Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4, November 2015
COOPERATIVE COMMUNICATIONS
COMBINATION DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES
AND OPTIMAL POWER ALLOCATION
EXPRESSION
Ahmed Hassan Mohammed Hassan1, Ahmed M.Alhassan2
Electrical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering1, University of Blue Nile, Sudan
Communication Dept., Faculty of Engineering2, Neelain University2, Sudan
ABSTRACT
The main task of this article is to focus on the performance of cooperative MIMO relaying in terms of data
rate and Power. Furthermore, compare these performances when using Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)
and equal gain combining (EGC).The average SNR improvement of MRC is typically about 5 dB better
than with EGC and direct link.The preciseness of the derived closed form expression of optimum power
allocation of the DF-based relaying system is demonstrated by simulation results.
KEY WORDS
Cooperative Communication, Amplify and forward, Decode and forward, optimum power allocation
1. INTRODUCTION
The idea of cooperative communication for wireless networks can be traced back to utilize of the
relay channel. Cover and El Gamal [1], studied a three-node network with a source, a destination
and a relay on the information theoretic properties. By the use of an additional relay node the
network capacity was well observed and three theorems were established. With the current
growth in cellular networks, sensor networks, and wireless ad hoc networks, the opinion of
cooperative communication has attracted tremendous attention. However, recent studies generally
focus on the diversity, spectral efficiency and power efficiency achieved by cooperative
transmission to combat channel fading instead of the information theoretic perspective.
Furthermore, with higher demand on the size of handset and sensors, current research develops a
scenario where single-antenna mobiles share their antennas in a virtual multiple-antenna system.
Each node could perform both as a source or a relay of other nodes which are symmetrical to each
other as shown in Fig.1
DOI: 10.5121/ijaceee.2015.3401
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
The two different emphases in recent work make cooperative communication and networking a
promising technology with significant capacity and multiplexing gain increase in wireless
networks. Although a number of researchers demonstrated the understanding of different
cooperative communication schemes in recent years, many more issues such as the cooperative
system architecture, outage probability, optimization, resource allocation, cross-layer design are
open to discuss to make these techniques practical and effective. In this paper, we consider a
three-node scenario consisting of one source, one relay and one destination which is the simplest
form in cooperative system as in fig-2.
Speedy, stable and good quality communication is significant in the information age. Citizens
want improved voice or video quality, wider coverage while smaller and more power and
bandwidth efficient handsets from every corner in the world. Overcoming the effects of fading,
outages, and circuit failures is always a large alarm in wireless communications contrast to fiber,
cable and other medium transmissions. One solution is to use send out diversity where identical
information-bearing signals are transmitted from independent sources through independent
channels. The more independent the fading characteristics between channels the more diversity
gain are achieved at the receiver. Transmit diversity is practical, effective and economical in
mitigating multipath fading compared with other techniques such as transmitter power control,
time and frequency diversity and receive diversity approaches [2].
A number of schemes for transmit diversity are recommended in cellular systems. Coding, time
and frequency are employed by the transmitters to produce diversity gain [2], [3]. Although the
pro of transmit diversity on a cellular base station is evident, it may not apply for other
approaches where the system cannot support various transmit antennas due to size, charge, or
hardware restriction.
To overcome this obstacle cooperative transmission is proposed. The technique allows a only one
antenna user to gain diversity similar to conventional transmit diversity systems to conflict slow
fading. The essential structure block in cooperative systems is the relay channel, whereby a
source transmits a message to object (destination) with the aid of a relay. Thus, the destination
receives two messages with the equivalent source but through independent fading channels. By
joining these signals with combination techniques like a MRC or EGC, the diversity gain can be
obtained without using additional antennas, power or bandwidths, and thus cost-effective[4]. Our
purpose is to quantify the advantages of using cooperative transmissions in expand the network
lifetime of the energy-constrained wireless network [5].
