As silver oxidizes it will tarnish.

This layer of oxidation can be removed witho

ut polishing and scrubbing by simply dipping your silver in this non-toxic elect
rochemical dip. Another big advantage to using a dip is that the liquid can reac
h places a polishing cloth cannot.
Difficulty: Easy
Time Required: Minutes
Here's How:
Line the bottom of the sink or a glass baking dish with a sheet of aluminum
foil.
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Fill the foil-lined container with steaming hot water.
Add salt (sodium chloride) and baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to the water
. Some recipes call for 2 tsp baking soda and 1 tsp salt, whereas others call fo
r 2 tablespoons each of baking soda and salt. Personally, I wouldn't measure the
amounts... just add a bit of each substance.
Drop the silver items into the container so that they are touching each othe
r and resting on the foil. You will be able to watch the tarnish disappear.
Leave heavily tarnished items in the solution for as long as 5 minutes. Othe
rwise, remove the silver when it appears clean.
Rinse the silver with water and gently buff it dry with a soft towel.
Ideally, you should store your silver in a low-humidity environment. You can
place a container of activated charcoal or a piece of chalk in the storage area
to minimize future tarnish.
Tips:
Use care when polishing or dipping silver plated items. It is easy to wear a
way the thin layer of silver and cause more harm than good through overcleaning.
Minimize exposing your silver to substances which contain sulfur (e.g., mayo
nnaise, eggs, mustard, onions, latex, wool) as the sulfur will cause corrosion.
Using your silver flatware/holloware or wearing silver jewelry helps to keep
it free from tarnish.
What You Need:
Sink or glass pan
Hot water
Baking soda
Salt
Aluminum foil
Tarnished silver
This is an easy chemistry project that uses common materials. You take a post-19
82 penny, score the copper surface to expose the zinc interior, react the zinc w
ith acid, and are left with a hollow copper penny.
What You Need:
post-1982 US pennies (metal composition changed in this year)
muriatic acid (from a hardware store)

a disposable plastic container or glass jar

baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)
water
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Acid
Time Required: 6 hours
Here's How:
You need to expose the interior of the pennies. You can score the edge of th
e pennies with a file or snip them with wire cutters, but I think the easiest wa
y to expose the zinc is to rub the edge of each penny along a brick or concrete
block. You could use sandpaper, if it's available. Use whatever is handy to expo
se some of the zinc (don't go all the way around the coin). If you can see silve
r metal under the copper of the penny, you're ready to proceed to the next step.
It's best to do this step outdoors or under a fume hood, wearing gloves and
protective eyewear. Read the safety precautions on the muriatic acid container.
Basically, this is hydrochloric acid. Treat it with respect. Place the pennies i
n your container. Pour a little muriatic acid over the pennies so that they are
covered. Bubbles will start to form immediately. Set the container somewhere whe
re it will be safe from spills, children, and pets. Let the reaction proceed for
about 6 hours.
Carefully pour off the muriatic acid. You can wash it down a drain, providin
g you use a lot of water.
Fill the container with water. Add a little baking soda to neutralize the re
sidual acid.
Examine your penny. The hollow penny will be a fragile copper foil.
Non-newtonian fluids
Have you ever turned a liquid into a solid just by tapping on it? In this experi
ment you make just such a liquid.
For this experiment you will need:
corn starch (about cup, or 60 cm3)
water (about cup, or 60 cm3)
a bowl for mixing
newspaper
Place a sheet of newspaper flat on a table. Put the mixing bowl in the middle of
the newspaper. Add cup of dry cornstarch to the bowl. Add about 1/8 cup (2 tabl
espoons, or 30 cm3) of water to the corn starch and stir slowly. Add water slowl

y to the mixture, with stirring, until all of the powder is wet.

Continue to add water until the cornstarch acts like a liquid when you stir it s
lowly. When you tap on the liquid with your finger, it shouldn't splash, but rat
her will become hard. If your mixture is too liquid, add more cornstarch. Your g
oal is to create a mixture that feels like a stiff liquid when you stir it slowl
y, but feels like a solid when you tap on it with your finger or a spoon.
Scoop the cornstarch mixture into the palm of your hand, then slowly work it int
o a ball. As long as you keep pressure on it by rubbing it between your hands, i
t stays solid. Stop rubbing, and it melts into a puddle in your palm. Can you thin
k of other tests you can do with it?
Why does the cornstarch mixture behave like this?
Think of a busy sidewalk. The easiest way to get through a crowd of people is to
move slowly and find a path between people. If you just took a running start an
d headed straight for the crowd of people, you would quickly slam into someone a
nd you wouldn't get very far. This is similar to what happens in the cornstarch
mixture. The solid cornstarch acts like a crowd of people. Pressing your finger
slowly into the mixture allows the cornstarch to move out of the way, but tappin
g the mixture quickly doesn't allow the solid cornstarch particles to slide past
each other and out of the way of your finger.
We use the term viscosity to describe the resistance of a liquid to flow. Water, w
hich has a low viscosity, flows easily. Honey, at room temperature, has a higher
viscosity and flows more slowly than water. But if you warm honey up, its visco
sity drops, and it flows more easily. Most fluids behave like water and honey, i
n that their viscosity depends only on temperature. We call such fluids Newtonian
, since their behavior was first described by Isaac Newton (when he wasn t discover
ing the laws of gravity or developing the calculus). The cornstarch mixture you
made is called non-Newtonian since its viscosity also depends on the force applied
to the liquid or how fast an object is moving through the liquid.
Other examples of non-Newtonian fluids include ketchup, silly putty, and quicksa
nd. Quicksand is like the cornstarch mixture: if you struggle to escape quicksan
d, you apply pressure to it and it becomes hard, making it more difficult to esc
ape. The recommended way to escape quicksand is to slowly move toward solid grou
nd; you might also lie down on it, thus distributing your weight over a wider ar
ea and reducing the pressure. Ketchup is the opposite: its viscosity decreases u
nder pressure. That s why shaking a bottle of ketchup makes it easier to pour.
Disposal: First dilute the cornstarch mixture with plenty of water before pourin
g it down the drain. Why? What do think would happen to the semi-solid, semi-liq
uid form that you prepared if pressure were applied to it by other water in the
drain? Yes a plugged drain.