Microcontrollers

PIC16 C Hardware Timers

PIC16 C Hardware Timers

The microcontroller PIC16F877 has 3 different timers:

Microcontrollers

PIC Timer0
PIC Timer1
PIC Timer2

Microcontrollers

PIC Timer0
The Timer0 module timer/counter has the following
features:
8-bit timer/counter
Readable and writable
8-bit software programmable prescaler
Internal (FOSC/4) or external clock select
Interrupt on overflow from FFh to 00h
Edge select (rising or falling) for external clock

Microcontrollers

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE TIMER0/WDT PRESCALER

T0SE: TMR0 Source Edge Select bit

1 = Increment on high-to-low transition on T0CKI pin
0 = Increment on low-to-high transition on T0CKI pin
T0CS: TMR0 Clock Source Select bit
1 = Transition on T0CKI pin
0 = Internal instruction cycle clock (CLKO)
PSA: Prescaler Assignment bit
1 = Prescaler is assigned to the WDT
0 = Prescaler is assigned to the Timer0 module

Calculating Count, Fout, and TMR0 values

Microcontrollers

If using INTERNAL clock, the division is performed as

follow:

Fout
The output frequency after the division.
Tout
The Cycle Time after the division.
4
The division of the original clock by 4
Count
A numeric value to be placed to obtain the desired output frequency - Fout.
(256 - TMR0) The number of times in the timer will count based on the register TMR0.

An example of INTERNAL clock

Microcontrollers

Suppose we want to create a delay of 0.5 second in the

our program using Timer0. What is the value of Count?
Calculation:
First, lets assume that the frequency division by the
Prescaler will be 1:256 and fclk=4MHz. Second, lets set
TMR0=0. Thus:

An example of EXTERNAL clock source

Microcontrollers

What is the output frequency - Fout, when the external

oscillator is 100kHz and Count=8?
Calculation:
First, lets assume that the frequency division by the
Prescaler will be 1:256. Second, lets set TMR0=0. Thus:

Microcontrollers

Test circuit

Microcontrollers

RTCC (timer0) and interrupts

#include<16f877a.h>
#fuses HS,NOLVP,NOWDT,PUT
#use delay(clock=20000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7)
#define high start 76
unsigned int8 seconds, high count;
#INT_RTCC
//Interrupt procedure
clock_isr() {
//called every time RTCC
high_count -= 1;
//flips from 255 to 0
if(high_count==0) {
++seconds;
high_count=high_start;
//Inc SECONDS counter every
}
//76 times to keep time
}
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Microcontrollers

RTCC (timer0) and interrupts

void main() {
//a simple stopwatch program
unsigned int8 start, time;
high_count = high_start;
setup_timer_0( RTCC_INTERNAL | RTCC_DIV_256 );
set_timer0(0);
enable_interrupts(INT_RTCC);
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL);
do {
printf("Press any key to begin.\n\r");
getc();
start = seconds;
printf("Press any key to stop.\r\n");
getc();
time = seconds start;
printf("%U seconds.\n\r", time);
} while (TRUE);
}
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11

Microcontrollers

Timer0-Counter

Microcontrollers

#include<16f877a.h>
#use delay(clock=4000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7)
void main() {
unsigned int8 count;;
setup_counters (RTCC_EXT_L_TO_H,RTCC_DIV_1);
set_timer0(0);
do {
if (count !=get_timer0()){
count=get_timer0();
printf("%U times.\n\r", count);
}
} while (TRUE);
}

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13

Microcontrollers

TIMER1 MODULE

Microcontrollers

The Timer1 module, timer/counter, has the following

features:
16-bit timer/counter consisting of two 8-bit registers
(TMR1H and TMR1L)
Readable and writable
Interrupt on overflow from FFFFh to 0000h
Timer1 can operate in one of two modes:
As a Timer
As a Counter
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Microcontrollers

TIMER1 BLOCK
DIAGRAM

TMR1CS: Timer1 Clock Source Select bit

1 = External clock from pin RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI (on the rising edge)
0 = Internal clock (FOSC/4)

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Microcontrollers

Timer1 and interrupts

#include<16f877a.h>
#fuses HS,NOLVP,NOWDT,PUT
#use delay(clock=20000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7)
#define high_start 10
unsigned int8 seconds, high_count;
#INT_TIMER1
//Interrupt procedure
clock_isr() {
//called every time Timer1
high_count -= 1;
//flips from 255 to 0
if(high_count==0) {
++seconds;
high_count=high_start;
//Inc SECONDS counter every
}
//10 times to keep time
}
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Microcontrollers

