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ISRO has come up with the concept of dedicated GRAMSAT satellites, keeping in mind the
urgent need to eradicate illiteracy in the rural belt which is necessary for the all round
development of the nation.
This Gramsat satellite is carrying six to eight high powered C-band transponders, which together
with video compression techniques can disseminate regional and cultural specific audio-visual
programmes of relevance in each of the regional languages through rebroadcast mode on an
ordinary TV set.
The high power in C-band has enabled even remote area viewers outside the reach of the TV
transmitters to receive programmers of their choice in a direct reception mode with a simple .dish
antenna.
The salient features of GRAMSAT projects are:
i. Its communications networks are at the state level connecting the state capital to districts,
blocks and enabling a reach to villages.
ii. It is also providing computer connectivity data broadcasting, TV-broadcasting facilities having
applications like e- governance, development information, teleconferencing, helping disaster
management.
iii. Providing rural-education broadcasting. However, the Gramsat projects have an appropriate
combination of following activities.
(i) Interactive training at district and block levels employing suitable configuration
(ii) Broadcasting services for rural development
(iii) Computer interconnectivity and data exchange services
(iv) Tele-health and tele-medicine services.
DIRECT TO HOME
INMARSAT SYSTEM
Satellite communications
The INMARSAT system, which employs geostationary satellites and operates in
the 1.5 and 1.6 GHz band (L-band) provides ships fitted with ship earth stations
with a means of distress alerting and capability for two-way communications
using direct-printing telegraphy and radiotelephone. L-band satellite EPIRBs are
also used for distress alerting. The INMARSAT SafetyNET system is used as a
main means to provide MSI to areas not covered by the NAVTEX system.
3.1.2 A polar-orbiting satellite system, operating in the 406 MHz band using
satellite EPIRBs (COSPAS-SARSAT system), provides one of the main means of
distress alerting and determining the identity and position of the ship in distress
or its survivors in the GMDSS.
Terrestrial communications
With terrestrial communications, DSC forms the basis of distress alerting and safety
communications. Distress and safety communications following a DSC call can be
performed by radiotelephony or direct-printing telegraphy or both.
Long-range service
Use of HF provides a long-range service in both the ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship
directions. In areas covered by INMARSAT it can be used as an alternative to satellite
communications and outside these areas it provides the only long-range communication
capability. Frequencies have been designated in the 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 MHz bands for this
service.
Medium-range service
MF radiocommunications provide the medium-range service. In the ship-to-shore, ship-toship and shore-to-ship directions 2187.5 kHz will be used for distress alerts and safety calls
using DSC, and 2182 kHz will be used for distress and safety traffic by radiotelephony,
including SAR co-ordinating and on-scene communications. 2174.5 kHz will be used for
distress and safety traffic by direct-printing telegraphy.
Short-range service
VHF provides short-range service on the frequencies:
156.525 MHz (channel 70) for distress alerts and safety traffic calls using DSC, and
156.8 MHz (channel 16) for distress and safety traffic by radiotelephony, including SAR coordinating and on-scene communications. There is no short-range direct-printing telegraphy
service on VHF.
Frequencies used in the GMDSS
Frequencies used in the GMDSS communications system allocated by ITU WARC-Mob-87
are given in annex 9.3 (RR Art. N38).
INMARSAT system
Introduction
INMARSAT grew put of an idea that originated within IMO in 1966. Following
Space segment
Four satellites in geostationary orbit 36,000 km above the equator cover four ocean regions,
namely AOR-E (Atlantic Ocean Region-East), AOR-W (Atlantic Ocean Region-West), IOR
(Indian Ocean Region) and POR (Pacific Ocean Region), and provide near-global coverage.
The current status of the INMARSAT system and coverage is given in annex 4 of the
GMDSS Master Plan (see annex 5 of this publication).
Coast earth stations
The CESs provide the link between the satellites and terrestrial telecommunications
networks. Currently, all CESs are owned and operated by telecommunications carriers. A
typical CES consists of a parabolic antenna about 11 m to 14 m in diameter, which is used
for transmission of signals to the satellite at 6 GHz and for reception from the satellite at 4
GHz. The same antenna or another dedicated antenna is used for L-band transmission (at 1.6
GHz) and reception (at 1.5 GHz) of network control signals. The type of communication
service provided varies depending on the CES. A CES designated for each ocean area for
each communication service (i.e. telephone, direct-printing telegraph, etc.) services as a
network co-ordination station (NCS) which assigns communication channels, on demand, to
SESs and other CESs and monitors signals transmitted by these stations.
Ship earth stations
The requirements for the SESs in the GMDSS can be met by INMARSAT SESs capable of
two-way communications, such as INMARSAT-A, INMARSAT-B and INMARSAT-C SESs.
Performance standards for SES equipment are given in annex 3-4.
INMARSAT-A SES
INMARSAT-B SES
The INMARSAT-B SES is a digital complement of INMARSAT-A SES developed to
replace INMARSAT-A SES equipment in the future. It provides the same communications
services as an INMATSAT-A SES.
INMARSAT-C SES
INMARSAT-C SESs are small, lightweight terminals designed for two-way
message communication. INMARSAT-C SESs cannot be used for radiotelephone
communications; they operate at 600 bit/s and provide access to the
international telex/teletex networks, electronic mail services and computer
databases. This low-powered terminal with its omnidirectional antenna and light
weight is a practical solution for reach of all mariners. It will enlarge the user
community by providing equal access to existing and emerging satellite services
to all seafarers.
