.
t
t
x1 (t ) = +
2
4
t 3
t 3
b. x2 (t ) = 2

6
2
c.
11
7
3
1
5
9
x3 (t ) = ... + t + + t + + t + + t + t + t + ...
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
t ( 2n + 0.5)
n =
1
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t+4
t
t4
d. x4 (t ) = ... +
+ +
+ ...
2
2
2
t 4n
=
2
n =
2.2 For the signal x2 (t ) in Figure P2.1 (b) plot the following signals
x2 (t 3)
a.
b. x2 (t )
c.
x2 (2t )
d. x2 (3 2t )
Solution:
x2 (t 3)
x2 (t )
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6 5 4 3 2 1
t
1 2 3
x2 (3 2t )
x2 (2t )
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
21
1 2 3 4
2.3 Plot the following signals

a.
x1 (t ) = 2 (t / 2) cos(6 t )
1 1
b. x2 (t ) = 2 + sgn ( t )
2 2
2
x3 (t ) = x2 (t + 2)
c.
d. x4 (t ) = sinc ( 2t ) ( t / 2 )
Solution:
x2 (t )
2
1.5
x1(t)
1
0.5
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.5
-1
1
-1.5
0.8
-2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.6
xx4(t)
(t)
tt
0.4
x3 (t )
0.2
2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-1
1 2 3 4
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
tt
2.4 Determine whether the following signals are periodic. For periodic signals,
determine the fundamental period.
a.
x1 (t ) = sin( t ) + 5cos(4 t / 5)
Solution:
sin( t ) is periodic with period T1 =
= 2 . cos(4 t / 5) is periodic with period
T
2
5
= . x1 (t ) is periodic if the ratio 1 can be written as ratio of
4 / 5 2
T2
integers. In the present case,
T2 =
T1 2 2 4
=
=
T2
5
5
3
Therefore, x1 (t ) is periodic with fundamental period To such that

To = 5T1 = 4T2 = 10
b. x2 (t ) = e j 3t + e j 9t + cos(12t )
Solution:
2
. Similarly, e j 9t is periodic with period
3
2
2
T2 =
. cos(12t ) is periodic with period T3 =
= . x2 (t ) is periodic with
9
12 6
2
fundamental period To = LCM (T1 , T2 , T3 ) =
.
3
e j 3t is periodic with period T1 =
c.
x3 (t ) = sin(2 t ) + cos(10t )
Solution:
2
= 1 . cos(10t ) is periodic with period
2
T
2
T2 =
= . x3 (t ) is periodic if the ratio 1 can be written as ratio of integers.
10 5
T2
In the present case,
sin(2 t ) is periodic with period T1 =
T1 1 5 5
=
=
T2
Since is an irrational number, the ratio is not rational. Therefore, x3 (t ) is not

periodic.
d. x4 (t ) = cos 2 t + sin(5 t )
4
Solution:
cos 2 t is periodic with period T1 =

= 1 . sin(5 t ) is periodic with
4
2
T
2 2
period T2 =
= . x4 (t ) is periodic if the ratio 1 can be written as ratio of
T2
5 5
integers. In the present case,
4
T1 1 5 5
=
=
T2
2
2
Therefore, x4 (t ) is periodic with fundamental period To such that
To = 2T1 = 5T2 = 2
2.5 Classify the following signals as odd or even or neither.
a.
x(t ) = 4t
Solution:
x(t ) = 4t = (4t ) = x(t ) . So x(t ) is odd.
b. x(t ) = e
Solution:
e
c.
=e
. So x(t ) is even.
x(t ) = 5cos(3t )
Solution:
Since cos(t ) is even, 5cos(3t ) is also even.
d. x(t ) = sin(3t )
2
Solution:
x(t ) = sin(3t ) = cos(3t ) which is even.

2
e. x(t ) = u (t )
Solution:
u (t ) is neither even nor odd; For example, u (1) = 1 but u (1) = 0 u (1) .
5
f.
x(t ) = sin(2t ) + cos(2t )
Solution:
x(t ) is neither even nor odd; For example,

x( / 8) = 2 but x( / 8) = 0 x( / 8) .
2.6 Determine whether the following signals are energy or power, or neither and
calculate the corresponding energy or power in the signal:
a. x1 (t ) = u (t )
Solution:
The normalized average power of a signal x1 (t ) is defined as

T /2
1
1
2
u (t ) dt = lim
T T
T T
T /2
Px1 = lim
T /2
1T 1
=
T
2 2
1 dt = lim T
0
Therefore, x1 (t ) is a power signal.

b. x2 (t ) = 4 cos(2 t ) + 3cos ( 4 t )
Solution:
4 cos(2 t ) is a power signal. 3cos ( 4 t ) is also a power signal. Since x2 (t ) is

sum of two power signals, it is a power signal.
T /2
T /2
2
2
1
1
4 cos(2 t ) + 3cos ( 4 t ) dt = lim
4 cos(2 t ) + 3cos ( 4 t ) dt
Px2 = lim
T T
T T
T /2
T /2
T /2
1
16 cos 2 (2 t ) + 9 cos 2 ( 4 t ) + 24 cos(2 t ) cos ( 4 t ) dt
T T
T /2
= lim
Now
T /2
T /2
1
8
8T
=8
16 cos 2 (2 t )dt = lim
1 + cos(4 t ) ]dt = lim
[
T T
T T
T T
T /2
T /2
lim
T /2
1
lim
9 cos 2 (4 t )dt = 4.5
T T
T /2
6
T /2
T /2
24
24
cos(2 t ) cos ( 4 t )dt = lim
cos(6 t ) + cos ( 2 t )dt = 0

T T
T T
T /2
T /2
lim
Therefore,
Px2 = 8 + 4.5 = 12.5
c.
x3 (t ) =
1
t
Solution:
1 T /2
2
2
t
dt
lim
=
= Tlim
=0
T
T
T
t
T
/
2
T
/2
T /2
T /2
T /2
T /2
T /2
1
1
1 1
1 2
2
2
Px3 = lim
t
dt
t
dt
1/
lim
lim
=
=
= lim
=0
T T
T T
T T
T
T T / 2
T /2
T /2
t T /2
T /2
Ex3 = lim
T /2
1/ t dt = lim
2
x3 (t ) is neither an energy nor a power signal.

d. x4 (t ) = e t u (t )
Solution:
T /2
Ex4 = lim
T /2
e u (t ) dt = lim
T /2
2 t
e 2 t
dt = lim
T
2
T /2
1
1
=
lim ( e T + 1) =
2 T
2
Thus x4 (t ) is an energy signal.

e.
x5 (t ) = (t / 3) + (t )
Solution:
x5 (t )
3 / 2
3/ 2
7
T /2
Ex5 = lim
(t / 3) + (t ) dt =
2
T /2
1/2
1/ 2
3/ 2
1/2
1dt +
1/ 2
4dt +
1dt
3/2
= 1+ 4 +1 = 6
f.
x6 (t ) = 5e( 2t + j10 t )u (t )
Solution:
T /2
Ex6 = lim
5e( 2t + j10 t )u (t ) dt = lim
T /2
e
= 25 lim
T
4
4 t T /2
T /2
T /2
5e 2t e j10 t ) dt = lim 25 e4t dt

2
25
25
=
lim ( e 2T + 1) =
T
4
4

g. x7 (t ) =
( t 4n ) / 2
n =
Solution:
x7 (t ) is a periodic signal with period To = 4 .