2
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
The reset of this article is arranged as follow: section-2 provides the general description of
signaling method of cooperative communication. The system model is presented in section-3. In
section-4 the power allocation methods are provided. The system simulation and results are
presented in section-5.
3. SYSTEM MODEL
A source node-A transmits information to the destination node-B with the help of a relay node R
as shown in Fig.2. For the transmission, time division multiplexing is assumed, in the first time
slot the source broadcasts the information to both relay and destination. In the second time slot
the relay decodes and forwards the received information to the destination. At the destination, the
signal from the relay path and the direct path are combined to reduce the fading of the resultant
signal. Hard-decision-decoding is processed for any decoding process.
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
y D = Ps hsd ( x ) + nsd
(1)
y is the received symbol, Ps is the Power at the transmitter, h is complex scaling factor
corresponding to Rayleigh multipath channel, x is the transmitted symbol (taking values +1s and
-1s) and n is the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).The noise n has the Gaussian
)e
( n )2
2 2
variance.
The channel h is known at the receiver and Equalization is performed at the receiver by dividing
the received symbol y by the apriori known channel
P h x + nSD
n
)
)
yD = s SD
= x + SD = x + n
Ps hSD
Ps hSD
(2)
Stage-2: The signal received at the relay from the source is given as:
yr = Ps .hsr .x s + nr
The equation of yr is equalized at the relay to generate a new signal xs + nr
(3)
Ps .hsr
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
Stage-3:This signal is sent by relay to the destination, the received signal by:
n
yD = PR .hSR .( xs + R ) + nD
Ps .hSR
1424
3
(4)
Re lay _ Signal
PR .h 2 RD
P h2
2 (1 + R RD
)
2
PS hSR
(5)
As the source broadcasts the signal in the first time slot, the signal from the direct path is also
received at the destination with the SNR equal to 2 = Ps .h 2 sd 2 We assume that full CSI at
.
both paths is available at the destination, so coherent combining is possible in such way the
overall SNR at the destination can be written as D = 1 + 2
D =
PS .h 2 SD
+
2
4
1
42
3
1
2
PR .hRD
2
P h
2 (1+ R RD )
PS h 2
SR
(6)
14243
2
PT = PS + PR
(7)
Where PS is the Power allocated to the source and PR the relay Power.
These workstations works in network of cellular type or works in unlicensed band (To prevent
interfering with other networks in the same band, the total power radiated by network in this band
should not exceed a specified level/threshold). Such types of network have upper limitation on
total power transmission. So transmitted power by source is given by:
PS = PT ,
0 < <1
(8)
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
1
B.log 2 (1 + D ) . In the
2
equation, the right hand side is multiplied by a factor of 1/2, this is due to the fact that proposed
system model works in two time slots and utilize only half channel degree of freedom.
max D =
PR , PS
subject to PT
2
PR hRD
2
P h
2 (1+ R RD )
PS h2
SR
(9)
= PS + PR
Via Lagrange multiplier maximization scenario, the modified objective function can be written as
j=
2
PS hSD
2
PR hRD
2
P h
2 (1+ R RD )
(PR + PS PT )
(10)
PS h2
SR
Here is a constant. Taking partial derivative of jwith respectively PS, PR, and equated to zero
gives optimal solution for PS and PR.
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
W W 2 N 12
PR = (1 [ [ 2 ] ]) PT
Q Q
Q
W W 2 N 12
PS = ( [ 2 ] ) PT
Q Q
Q
(11)
where,
2
2
2
N hSR
W = hRD
hSD
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(hSD
hRD
2hRD
Q = hRD
N hSR
)hSR
hSD
2
2
2
N = hRD
(hSD
+ hSR
)
(12)
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
0
10
Direct Link
MRC
EGC
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
10
15
Eb/No, dB
20
25
30
Fig.3 shows that cooperative communication allows single antenna users to gain diversity similar
as in conventional transmits diversity systems to combat slow fading. By combining the signals
from both relayed and direct path with combination techniques like a MRC or an EGC, the
diversity gain can be obtained without using extra antennas, power or bandwidths, and thus a
cost-effective solution. As both EGC and MRC achieve the same asymptotic diversity, it is clear
that EGC, which does not need channel gain information, offers a superior tradeoff between
difficulty and performance.