Additionally, an INMARSAT-C SES can serve as back-up for an INMARSAT-A SES
on large ships and also fulfill a potentially vital role as a fixed or portable
transmitter/receiver for use on board ship or in survival craft. The
omnidirectional antenna characteristics are particularly valuable for a vessel in
distress as the SES continues to operate even when the vessel is listing severely.
As with the INMARSAT-A SES, a distress message generator can be included in
the terminal software for storage of basic essential vessel information and
automatic transmission in a distress situation.
COSPAS-SARSAT system
The COSPAS-SARSAT system is a satellite-aided SAR system designed to locate
distress beacons transmitting on the frequencies 121.5 MHz or 406 MHz. It is
intended to serve all organizations in the world with responsibility for SAR
operations whether a distress occur at sea, in the air or on land.
COSPAS-SARSAT is a joint international satellite-aided SAR system, established
by organizations in Canada, France, the United States and the former USSR.
The COSPAS-SARSAT system has demonstrated that the detection and location
of distress signals can be facilitated by global monitoring based on low-altitude
satellites in near-polar orbits. It has been used successfully in a large number of
SAR operations world-wide.
Unless, as an alternative, a ship is provided with an L-band satellite EPIRB, the
carriage of float-free satellite EPIRB operating on the frequency 406 MHz in the
COSPAS-SARSAT system is mandatory on all SOLAS ships (regulation IV/7.1.6.1).
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) is a digital radio technology for broadcasting radio stations,
used in several countries across Europe and Asia Pacific.
DAB Digital Radio, which is also known as digital audio broadcasting, is an entirely new system
for broadcasting and receiving radio stations. As the name indicates signals are broadcast in a
digital format to enable CD quality to be achieved. People who have heard DAB digital radio
have commented on the significantly better sound quality and "presence" of the new radio
system. Also it does not suffer from the multipath effects often experienced on FM transmissions
and as the system uses what it known as a single frequency network (SFN) there is no retuning
required when moving from one coverage area to the next.
In addition to this many new services can be carried on these digital radio transmissions enabling
the new system to be compatible with the 21st century. The digital radio signal carries data
alongside the audio, and this enables text and images to be transmitted alongside the audio to
enhance the listening experience. In this way it is possible to transmit the title of a track, and a
picture of the artist whilst the some music is being transmitted. It is also possible to have news
scrolling across the bottom of the screen used on the radio.
DAB digital radio is now well established in many countries around the world from the UK and
Europe to Canada, Australia and many other countries. Wit the facilities that digital radio offers it
is now being accepted and listeners are switching to these new digital radio transmissions in the
areas where they are available.
heard. Additionally if a strong sound is present on one frequency then weaker sounds close to it
may not be heard because the threshold of hearing is modified. By analysing the incoming audio
and only encoding those constituents that the ear will hear the significant reductions can be
made. Further reductions in data rate can be achieved by reducing the audio bandwidth. This is
implemented on some channels such as those used only for speech.
The other key to the operation of digital radio is the modulation system. Called Coded
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (COFDM) it is a form of spread spectrum modulation
that provides the robustness required to prevent reflections and other forms of interference from
disrupting reception.
The system uses about 1500 individual carriers that fill around 1.5 MHz of spectrum. The
carriers are spaced very close to one another. Interference between the carriers is prevented by
making the individual signals orthogonal to each other. This is done by spacing each one by a
frequency equal to the data rate being carried. In this way the nulls in the modulation sidebands
fall at the position where the next carrier is located. The audio data is then spread across the
carriers so that each carrier takes only a small proportion of the data rate. This has the advantage
that if interference is encountered in one area then sufficient data is received to reconstitute the
required signal. Guard bands are also introduced at the beginning of each symbol, and the
combined effect is such that the system is immune to delays consistent with signals 60 km
further away than the primary source.
With this level of immunity, the system can operate with other digital radio transmitters
operating on the same frequency without any ill effects. This means that it is possible to set up a
system where all the transmitters for a network operate on the same frequency. This means that it
is possible to set up single frequency networks throughout an area in which a common
"multiplex" is used. Even though it may appear that this is a recipe for poorer reception caused
by several transmitters using the same frequency, the opposite is actually true. It is found that out
of area signals tend to augment the required signal. It also means that small areas of poor
coverage can have a small transmitter on exactly the same frequency filling in the hole and
further improving reception in adjacent areas.
A further advantage of this digital radio system is that it requires less power than the more
traditional transmitters. For example those that carry the main BBC FM networks from the main
transmitting sites like Wrotham in the South East of England run at powers of around 100 kW for
each of the four main services that are transmitted. The cost of the electricity alone is a
significant factor in the BBC's running costs and the power reductions will bring huge savings,
not to mention the environmental benefits.
IBOC DAB
RF/transmission subsystem
Coding and interleaving
Mapping
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) modulation
Up-conversion to the AM or FM band
Transport and service multiplex
Takes the audio and data information
Generate stream of packets
OFDM
Similar to FDM but OFDM uses the spectrum much more efficiently
Multicarrier technique
Divides the spectrum into many carriers
Sub carrier are orthogonal to each other
bandwidth of each channel is typically 10kHz-30kHz (for voice
communications)
Multipath tolerance (by guard interval)
and receiver
phase noise of the transmitter
Frequency offset errors between the
transmitter and receiver
This problem can be overcome by
synchronizing the clocks or by reducing
the number of carriers used.
increased presence. He assumed it must be DAB, and this was confirmed when he asked. Others
have noticed the seamless performance when in a car. None of the intermittent hissing when
travelling through a marginal area between the two transmitters.
Accordingly DAB digital radio is now the broadcasting medium for the 21st Century.