1
Px7 =
To
To / 2
2
( t / 2 ) dt =
To
To / 2
2
1
2
0 (1 t ) dt = 2 0 1 2t + t dt
2
t3
1
1
1 1
= t t 2 + = 1 1 + =
2
3 0 2
3 6
2.7 Evaluate the following expressions by using the properties of the delta function:
a.
x1 (t ) = (4t ) sin(2t )
Solution:
1
4
(4t ) = (t )
1
1
x1 (t ) = (t ) sin(2t ) = (t ) sin(0) = 0
4
4
8
b. x2 (t ) = (t ) cos 30 t +
4
Solution:

x2 (t ) = (t ) cos 30 t + = (t ) cos 0 + = cos (t )
4
4
4
c. x3 (t ) = (t )sinc(t + 1)
Solution:
x3 (t ) = (t )sinc(t + 1) = (t )sinc(0 + 1) = (t )sinc(1) = (t ) 0 = 0

d. x4 (t ) = (t 2)e t sin(2.5 t )
Solution:
x4 (t ) = (t 2)e t sin(2.5 t )
= (t 2)e 2sin(2.5 2) = (t 2)e 2sin( ) = 0
e.
(2t )sinc(t )dt
x5 (t ) =
Solution:
1
x5 (t ) = (2t )sinc(t )dt = (t )sinc(t ) dt
2
1
1
1
(t )sinc(0)dt = (t )dt =
2
2
2
f. x6 (t ) =
(t 3) cos(t )dt
Solution:
x6 (t ) =
(t 3) cos(t )dt = cos(3) (t 3)dt = cos(3)
9
(2 t ) 1 t
g. x7 (t ) =
dt
Solution:
x7 (t ) =
(2 t )
1
1
dt = (t 2)
dt
3
1 t
1 t3
1
1
1
dt = (t 2)dt =
= (t 2)
3
1 2
7
7
h. x8 (t ) =
(3t 4)e
3t
dt
Solution:
x8 (t ) =
3t
(3t 4)e dt =
1
4
t e 3t dt
3 3
4
1
e 4
4 3
= t e 3 dt =
3 3
3
i.
e 4
t 3 dt = 3

x9 (t ) = '(t ) (t )
Solution:
x9 (t ) =
(t ) '( )d = (1) d (t )
=0
= (t ) = ( t + 0.5 ) ( t 0.5 )
'
2.8 For each of the following continuous-time systems, determine whether or not the system is (1)
linear, (2) time-invariant, (3) memoryless, and (4) casual.
a.
y (t ) = x(t 1)
Solution:
The system is linear, time-invariant, causal, and has memory. The system has
memory because current value of the output depends on the previous value of
the input. The system is causal because current value of the output does not
depend on future inputs. To prove linearity, let x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) . The
response of the system to x(t ) is
10
y (t ) = x(t 1) = x1 (t 1) + x2 (t 1)
= y1 (t ) + y2 (t )
T
T
where x1 (t )
y1 (t ) and x2 (t )
y2 (t ) .
To show that the system is time-invariant, let x1 (t ) = x(t to ) be the system

input. The corresponding output is
y1 (t ) = x1 (t 1) = x(t 1 to ) = y (t to )
b. y (t ) = 3x(t ) 2
Solution:
The system is nonlinear, time-invariant, causal, and memoryless. The system is

memoryless because current value of the output depends only on the current
value of the input. The system is causal because current value of the output does
not depend on future inputs.
To prove nonlinearity, let x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) . The response of the system
to x(t ) is
y (t ) = 3x(t ) 2 = 3 [ x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) ] 2
y1 (t ) + y2 (t ) = [3 x1 (t ) 2] + [3 x2 (t ) 2]
y1 (t ) = 3x1 (t ) 2 = 3x(t to ) 2 = y (t to )
c.
y (t ) = x(t )
Solution:

To prove nonlinearity, let x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) . The response of the system to
x(t ) is
11
y (t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) x1 (t ) + x2 (t )
Because
x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) y1 (t ) + y2 (t ) for all and ,

the system is nonlinear.
y1 (t ) = x1 (t ) = x(t to ) = y (t to )
d. y (t ) = [ cos(2t )] x(t )
Solution:
The system is linear, time-variant, causal, and memoryless. The system is

to x(t ) is
y (t ) = [ cos(2t ) ] x(t ) = [ cos(2t ) ][ x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) ]
= [ cos(2t ) ] x1 (t ) + [ cos(2t ) ] x2 (t ) = y1 (t ) + y2 (t )
To prove time-variance, let x1 (t ) = x(t to ) be the system input. The
corresponding output is
y1 (t ) = [ cos(2t ) ] x1 (t ) = [ cos(2t ) ] x ( t to ) y (t to ) = cos 2 ( t to ) x ( t to )

e.
y (t ) = e x (t )
Solution:

12

to x(t ) is
y (t ) = e x1 ( t ) + x2 ( t ) = e x1 ( t ) e x2 (t ) y1 (t ) + y2 (t ) = e x1 ( t ) + e x2 ( t )
for all and

y1 (t ) = e x1 (t ) = e x (t to ) = y (t to )
f. y (t ) = tx(t )
Solution:
The system is linear, time-variant, causal, and memoryless. The system is

not depend on future inputs. To prove nonlinearity, let x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) .
The response of the system to x(t ) is
y (t ) = t [ x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) ] = tx1 (t ) + tx2 (t ) = y1 (t ) + y2 (t )
To prove time-variance, let x1 (t ) = x(t to ) be the system input. The

y1 (t ) = tx1 (t ) = tx ( t to ) y (t to ) = ( t to ) x ( t to )
t
g. y (t ) =
x(2 )d
Solution:
The system is linear, time-invariant, causal, and has memory. The system has
memory because current value of the output depends only on the past values of
the input. The system is causal because current value of the output does not
depend on future inputs. To prove linearity, let x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) . The
response of the system to x(t ) is
13
[ x1 (2 ) + x2 (2 )] d = x1 (2 )d + x2 (2 )d = y1 (t ) + y2 (t )
y (t ) =
To check for time-variance, let x1 (t ) = x(t to ) be the system input. The

t
y1 (t ) =
t to
x (2 )d = x [ 2( t )] d = x ( 2 ) d = y ( t t )
o
2.9 Calculate the output y (t ) of the LTI system for the following cases:
a.
x(t ) = e 2t u (t ) and h(t ) = u (t 2) u (t 4)
Solution:
t 3
h(t ) = u (t 2) u (t 4) =
2
y (t ) =
h( ) x(t )d = e
2( t )
3
u (t )
d
2
For t < 2 , there is no overlap and y (t ) = 0.