From Fig. 3, we notice that MRC outperforms the EGC for this decoding technique when the
average SNR less than 30 dB. The average SNR improvement of MRC is typically about 5 dB
better than with EGC and direct link.
In Fig.4 and Fig.5, we simulate different ratios of Ps and Pr with two unlike total power available
(PT=100dB and PT=300dB). We can observe that, BER versus power distribution, under different
total power constraints in the single relay node case, attain unique minima. Furthermore, it can be
concluded that under different total power constraints, the optimal transmission power schemes
are dissimilar. In case of the total transmission power is small; the BER is not very sensitive to
the source and the relay power distribution. When the total transmission power is relatively larger,
which means that the BER at the destination could be somewhat small, the BER performance is
aware to the power distribution. The source should spend significantly more power than the relay.
Alternatively, the relay should keep a lot of power. Although PR is small, it provides cooperative
diversity at the destination.
The ratio PS/PT gives thought on the relay position, we assume that a source node needs more
power when the destination is getting far away from it (i.e., a node require extra power when
extended transmission distance).
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
We can see that under different available power (in dB), the performance of the communication
depends on the power allocated to both source and relay; because the less the BER, the less the
noise will be. So we can expect a better communication link
When the power ratio Ps / PT is less than 0.4 the relay is far away from the destination, more
power needs to be allocated to it to assure that the transmission from relay to destination is
successful. In case of the relay node in the middle position between the source and destination the
power ration is between 0.5 and 0.6. The BER becomes lower and we can expect a better
communication as the noise is reduced.
When the power ratio is greater than 0.6 the relay is far away from the source, the source needs
more power to transmit the information to the relay. The BER gets higher, the noise power is
increased. In this situation a reliable communication link may not be feasible. Furthermore, we
observe that we have two situations:Whether the relay is closer to the source or destination and
the situation where its in the middle of them. In the first situation the power allocation is called
Optimum Power Allocation method (OPA) and the other called Equal Power Allocation method
(EPA).
Fig.4 and Fig.5 are illustrates that the OPA outperforms the EPA methods when the total power
available is small. Their BER are almost the same when the power ratio is between 0.6 and 0.8
with a greater total power. When the power increase, the OPA method can really bring about BER
performance improvement when the relay is close to the destination.
0.5
0.45
BER
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Ps/PT
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
0.5
0.45
BER
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Ps/PT
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
6. CONCLUSION
We have presented in this paper a power allocation method and comparison of BER between
EGC and MRC. By introducing cooperation protocol among nodes, both energy pro and location
advantage can be explored such that the device lifetime is improved and diversity is achieved.
First, decode-and-forward cooperation protocol is employed among nodes. We discuss at which
position the node should cooperate and how much power should be allocated for cooperation. An
optimization issue is formulated with an aim to maximize the SNR device lifetime under a total
power constraint.
The cooperation scheme is proposed as follow: an optimum power should be given to the source
according to the relay position; the relay regenerates the received signal by equalization and harddecision-decoding and forwards it to the receiver which will do the same process to decode the
information. The power given to the relay will also be optimized in order to get a reliable
communication link.
It can be observed that the performance differs according to the total power available, and
according to the combining technique used. The power allocation method is resumed into two
methods; the OPA method and the EPA method. According to the position of the relay each one
performs better than the other, better transmission link, long communication time may be
expectable if the optimum method is chosen and may also be helpful for the resource
management.
Future work may include solving the optimization in particular scenarios, development of a
selective strategy to circumvent limitations due to link source-relay, extension to multi-hop
transmission, in particular assessing how diversity can improve performances.
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International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) Vol 3, No.4, November 2015
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