Timer1 and interrupts

void main() {
//a simple stopwatch program
unsigned int8 start, time;
high_count = high_start;
setup_timer_1( T1_INTERNAL | T1_DIV_BY_8 );
set_timer1(3036);
enable_interrupts(INT_TIMER1);
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL);
do {
printf("Press any key to begin.\n\r");
getc();
start = seconds;
printf("Press any key to stop.\r\n");
getc();
time = seconds - start;
printf("%U seconds.\n\r", time);
} while (TRUE);
}
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18

Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers

Timer1-Counter
#include<16f877a.h>
#use delay(clock=4000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7)
void main() {
unsigned int16 count;
set_timer1(3600);
setup_timer_1(t1_external | T1_DIV_BY_1);
delay_ms(500);
count=get_timer1();
do {
if (count !=get_timer1()){
count=get_timer1();
printf("%LU times.\n\r", count);
}
} while (TRUE);
}
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Microcontrollers

Timer1-Counter

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Timer2

Microcontrollers

The Timer2 module, timer/counter, has the following

features:

Two 8-bit registers (TMR2 and PR2)

Readable and writable
A prescaler and a postscaler
Connected only to an internal clock
Interrupt on overflow

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Microcontrollers

TIMER2 BLOCK
DIAGRAM

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Microcontrollers

TIMER2 BLOCK
DIAGRAM
Timer2 has 2 count registers 8-bits: TMR2 and PR2.
PR2 is a readable and writable register and initialized to
FFh upon Reset.
Register TMR2 is used to store the "initial" count value
(the value from which it begins to count). Register PR2 is
used to store the "ending" count value (the maximum
value we need/want to reach). ie: using Timer2 we can
determine the started count value, the final count value,
and the count will be between these two values. The
Timer2 increments from 00h until it matches PR2 and
then resets to 00h on the next increment cycle.
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Microcontrollers

TIMER2 BLOCK
DIAGRAM
Prescaler and Postscaler - Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a
prescaler and a postscaler. Each allows to make
additional division of the frequency clock source.
Prescaler divides the frequency clock source BEFORE
the counting take place at the register TMR2, thus the
counting inside the TMR2 register is performed based on
the divided frequency clock source by the Prescaler
The match output of TMR2 goes through a 4-bit
postscaler (which gives a 1:1 to 1:16 scaling inclusive) to
generate a TMR2 interrupt (latched in flag bit, TMR2IF
(PIR1<1>)).
Postscaler divides the frequency that comes out of the
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Comparator again for the last time.

Microcontrollers

Calculate the required

values of the TIMER2:
Fout The output frequency after the division.
Tout The Cycle Time after the division.
4 - The division of the original clock (4 MHz) by 4, when using
internal crystal as clock (and not external oscillator).
Count - A numeric value to be placed to obtain the desired output
frequency - fout.
(PR2 TMR2) - The number of times the counter will count.

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Microcontrollers

Example and calculation

of how to use TIMER2
Suppose we want to create a delay of 1 second in the our program
using Timer2. What is the value of Count?
Calculation:
First, let's assume that the frequency division by the Prescaler will
be 1:1 and Postscaler will be 1:16. Second, let's set TMR1=0 and
PR2=255. Thus:

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Timer2 and interrupts

#include<16f877a.h>
#fuses HS,NOLVP,NOWDT,PUT
#use delay(clock=20000000)
#use rs232(baud=9600,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7)

Microcontrollers

#define high_start 125

unsigned int8 seconds, high_count;
#INT_TIMER2
clock_isr() {
high_count -= 1;

//Interrupt procedure
//called every time Timer2
//flips from 156 to 0

if(high_count==0) {
++seconds;
high_count=high_start;
//Inc SECONDS counter every
}
//125 times to keep time
}
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Timer2 and interrupts

Microcontrollers

void main() {
//a simple stopwatch program
unsigned int8 start, time;
high_count = high_start;
setup_timer_2(T2_DIV_BY_16,0x9c,16); //PR2=0x9C=156, Postscaler=16
set_timer2(0);
enable_interrupts(INT_TIMER2);
enable_interrupts(GLOBAL);
do {
printf("Press any key to begin.\n\r");
printf("Press any key to stop.\r\n");
printf("%U seconds.\n\r", time);
} while (TRUE);
}

getc();
getc();

start = seconds;
time = seconds - start;

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Microcontrollers