t
For 2 t < 4 , y (t ) = e
2( t )
d =
t 2
e 2
d =
2
t 2
1 e2(t 2)
=
2
For t 4 ,
4
y (t ) = e
2( t )
d = e
2 t
1 e 2(t 2)
,
2(t 2) ( e 4 1)
y (t ) = e
,
2
0,
d =e
2 t
e2
2
=e
2
2 t
e4 1)
e8 e 4
2( t 2) (
=e
2
2
2t 4
t>4
otherwise
b. x(t ) = e t u (t ) and h(t ) = e 2t u (t )
14
Solution:
y (t ) =
u ( )e
2( t )
u (t )d = e e2(t ) d
0

y (t ) = e
2 t
e d =e
2 t
e = e2t ( et 1) = e t e 2t , t 0
t
c.
x(t ) = u (t ) and h(t ) = (t ) 3e2t u (t )
Solution:
y (t ) =
h( ) x(t )d = ( ) 3e 2 u ( ) u ( t )d
Now
( )u( t )d = u (t )
For t < 0 , 3e
For t 0 ,
3e
3e 2
d =
2
=
0
3
2
u ( )u ( t )d = 3e
5
3
2 + 1 = 2 ,
y (t ) =
3 e 2t ,
2
3e 2
d =
2
3
= e 2t
2
t<0
t0
d. x(t ) = (t 2) + 3e3t u (t ) and h(t ) = u (t ) u (t 1)

Solution:
15
y (t ) =
=
h( ) x(t )d = (t 2) + 3e
3( t )
u (t + ) [u ( ) u ( 1)] d
3( t )
(t 2) [u ( ) u ( 1)] d + 3e u (t + ) [u( ) u ( 1)] d
Now
(t 2) [u( ) u( 1)] d = u(t 2) u(t 2 1) = ( t 2.5)
For t < 0 ,
3( t )
3( t )
3t
3
3e u(t + ) [u( ) u( 1)] d = 3e d = 3e e d
0
= 3e3t
3 1
e
3
= e 3t 1 3
e
For 0 < t 1 ,
3e
3( t )
u (t + ) [u ( ) u ( 1) ] d = 3e
3( t )
d = 3e
3t
e 3
1
= 3e
= e3t e 3t 3
3 t
e
3t
3t
1
e 1 e3 ,

1
y (t ) = e3t e 3t 3 ,
e

1,
0,
t0
0 < t 1
2t 3
otherwise
2.10 The impulse response function of a continuous-time LTI is displayed in Figure P2.2(b). Assuming
the input x(t ) to the system is waveform illustrated in Figure P2.2(a), determine the system output
waveform y (t ) and sketch it.
Solution:
16
Figure P2.2
x( )
(a)
(b)
h(t )
1
1< t < 2
h(t )
(c)
5<t <6
3
t -1
As shown in Figure (b), y (t ) = d = t 1 for 1 t < 2

0
For 2 t < 3 , y (t ) = d = 1
0
1
d =1 t + 3 = 4 t
For 3 t < 4 , y (t ) =
t 3
Referring to Figure (c), y (t ) = d = t 5 for 5 t < 7

5
d = t t + 2 = 2
For 7 t < 8 , y (t ) =
t 2
7
For 8 t < 10 , y (t ) =
d = 7 t + 3 = 10 t
t 3
y(t )
2
t
10
17
2.11 An LTI system has the impulse response h(t ) = e 0.5(t 2)u (t 2) .
a.
Is the system casual?
Solution:
Yes. The system is casual because h(t ) = 0 for t < 0 .

b. Is the system stable?
Solution:
The system is stable because
h(t ) dt =
e
0
0.5 x
e 0.5 x
dx =
0.5
=2
0
c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) for h(t ) = e 0.5(t + 2)u (t + 2) .

Solution:
The system is not causal but stable.

2.12 Write down the exponential Fourier series coefficients of the signal
x(t ) = 5sin(40 t ) + 7 cos ( 80 t / 2 ) cos (160 t + / 4 )
Solution:
Applying the Eulers formula, we get the following terms:

e j 40 t e j 40 t
e j 80 t e j /2 + e j 80 t e j /2 e j160 t e j / 4 + e j160 t e j /4
+
x(t ) = 5
7
2j
2
2
j 40 t
j 40 t
j 80 t
j 80 t
j /4 j160 t
j /4 j160 t
= j 2.5e
+ j 2.5e
j 3.5e
+ j 3.5e
0.5e e
0.5e
e
The Fourier coefficients are
C1 = j 2.5, C1 = j 2.5
C2 = j 3.5, C2 = j 3.5
C3 = 0.5e j /4 , C3 = 0.5e j /4
a. Is x(t) periodic? If so, what is its period?
Solution:
18
Yes. o = 40 f o = 20, To =
1
1
. The period is
= 0.05sec .
20
20
2.13 A signal has the two-sided spectrum representation shown in Figure P2.3.
Figure P2.3
a. Write the equation for x(t).

Solution:
x(t ) = 14 cos 100 t + 10 + 8cos 300 t

3
2
b. Is the signal periodic? If so, what is its period?

Solution:
Yes. It is periodic with fundamental period To =
1
= 0.02 .
50
c. Does the signal have energy at DC?

Solution:
Yes as indicated by the presence of DC term C0 = 10 .

