MATHEMATICS 317 Solutions to Ass.

#1

1(a)
r (t ) = x(t )i + y (t ) j; r& (t ) = x& (t )i + y& (t ) j = xi − 2 / x 2 j
⇒ x& = x (1)
y& = −2 / x 2 ( 2)
1 −2t
Eqn. (1) ⇒ x = ae t ⇒ [from Eqn. (2) ] y = e + b, i.e.,
a2
 1 
r (t ) = ae t i +  2 e − 2t + b  j for undetermined constants a, b;
a 
r (0) = i + j ⇒ a = 1, b = 0. Hence r (t ) = e t i + e − 2t j.
(b) v (t ) = r& (t ) = e t i − 2e − t j ⇒ a(t ) = v& (t ) = &r&(t ) = e t i + 4e − t j.

2. (a)
v (t ) = (1 − cos t )i + sin tj; v (t ) = 0 ⇔ cos t = 1, sin t = 0 ↔ t = 2nπ , n = 0,±1,....
(b) The speed of the particle is given by
v (t ) = 2 − 2 cos t . The maximum speed occurs when t = (2n + 1)π , n = 0,±1,...

3. db / dt = (da / dt × da / dt ) + (a × d 2 a / dt 2 ) = a × d 2 a / dt 2 .

d  dr d 2 r  dr dr d 2 r d 2r d 2r dr d 3 r dr d 3 r
4.  r ⋅ × 2  = ⋅ × 2 +r⋅ 2 × 2 +r⋅ × 3 = r⋅ × 3 .
dt  dt dt  dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt

5. (a) From Property 5: (a × b) ⋅ (c × d) = [(a × b) × c] ⋅ d = −[c × (a × b)] ⋅ d. Then using

Property 6, one has − [c × (a × b)] ⋅ d = −[(c ⋅ b)a − (c ⋅ a)b] ⋅ d = (a ⋅ c)(b ⋅ d) − (b ⋅ c)(a ⋅ d).
(b)

A = area of triangle = 1
2 r1 × r2 ⇒ A 2 = 14 (r1 × r2 ) ⋅ (r1 × r2 ). Then
d ( A2 ) dA 1
= 2A = [( v 1 × r2 ) ⋅ (r1 × r2 ) + (r1 × v 2 ) ⋅ (r1 × r2 )] (3)
dt dt 2
Now using, the result of 5(a), one sees that (3) simplifies to
dA 1
= 2 [( v 1 ⋅ r1 ) r2 − (r2 ⋅ r1 )( v 1 ⋅ r2 ) + ( v 2 ⋅ r2 ) r1 − (r2 ⋅ r1 )( v 2 ⋅ r1 )].
2 2
2A
dt
dA r2 ( v 1 ⋅ r1 ) + r1 ( v 2 ⋅ r2 ) − (r2 ⋅ r1 )[( v 1 ⋅ r2 ) + ( v 2 ⋅ r1 )]
2 2

Thus = .
dt 2 r1 × r2
 dr
6. = 2i − 3 j + 6k. Hence the unit tangent vector to the curve is given by
dt
T = 17 (2i − 3 j + 6k ). Since T is a constant vector, it follows that the curve is a
1
dr
straight line. The arc length between t = 0 and t = 1 is given by ∫ dt
0
dt = 7.

7. (a) r (t ) = x(t )i + y (t ) j + z (t )k = e t i + e − t j + t 2k. Hence xy = e t e −t = 1. Moreover,

t = z / 2. Thus x = e t = e z / 2 .
r& e t i − e −t j + 2k
(b) r& = e t i − e −t j + 2k ⇒ T = = .
r& e 2 t + e − 2t + 2
(c) The arc length between t = 0 and t = 1 is given by
1 1 1 1 1
dr
∫ dt = ∫ e 2t + e − 2t + 2 dt = ∫ (e t + e −t ) 2 dt = ∫ (e t + e −t ) dt = 2 ∫ cosh t dt = 2 sinh 1.
0
dt 0 0 0 0

8. (a) r (t ) = x(t )i + y (t ) j + z (t )k = t cos ti + t sin tj + tk. Hence x 2 + y 2 = z 2 . Assuming

that t > 0, it follows that the curve lies on the surface of the cone z = x 2 + y 2 .
(b) Since r& (t ) = (cos t − t sin t )i + (sin t + t cos t ) j + k , it follows that the arc length of
the curve between t = 0 and t = π is given by
π
π 2+π 2  π 
∫ 2 + t 2 dt = + log  1 + 12 π 2 + .
0
2  2