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Lecture 7
MEC 4867
Dr. Meftah Hrairi
Outline
Introduction
Principles
Materials
Project discussion
Dr. M. Hrairi
Introduction
Dr. M. Hrairi
most commonly used surface NDT method today because it can be applied
to virtually any magnetic or nonmagnetic material (complementary to MT).
provides industry with a wide range of sensitivities and techniques that
make it especially adaptable to a broad range of sizes and shapes.
useful for examinations that are conducted in remote field locations, since it
is extremely portable.
appropriate in a production type environment where many smaller parts can
be processed in a relatively short period of time.
builds on the principle of Visual Inspection.
increases the seeability of small discontinuities that the human eye might
not be able to detect alone.
Dr. M. Hrairi
Basic Process of PT
1) Clean & Dry Component
2) Apply Penetrant
4) Apply Developer
3) Remove Excess
5) Visual Inspection
Some examples:
Plants and trees draw water up
from the ground to their branches
and leaves to supply their
nourishment.
The human body has miles of
capillaries that carry life sustaining
blood to our entire body.
Dr. M. Hrairi
Dr. M. Hrairi
PT is generally found to be more sensitive than Xradiography or ultrasonics for fine surface cracks.
Dr. M. Hrairi
Porous ceramics
Dr. M. Hrairi
Defect indications
become less
distinguishable as
the background
noise level
increases.
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Penetrant
Type
I - Fluorescent
II - Visible
Remover
Removal Method
A Water Washable
B Post-emulsifiable, Lipophilic
C Solvent Removable
D Post-emulsifiable, Hydrophilic
Developer
Form
Dry Powder
Wet, Water Soluble
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Penetrant Material
Dr. M. Hrairi
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Penetrant Materials
Dr. M. Hrairi
Fluorescent
visible dye
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The capillary force F driving the penetrant into the crack is a function of
the surface tension of the liquid-gas interface, the contact angle, and the
size of the defect opening:
F = 2 r LV cos
r = radius of the crack opening (2 r is the line of contact between the
liquid and the solid tubular surface.)
LV = liquid-gas surface tension
= contact angle
LV
Vapor
h = 2 LV cos / r g
Dr. M. Hrairi
SV
SL
Solid
2r
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Sensitivity Levels
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Visible vs Fluorescent PT
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Dr. M. Hrairi
by water only
by emulsifier which is oil soluble (lipophilic), followed by water.
by a liquid solvent
by water, followed by a penetrant removal solution (detergent) which is
water soluble (hydrophilic), followed by water.
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Developers
Dr. M. Hrairi
Dry Powder is a mix of light fluffy powder that clumps together where penetrant
bleeds back to the surface to produces very defined indications.
Wet, Water Suspendable is a powder that is suspended in a water that covers the
surface with a relatively uniform layer of developer when the water is evaporated.
The solution is somewhat difficult to maintain as the powder settles out over time.
Wet, Water Soluble is a crystalline powder that forms a clear solution when
mixed with water. The solution recrystallizes on the surface when the water
is driven off. Indications sometimes lack definition and look milky. Not
recommended for use with water-washable penetrants.
Wet, Non-Aqueous - is supplied in a spray can and is the most sensitive
developer for inspecting small areas. It is too costly and difficult to apply to
large areas.
MEC4867 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Structures
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Dr. M. Hrairi
water-washable
post-emulsifiable (i.e. the excess penetrant is emulsified for removal)
solvent-removable
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Water-removal processes are more suitable for routine highvolume production inspection.
Dr. M. Hrairi
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2.
3.
Portable kits are used for carrying out inspection of small areas, for use
on site; these often contain the materials to be used in aerosol form.
Fixed installations are used for testing components on a continuous basis,
with a series of processing stations in sequential order to form a flow line.
Increasingly, these are being automated to provide automatic component
handling and timing.
Self-contained processing booths are used for testing large components
which cannot be moved during testing.
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Project Discussion
Dr. M. Hrairi
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Next Topics
Liquid penetrant
Further Readings
Handouts:
Liquid penetrant
verily, god will never change the condition of a people until
they change what is in themselves
al quran 13:11