2.14 Write down the complex exponential Fourier series for each of the periodic signals shown in
Figure P2.4. Use odd or even symmetry whenever possible.
Solution:
a. To = 3, f o = 1/ 3
19
2
3
1
1
C0 = 2dt 1dt = ( 4 1) = 1
3 0
2
3
2
3
2 nt
2 nt
j
j
1
Cn = 2e 3 dt e 3 dt
3 0
2
2
2 nt 3
j
j 3 j 23nt
2e
=
e 3
3 2 n
0
2
j
2e j 4 n /3 2 e j 2 n + e j 4 n /3
=
2 n
3e j 2 n /3 e + j 2 n /3 e j 2 n /3
j 3 j 4 n /3
=
=
1
e
(
) n
2 n
2j
3e j 2 n /3
2 n
=
sin
, n = 1, 2,.....
n
3
b. To = 2, f o = 1/ 2
1
1 t2
1
C0 = tdt =
2 1 2 2
Cn =
=
1
1
(1 1) = 0
4
1
1
1 j nt
1
j nt
=
te
dt
)
td ( e
2 1
j 2 n 1
j j nt 1
j nt
te
e
dt
1
2 n
1
1 j nt 1
j j n + j n
+e
+
e
e
1
2 n
j n
j e j n e + j n e j n
e j n
=
+
+ 2 2 2 2
2 n
j n
j n
n
je j n j ( 1)
=
=
, n = 1, 2,.....
n
n
n
c. To = 2, f o = 1/ 2
1
1
t2
2A
1
A
1
C0 =
t
dt
=
A
) t = A 1 =
(
2 0
2 0
2 2
20
Since x3 (t ) is an even function of time,

1
1
An 2 A 1
1
cos(
)
cos(
)
t
nt
dt
A
nt
dt
A
=
(
)
0
0 t cos( nt )dt
2 2 0
1
1
A
A
1
sin(
)
sin(
)
sin( nt )dt
td
nt
dt
t
nt
= 0
=
+
(
)
0
n 0
n
0
1
A cos( nt )
A
A
0
=
= 2 2 [ cos( n) 1] = 2 2 [1 cos( n)]

n
n 0
n
n
n even
0,
= 2A
n odd
2 n 2 ,
Cn =
d. To = 3, f o = 1/ 3
1
1
3/ 2
1 1 1 2A
2A t2
2A
3/2
C0 =
+t1 = + =
tdt + 1dt =
3 0
3 2 2 3
1
3 2 0
Since x4 (t ) is an even function of time,

Cn =
1.5
3/2
2A 1
An 2 A
=
=
+
x
t
nt
dt
t
nt
dt
(
)
cos(2
/
3)
cos(2
/
3)
cos(2 nt / 3)dt
2 3 0
1
3 0
Now
1
1
1
3
3
1
td
sin(2
nt
/
3)
t
sin(2
nt
/
3)
sin(2 nt / 3)dt
=
(
)
0
2 n 0
0
2 n
3
3
1
sin(2
n
/
3)
cos(2 nt / 3) 0
=
+
2 n
2 n
3
3
sin(2 n / 3) +
=
[cos(2 n / 3) 1]
2 n
2 n
t cos(2 nt / 3)dt =
0
3/2
cos(2 nt / 3)dt = 2 n sin(2 nt / 3)

1
3/2
1
3
2 n
sin(2 n / 3)
Substituting yields
21
Cn =
e.
2A 3
3 2 n
x5 (t ) =
2 n
3A
cos 3 1 = 2 2 n 2

2 n
cos 3 1

p ( t 8n )
n =
where
p ( t ) = ( t 2 ) / 2 + ( t 2 ) / 4 ( t 6 ) / 2 ( t 6 ) / 4
The FT of the pulse shape p ( t ) over [ 0, To ] is given by
To
P ( f ) = p (t )e j 2 ft dt
0
The FS coefficients of a periodic signal with basic pulse shape p ( t ) are given by
Cn =
1
To
To
p(t )e
j 2 nf o t
dt
Comparing yields
Cn =
1
P ( f ) f = nf
o
To
Now
( t 2 ) / 2
2sinc ( 2 f ) e j 4 f
( t 2 ) / 4
4sinc ( 4 f ) e j 4 f
( t 6 ) / 2
2sinc ( 2 f ) e j12 f
( t 6 ) / 4
4sinc ( 4 f ) e j12 f
Therefore,
P ( f ) = 2sinc ( 2 f ) e j 4 f 1 e j 8 f + 4sinc ( 4 f ) e j 4 f 1 e j 8 f
The FS coefficients of a periodic signal x5 (t ) are now obtained as
22
Cn =
=
1
2sinc ( 2nf o ) e j 4 nfo 1 e j 8 nfo + 4sinc ( 4nf o ) e j 4 nfo 1 e j 8 nfo
To
1
sinc ( n / 4 ) e j n /2 1 e j n + 2sinc ( n / 2 ) e j n /2 1 e j n
4
2.15 For the rectangular pulse train in Figure 2.23, compute the Fourier coefficients of the new periodic
signal y(t) given by
a.
y (t ) = x(t 0.5To )
Solution:
The FS expansion of a periodic pulse train x(t ) =
( t nTo )
of

n =
rectangular pulses is given by
x(t ) =
C e
n =
x
n
j 2 nf o t
where the exponential FS coefficients are

Cnx =
To
sinc ( nf o )
Let the FS expansion of a periodic pulse train y (t ) = x(t 0.5To ) be expressed as

y (t ) =
n =
y
n
e j 2 nfot
where
Cny =
=
1
1
y (t )e j 2 nfot dt = x(t 0.5To )e j 2 nfot dt
To To
To To
1
j 2 nf o ( + 0.5To )
j 2 nf o ( 0.5To ) 1
x( )e
d = e
x( )e j 2 nfo d
To To
To To
Cnx
= e j nCnx
Time Shifting introduces a linear phase shift in the FS coefficients; their

magnitudes are not changed.
23
b. y (t ) = x(t )e j 2 t / To
Solution:
Cny =
=
1
1
y (t )e j 2 nfot dt = x(t )e j 2 tfo e j 2 nfot dt
To To
To To
1
j 2 tf o ( n 1)
x(t )e
dt
To To
= Cnx1
c.
y (t ) = x( t )
Solution:
Cny =
1
1
y (t )e j 2 nfot dt =
To To
To
x ( t )e
j 2 nf o t
dt
To
j 2 n o
1

(
)
=
x
e
d
To To
= Cnx
Time Scaling does not change FS coefficients but the FS itself has changed as the
f
2f
3f
harmonic components are now at the frequencies o , o , o ,
2.16 Draw the one-sided power spectrum for the square wave in Figure P2.5 with duty cycle 50%.
Figure P2.5
Solution:
The FS expansion for the square wave is given by
24
x(t ) =
Ce
n =
j 2 nf o t
where
1
Cn = x(t )e j 2 nfot dt
To To
To
To / 2 j 2 nf t
j 2 nf o t
o
A
e
dt
A
e
dt

To / 2
0
To / 2
To
A
=
e j 2 nfot
e j 2 nfot
0
To /2
To ( j 2 nf o )
1
=
To
jA j n
e
1 e j 2 n + e j n )
(
2 n
Therefore,
j2 A
,
Cn = n
0,
n odd
otherwise
Average power in the frequency component at f = nf o equals Cn . Figure

2
displays the one-sided power spectrum for the square wave.
One-sided Power Spectrum of Square wave

0.9
0.8
One-sided Power Spectrum
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
15
Frequency (xfo)
20
25
a. Calculate the normalized average power.

Solution:
25
The normalized average power for a periodic signal x (t) is given by

1
Px =
To
To /2
x(t ) dt =
2
To /2
A2To
= A2
To
b. Determine the 98% power bandwidth of the pulse train.

Solution:
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
2.17
Total Power
including current
Fourier coefficient
0.8106
0.9006
0.9331
0.9496
0.9596
0.9663
0.9711
0.9747
0.9775
0.9798
0.9816
98% Power bandwidth = 21 f o
Determine the Fourier transforms of the signals shown in Figure P2.6.
Figure P2.6
26
Solution (a)
The pulse x1 (t ) can be expressed as

x1 (t ) = A ( t + 0.5 ) ( t 0.5 )
Now
( t )
sinc ( f )
Applying the time-shifting property of the FT, we obtain
( t + 0.5 )
sinc ( f ) e j f
( t 0.5 )
sinc ( f ) e j f
Adding
X 1 ( f ) = A sinc ( f ) e j f sinc ( f ) e j f = Asinc ( f ) e j f e j f

= Aj 2sinc ( f ) sin ( f ) = j 2 fA sinc 2 ( f )
Solution (b)

x2 (t ) = ( 2t ) cos ( 2 t )
Now
1
(2t )
sinc( f / 2)
2
1
cos(2 t )
( f 1) + ( f + 1)
2
1
1
X 2 ( f ) = { (2t )} {cos(2 t )} = sinc( f / 2) ( f 1) + ( f + 1)
2
2
1
= sinc 0.5 ( f 1) + sinc 0.5 ( f + 1)
4
Solution (c)
27
x3 (t ) = p ( t ) + p (t )
where
p ( t ) = e t u ( t ) u ( t 1)
From Table 2.2, we have
e t u (t )
1
1 + j 2 f
Using the time-shifting property of the FT, we obtain

e u ( t 1) = e e
t
1 ( t 1)
e j 2 f
e (1+ j 2 f )
=
u ( t 1) e
1 + j 2 f 1 + j 2 f
Combining
1
e (1+ j 2 f )
1
1 e(1+ j 2 f )
p(t ) P ( f ) =
1 + j 2 f 1 + j 2 f 1 + j 2 f
By time-reversal property,
p ( t )
P ( f ) =
1
1 e (1 j 2 f )
1 j 2 f
X3 ( f ) = P ( f ) + P ( f ) =
=
=
1
1
(1 j 2 f )
1 e(1+ j 2 f ) +
1 j 2 f 1 e
1 + j 2 f
{(1 j 2 f ) 1 e
1 + ( 2 f )
1
2
1 + ( 2 f )
(1+ j 2 f )
+ (1 + j 2 f ) 1 e(1 j 2 f )
1 e1 cos ( 2 f ) + 2 fe1 sin ( 2 f )
Solution (d)

x4 (t ) = ( t / 2 ) + ( t / 4 )
Now
28

( t / 2 )
2sinc ( 2 f )
( t / 4 )
4sinc ( 4 f )
Adding
X 4 ( f ) = 2sinc ( 2 f ) + 4sinc ( 4 f )
2.18 Use properties of the Fourier transform to compute the Fourier transform of
following signals.
a. sinc 2 (Wt )
Solution:
(t / )
sinc 2
2
2
Using the duality property, we obtain
Wsinc 2 (Wt )
( f / 2W )
sinc 2 (Wt )
1
( f / 2W )
W
Thus the Fourier transform of a sinc2 pulse is a triangular function in frequency.

b. (t / T ) cos(2 f c t )
Solution:
( t / T )
Tsinc ( fT )
cos(2 f ct )
( f f c ) + ( f + f c )
2
1
X ( f ) = { ( t / T )} {cos(2 f c t )} = Tsinc ( fT ) ( f f c ) + ( f + f c )
2
T
sin c T ( f f c ) + sinc T ( f + f c )
=
2
c.
(e
cos10 t ) u (t )
Solution:
29
From Table 2.2,
e t u (t )
1
1 + j 2 f
Now
} {
( e t u (t ) ) cos10 t = ( e t u (t ) ) {cos10 t}
=
1
1
( f 5 ) + ( f + 5 )
1 + j 2 f 2
1
1
1
+
2 1 + j 2 ( f 5 ) 1 + j 2 ( f + 5 )
1 1 + j 2 ( f + 5 ) + 1 + j 2 ( f 5 )
2
2
2
(1 + j 2 f ) ( j 2 5)
1 + j 2 f
=
2
2
(1 + j 2 f ) + 100
1 + j 2 f
=
2
2 2
(1 + 100 ) + j 4 f 4 f
d.
te t u (t )
Solution:
Applying the differentiation in frequency domain property in (2.85), we obtain
te t u (t )
j d
{e t u (t )}
2 df
That is,
1
j d (1 + j 2 f )
j
1
j 2
{te u (t )} =
=
2
2
df
2
(1 + j 2 f )
t
e. e t
(1 + j 2 f )
Solution:
30
X(f ) =
t 2
j 2 ft
dt =
t 2 + j 2 ft
) dt
Multiplying the right hand side by e f e f yields

2
X(f ) =e
f 2
(
e
t 2 + j 2 ft f 2
) dt = e f
( t + jf )
dt
e
2
Substituting t + jf = , we obtain
X(f ) =e
f 2
e d
2
f.
4sinc (t ) cos (100 t )

2
Solution:
4sinc 2 ( t )
4
2
1
cos (100 t )
( f 50 ) + ( f + 50 )
2
f 1
X ( f ) = {4sinc 2 ( t )} {cos (100 t )} = 4 ( f 50 ) + ( f + 50 )
2 2
= 2 0.5 ( f 50 ) + 0.5 ( f 50 )
2.19 Find the following convolutions:
a. sinc(Wt ) sinc(2Wt )
Solution:
We use the convolution property of Fourier transform in (2.79).
x(t ) y (t )
X ( f )Y ( f )
Now
sinc(2Wt )
1
( f / 2W )
2W
31
Therefore,
1
1
( f / W )
( f / 2W )
2W
W
1
=
( f / W )
2W 2
sinc(Wt ) sinc(2Wt )
b. sinc 2 (Wt ) sinc(2Wt )

Solution:
Again using the convolution property of Fourier transform

1
1
( f / 2W )
( f / 2W )
2W
W
1
=
( f / 2W )
2W 2
sinc 2 (Wt ) sinc(2Wt )
2.20 The FT of a signal x(t ) is described by

X(f ) =
1
5 + j 2 f
Determine the FT V ( f ) of the following signals:

a. v(t ) = x(5t 1)
Solution:
1
v(t ) = x(5t 1) = x 5 t
5
Let
1 f 1
1
X =
5 5 5 ( j 2 f / 5 ) + 5
1
=
j 2 f + 25
y (t ) = x(5t )
Y ( f ) =
j 2 f
j 2 f
1
1
5
=
v(t ) = y t V ( f ) = Y ( f )e
e 5
j 2 f + 25
5
32
b. v(t ) = x(t ) cos(100 t )

Solution:
x(t )e j100 t + x(t )e j100 t

v(t ) = x(t ) cos(100 t ) =
2
Now
x(t )e j100 t + x(t )e j100 t
1
V ( f ) = X ( f 50 ) + X ( f + 50 )
2
2
1
1
=
+
j 2 ( f 50 ) + 5 j 2 ( f + 50 ) + 5
After simplification, we get
V( f ) =
j 2 f + 5
j 20 f + ( 2104 + 25 4 2 f 2 )
c. v(t ) = x(t )e j10t

Solution:
5
1
V ( f ) = X f =
v(t ) = x(t )e j10t
5
j 2 f + 5
dx(t )
d. v(t ) =
dt
Solution:
Using the differentiation property of FT

V ( f ) = j 2 fX ( f ) =
x(t )
j 2fX ( f ) , we obtain
dt
j 2 f
5 + j 2 f
e. v(t ) = x(t ) u (t )
Solution:
Using the convolution property of FT x(t ) y (t )

X ( f )Y ( f ) , we can write
33
1
1
1
( f )+
j 2 f
5 + j 2 f 2
1
1
1
= (f )
+
2
5 + j 2 f j 2 f ( 5 + j 2 f )
V ( f ) = X ( f )U ( f ) =
1
1
(f )+
10
j 2 f ( 5 + j 2 f )
2.21 Consider the delay element y (t ) = x(t 3) .

a. What is the impulse response h(t)?
Solution:
Since y (t ) = h(t ) x(t ) = x(t 3) , the impulse response of the delay element is
given from (2.16) as
h(t ) = (t 3)
b. What is the magnitude and phase response function of the system?
Solution:
H ( f ) = { (t 3)} = e j 6 f
H( f ) =1
H ( f ) = 6 f
2.22 The periodic input x(t ) to an LTI system is displayed in Figure P2.7. The frequency
response function of the system is given by
H( f ) =
2
2 + j 2 f
Figure P2.7
34
a. Write the complex exponential FS of input x(t ) .

Solution:
The input x(t ) is rectangular pulse train in Example 2.24 shifted by To / 4 and
duty cycle
= 0.5 . That is,
To
x(t ) = gTo ( t To / 4 ) =
( t nTo To / 4 )
0.5To
n =
The complex exponential FS of gTo (t ) from Example 2.24 with

To = 2 ( f o = 0.5 ) and
To
= 0.5 is given by
gTo (t ) = 0.5 sinc ( 0.5n )e j nt

n =
In Exercise 2.15(a), we showed that time shifting introduces a linear phase shift
in the FS coefficients; their magnitudes are not changed. The phase shift is equal
to e j 2 nfou for a time shift of u. The exponential FS coefficients x(t ) are
Cn = 0.5sinc ( 0.5n ) e
j 2 nf o ( 0.25To )
= e j n /2 0.5sinc ( 0.5n )
x(t ) = 0.5 e j n /2sinc ( 0.5n ) e j nt

n =
b. Plot the magnitude and phase response functions for H ( f ) .

Solution:
H( f ) =
2
1
=
2 + j 2 f 1 + j f
H ( nf o ) =
1
1
=
1 + j f 1 + j nf o
35
0
-10
-5
Phase Response(degrees)
Magnitude Response(dB)
-20
-10
-15
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-25
-80
-30
4
6
Frequency (f)
-90
4
6
Frequency (f)
c. Compute the complex exponential FS of the output y (t ) .

Solution:
Using (2.114), the output of an LTI system to the input
x(t ) =
0.5e
j n / 2
n =
sinc ( 0.5n ) e j nt
Cn
is given by
y (t ) =
C H (0.5n)e
j nt
n =
0.5e j n /2
sinc ( 0.5n ) e j nt
=
n = 1 + j 05 n
FS coefficient of y ( t )
2.23 The frequency response of an ideal LP filter is given by

5e j 0.0025 f ,
H( f ) =
0,
f < 1000 Hz
f > 1000 Hz
Determine the output signal in each of the following cases:

a.
x(t ) = 5sin ( 400 t ) + 2 cos (1200 t / 2 ) cos ( 2200 t + / 4 )
36
Solution:
5,
H( f ) =
0,
0.0025 f ,
H( f ) =
0,
Since H (200) = 5 and
f < 1000 Hz
f > 1000 Hz
f < 1000 Hz
f > 1000 Hz
H (200) = / 2 , the output of the system for an input
5sin(400t) can now be expressed using (2.117) as 25sin(400t /2).

Next H (600) = 5 and
H (600) = 3 / 2 = / 2 , the output of the system for
an input 2 cos (1200 t / 2 ) can now be expressed using (2.117) as

10 cos (1200 t / 2 + / 2 ) = 10 cos (1200 t ) .
Now H (1100) = 0. So the LP filter doesnt pass cos ( 2200 t + / 4 ) . The

output of the LP filter is therefore given by
y (t ) = 25sin ( 400 t / 2 ) + 10 cos (1200 t )
b. x(t ) = 2sin(400 t ) +
sin ( 2200 t )
t
Solution:
2sin(400t) is 10sin(400t /2).

To calculate the response to
sin ( 2200 t )
, we note that
t
sin ( 2200 t )
f
= 2200 sinc ( 2200t )
t
2200
In frequency domain, the output of LP filter to
sin ( 2200 t )
is
t
f j 0.0025 f f
f j 0.0025 f
5e
= 5
e
2200
2000
2000
37
Now
f j 0.0025 f
2000sinc 2000 ( t 0.00125 )

e
2000
The output of the LP filter is therefore given by
y (t ) = 10sin ( 400 t / 2 ) + 10000sinc 2000 ( t 0.00125 )
c.
x(t ) = cos(400 t ) +
sin (1000 t )
t
Solution:
cos(400 t ) is 5cos ( 400 t / 2 ) .

To calculate the response to
sin (1000 t )
, we note that
t
sin (1000 t )
f
= 1000 sinc (1000t )

t
1000
In frequency domain, the output of LP filter to
sin (1000 t )
is
t
f
f j 0.0025 f
5e j 0.0025 f
= 5
e
1000
1000
Now
f j 0.0025 f
1000sinc 1000 ( t 0.00125 )

e
1000
The output of the LP filter is therefore given by
y (t ) = 5cos ( 400 t / 2 ) + 5000sinc 1000 ( t 0.00125 )
d. x(t ) = 5cos(800 t ) + 2 (t )
Solution:
38
H (400) = , the output of the system for an input
5cos ( 800 t ) is 25cos ( 800 t ) . The response of the system to (t ) is h(t ) .
The impulse response of the ideal LP filter is 10000sinc 2000 ( t 0.00125 ) .

Combining
y (t ) = 25cos ( 800 t ) + 2h(t )
= 25cos ( 800 t ) + 20 103 sinc 2000 ( t 0.00125 )
2.24 The frequency response of an ideal HP filter is given by
4,
H( f ) =
0,
f > 20 Hz,
f < 20 Hz
Determine the output signal y (t ) for the input

a.
x(t ) = 5 + 2 cos ( 50 t / 2 ) cos ( 75 t + / 4 )
Solution:
y (t ) = 8cos ( 50 t / 2 ) 4 cos ( 75 t + / 4 )
b. x(t ) = cos ( 20 t 3 / 4 ) + 3cos (100 t + / 4 )

Solution:
y (t ) = 12 cos (100 t + / 4 )
2.25 The frequency response of an ideal BP filter is given by

2e j 0.0005 f ,
900< f < 1000 Hz,
H( f ) =
otherwise
0,
Determine the output signal y (t ) for the input
a.
x(t ) = 2 cos (1850 t / 2 ) cos (1900 t + / 4 )
Solution:
H (925) = 2 and H (950) = 2 .
39
H ( f ) = 0.0005 f . Therefore,
H (925) = 0.0005 f = 0.0005 925 = 0.462
H (950) = 0.0005 f = 0.0005 950 = 0.475
y (t ) = 4 cos (1850 t / 2 0.462 ) 2 cos (1900 t + / 4 0.475 )
b. x(t ) = sinc ( 60t ) cos(1900 t )

Solution:
X(f ) =
=
1 f 1
[ ( f 950) + ( f + 950) ]
60 60 2
1 f 950
f + 950
120 60
60
Y( f )= H( f )X ( f )
= 2e j 0.0005 f
1 f 950
f + 950

+
120 60
60
Now
1
f 950
j1900 t
sinc ( 60t ) e
60
60
e j 0.0005 f
1
f 950
j1900 ( t 0.00025 )
sinc 60 ( t 0.00025 ) e
60
60
Similarly
1
f + 950
j1900 t
sinc ( 60t ) e
60
60
e j 0.0005 f
1
f + 950
j1900 ( t 0.00025 )
sinc 60 ( t 0.00025 ) e
60
60
Therefore,
y (t ) = sinc 60 ( t 0.00025 ) e j1900 ( t 0.00025) + e j1900 ( t 0.00025)

= 2sinc 60 ( t 0.00025 ) cos 1900 ( t 0.00025 )
40
c.
x(t ) = sinc 2 ( 30t ) cos(1900 t )
Solution:
X(f ) =
=
1 f 1
[ ( f 950) + ( f + 950) ]
30 60 2
1 f 950
f + 950
60 60
60
Y( f )= H( f )X ( f )
= 2e j 0.0005 f
1 f 950
f + 950
60 60
60
Now
1
f 950
2
j1900 t
sinc ( 30t ) e
30
60
e j 0.0005 f
1
f 950
j1900 ( t 0.00025)
2
sinc 30 ( t 0.00025 ) e
30
60
Similarly
1
f + 950
2
j1900 t
sinc ( 30t ) e
30
60
e j 0.0005 f
1
f + 950
j1900 ( t 0.00025 )
2
sinc 30 ( t 0.00025 ) e
30
60
Therefore,
y (t ) = sinc 2 30 ( t 0.00025 ) e j1900 ( t 0.00025) + e j1900 ( t 0.00025)
= 2sinc 2 30 ( t 0.00025 ) cos 1900 ( t 0.00025 )
2.26 The signal 2e 2t u (t ) is input to an ideal LP filter with passband edge frequency
equal to 5 Hz. Find the energy density spectrum of the output of the filter. Calculate
the energy of the input signal and the output signal.
Solution:
41
Ex =
e 4t
2e u (t ) dt = 4e dt = 4
4
0
2
2 t
x(t ) = 2e 2t u (t )
4 t
=1
0
2
2 + j 2 f
2
The energy density spectrum of the output y(t), Y ( f ) , is related to the energy
density spectrum of the input x(t)
2
2
f
Y( f ) = H( f ) X( f ) =
10 2 + j 2 f
2
Ey =
y (t ) dt =
2
Y( f )
df =
2
f
df

10 2 + j 2 f
1
1
df = 2
df
=
1 + j f
1+ 2 f 2
0
5
Making change of variables f = u df =

Ey =
1+ u
du =
tan 1 ( u )
5
0
du , we obtain
(1.507 ) = 0.9594
Thus output of the LP filter contains 96% of the input signal energy.
2.27 Calculate and sketch the power spectral density of the following signals. Calculate
the normalized average power of the signal in each case.
a. x(t ) = 2 cos (1000 t / 2 ) cos (1850 t + / 4 )
x1 ( t )
x2 ( t )
Solution:
T /2
1
Rx ( ) = lim
x(t ) x(t )dt = Rx1 ( ) + Rx2 ( ) Rx1x2 ( ) Rx2 x1 ( )
T T
T /2
Now
42
T /2
1
Rx1 ( ) = lim
x1 (t ) x1 (t )dt
T T
T /2
1
2 cos 1000 t 2 cos 1000 ( t ) dt

T T
2
2
T /2
T /2
= lim
T /2
1
cos (1000 ) + cos 1000 ( 2t ) dt
T T
T /2
= 2 lim
= 2 cos (1000 )
The second term is zero because it integrates a sinusoidal function over a

period. Similarly,
T /2
1
1
x2 (t ) x2 (t )dt = cos (1850 )
T T
2
T / 2
Rx2 ( ) = lim
The cross-correlation term

T /2
T /2
1
1
x1 (t ) x2 (t ) = lim
2 cos (1000 t / 2 ) cos 1850 ( t ) + / 4 dt
T T
T T
T / 2
T / 2
Rx1 x2 ( ) = lim
T /2
1
= lim
{cos (850 t 1850 + 3 / 4 ) + sin ( 2850 t 1850 / 4 )}dt
T T
T / 2
is zero because it integrates a sinusoidal function over a period in each case.
Similarly, it can be shown that all other cross-correlation terms are zero.
Therefore,
1
Rx ( ) = Rx1 ( ) + Rx2 ( ) = 2 cos (1000 ) + cos (1850 )
2
Gx ( f ) = {Rx ( )} = 2 cos (1000 ) + cos (1850 )

2
1
= [ ( f 500) + ( f + 500) ] + [ ( f 925) + ( f + 925) ]
4
The normalized average power is obtained by using (2.172) as
43
[ ( f 500) + ( f + 500)] df + 4 [ ( f 925) + ( f + 925)] df
Gx ( f )df =
Px =
1 1 5
= 1+1+ + =
4 4 2
Power Spectral Density
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
Frequency (kHz)
0.4
0.6
0.8
b. x(t ) = [1 + sin(200 t ) ] cos(2000 t )

Solution:
x(t ) = [1 + sin(200 t ) ] cos(2000 t )

= cos(2000 t ) + sin(200 t ) cos(2000 t )
1
1
= cos(2000 t ) + sin ( 2200 t ) sin (1800 t )
2
2
x (t )
1
x2 ( t )
x3 ( t )
Now
T /2
1
Rx ( ) = lim
x(t ) x(t )dt = Rx1 ( ) + Rx2 ( ) + Rx3 ( )
T T
T /2
where
1
cos ( 2000 )
2
1
Rx2 ( ) = cos ( 2200 )
8
1
Rx3 ( ) = cos (1800 )
8
Rx1 ( ) =
44
Therefore,
1
1
1
Rx ( ) = cos ( 2000 ) + cos ( 2200 ) + cos (1800 )
2
8
8
1
1
1
Gx ( f ) = {Rx ( )} = cos ( 2000 ) + cos ( 2200 ) + cos (1800 )

8
8
2
1
1
= [ ( f 1000) + ( f + 1000) ] + [ ( f 1100) + ( f + 1100) ]
4
16
1
+ [ ( f 900) + ( f + 900) ]
16
1
1
Px = Gx ( f )df = [ ( f 1000) + ( f + 1000) ] df +
[ ( f 1100) + ( f + 1100)] df
4
16
1
1 1 1 3
[ ( f 900) + ( f + 900)] df = + + =
16
2 8 8 4
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
c.
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
Frequency (kHz)
0.4
0.6
0.8
x(t ) = cos 2 ( 200 t ) sin (1800 t )
Solution:
45
1
1
1
1 + cos ( 400 t ) sin (1800 t ) = sin (1800 t ) + sin (1800 t ) cos ( 400 t )
2
2
2
1
1
1
= sin (1800 t ) + sin (1400 t ) + sin ( 2200 t )
2
4
4
x(t ) =
Now
Rx ( ) = Rx1 ( ) + Rx2 ( ) + Rx3 ( )

where
1
Rx1 ( ) = cos (1800 )
8
Rx2 ( ) =
1
cos (1400 )
32
Rx3 ( ) =
1
cos ( 2200 )
32
Therefore,
1
1
1
Rx ( ) = cos (1800 ) + cos (1400 ) + cos ( 2200 )
8
32
32
1
1
1
Gx ( f ) = {Rx ( )} = cos (1800 ) + cos (1400 ) + cos ( 2200 )

32
32
8
1
1
= [ ( f 900) + ( f + 900) ] + [ ( f 700) + ( f + 700) ]
16
64
1
+ [ ( f 1100) + ( f + 1100) ]
64
1
1
Px = Gx ( f )df =
[ ( f 900) + ( f + 900)]df + [ ( f 700) + ( f + 700)] df
16
64
1
1 1
1
3
[ ( f 1100) + ( f + 1100)] df = + + =
64
8 32 32 16
46
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
47

Contemporary Communication SystemSolutions Problems Chapter2

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Chapter 2

2.3 Plot the following signals

sin( t ) is periodic with period T1 =

= 2 . cos(4 t / 5) is periodic with period

Therefore, x1 (t ) is periodic with fundamental period To such that

e j 3t is periodic with period T1 =

Since is an irrational number, the ratio is not rational. Therefore, x3 (t ) is not

cos 2 t is periodic with period T1 =

x(t ) = 4t = (4t ) = x(t ) . So x(t ) is odd.

Since cos(t ) is even, 5cos(3t ) is also even.

x(t ) = sin(3t ) = cos(3t ) which is even.

x(t ) = sin(2t ) + cos(2t )

x(t ) is neither even nor odd; For example,

The normalized average power of a signal x1 (t ) is defined as

Therefore, x1 (t ) is a power signal.

4 cos(2 t ) is a power signal. 3cos ( 4 t ) is also a power signal. Since x2 (t ) is

cos(6 t ) + cos ( 2 t )dt = 0

x3 (t ) is neither an energy nor a power signal.

Thus x4 (t ) is an energy signal.

5e( 2t + j10 t )u (t ) dt = lim

5e 2t e j10 t ) dt = lim 25 e4t dt

Thus x6 (t ) is an energy signal.

x7 (t ) is a periodic signal with period To = 4 .

x3 (t ) = (t )sinc(t + 1) = (t )sinc(0 + 1) = (t )sinc(1) = (t ) 0 = 0

(2t )sinc(t )dt

(t 3) cos(t )dt = cos(3) (t 3)dt = cos(3)

To show that the system is time-invariant, let x1 (t ) = x(t to ) be the system

The system is nonlinear, time-invariant, causal, and memoryless. The system is

The system is nonlinear, time-invariant, causal, and memoryless. The system is

x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) y1 (t ) + y2 (t ) for all and ,

The system is linear, time-variant, causal, and memoryless. The system is

y1 (t ) = [ cos(2t ) ] x1 (t ) = [ cos(2t ) ] x ( t to ) y (t to ) = cos 2 ( t to ) x ( t to )

The system is nonlinear, time-invariant, causal, and memoryless. The system is

To prove nonlinearity, let x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) . The response of the system

for all and

The system is linear, time-variant, causal, and memoryless. The system is

To prove time-variance, let x1 (t ) = x(t to ) be the system input. The

To check for time-variance, let x1 (t ) = x(t to ) be the system input. The

x(t ) = e 2t u (t ) and h(t ) = u (t 2) u (t 4)

For t < 2 , there is no overlap and y (t ) = 0.

b. x(t ) = e t u (t ) and h(t ) = e 2t u (t )

For t < 0 , there is no overlap and y (t ) = 0.

x(t ) = u (t ) and h(t ) = (t ) 3e2t u (t )

d. x(t ) = (t 2) + 3e3t u (t ) and h(t ) = u (t ) u (t 1)

(t 2) [u( ) u( 1)] d = u(t 2) u(t 2 1) = ( t 2.5)

For t < 1 , there is no overlap and y (t ) = 0.

As shown in Figure (b), y (t ) = d = t 1 for 1 t < 2

Referring to Figure (c), y (t ) = d = t 5 for 5 t < 7

Is the system casual?

Yes. The system is casual because h(t ) = 0 for t < 0 .

The system is stable because

c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) for h(t ) = e 0.5(t + 2)u (t + 2) .

The system is not causal but stable.

Applying the Eulers formula, we get the following terms:

The Fourier coefficients are

a. Write the equation for x(t).

x(t ) = 14 cos 100 t + 10 + 8cos 300 t

b. Is the signal periodic? If so, what is its period?

Yes. It is periodic with fundamental period To =

c. Does the signal have energy at DC?

Yes as indicated by the presence of DC term C0 = 10 .

Since x3 (t ) is an even function of time,

= 2 2 [ cos( n) 1] = 2 2 [1 cos( n)]

Since x4 (t ) is an even function of time,