STRESS ANALYSIS OF PIPING SYSTEMS

STRESS ANALYSIS OF PIPING SYSTEMS

B.139

TABLE B4.4c SIFs for Class 3000 Half-Couplings (Branch Pipe Schedule 80) (Run Pipe Size:
NPS 1 to 8 (DN 40 to 200))

1 in = 25.4 mm

2. Stresses due to occasional loads. The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to
pressure, weight, and other sustained loads and of the stresses produced by
occasional loads such as earthquake or wind shall not exceed 1.33Sh. Earthquake
and wind loads need not be considered as acting simultaneously.
3. Stress range due to expansion loads. The displacement stress range SE shall not
exceed SA:

(B4.28)
where SE =
Sb = resultant bending stress, psi
= [(iiMi )2 +(ioMo)2]1/2/Z
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STRESS ANALYSIS OF PIPING SYSTEMS

GENERIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

B.140

TABLE B4.4d SIFs for Class 3000 Half-Couplings (Branch Pipe Schedule 80) (Run Pipe Size:
NPS 10 to 24 (DN 250 to 600))

1 in = 25.4 mm

Mi = in-plane bending moment, in lb

Mo = out-of-plane bending moment, in lb
ii = in-plane stress intensification factor obtained from Fig. B4.5a (see also
figure note 10)
io = out-of-plane stress intensification factor obtained from Fig. B4.5a (see
also figure note 10)
St = torsional stress, psi
= Mt/(2Z)
Mt = torsional moment, in lb

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STRESS ANALYSIS OF PIPING SYSTEMS

STRESS ANALYSIS OF PIPING SYSTEMS

B.141

TABLE B4.4e SIFs for Class 6000 Half-Couplings (Branch Pipe Schedule 160) (Run Pipe Size:
1 to 8 in (DN 40 to 200))

1 in = 25.4 mm

SA =
=
=
Sc =
f=

allowable displacement stress range

f(1.25Sc + 0.25Sh)
f[1.25(Sc + Sh) - SL] when Sh > SL
basic allowable stress at minimum metal temperature, psi
stress range reduction factor per Table B4.2

ASME B31.4 Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum

Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols Piping Code.10 The scope of ASME B31.4,
Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous
Ammonia, and Alcohols, governs piping transporting liquids such as crude oil,

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STRESS ANALYSIS OF PIPING SYSTEMS

B.142

GENERIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

TABLE B4.4f SIFs for Class 6000 Half-Couplings (Branch Pipe Schedule 160) (Run Pipe Size:
10 to 24 in (DN 250 to 600))

1 in = 25.4 mm

condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, liquid
alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia, and liquid petroleum products between producers
lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia
plants, terminals, and delivery and receiving points. Excluded from B31.4 are auxiliary
piping such as water, air, steam, lubricating oil, gas, and fuel; piping with an internal
gauge pressure at or below 15 psi (103.5 kPa) regardless of temperature; piping with
an internal gauge pressure above 15 psi (103.5 kPa) and a temperature below -20F
(-29C) or above 250F (121C); and piping for petroleum refinery, gas transmission
and distribution, ammonia refrigeration, and so on, that is covered by other ASME
B31 sections.

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STRESS ANALYSIS OF PIPING SYSTEMS

STRESS ANALYSIS OF PIPING SYSTEMS

B.143

The limits of calculated stresses are as follows:

1. Stresses due to sustained loads. The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure,
weight, and other sustained external loads shall not exceed 0.75SA, where SA =
0.72Sy (specified minimum yield strength).
2. Stresses due to occasional loads. The sum of the longitudinal stresses produced
by pressure, live and dead loads, and those produced by occasional loads, such as
wind or earthquake, shall not exceed 0.8Sy.
3. Stresses due to expansion loads
a. Restrained lines. The net longitudinal compressive stress due to the combined
effects of temperature rise and fluid pressure shall be computed from the equation.

(B4.29)
where SL
SH
T1
T2
E

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

longitudinal compressive stress, psi

hoop stress due to fluid pressure, psi
temperature at time of installation, F
maximum or minimum operating temperature, F
modulus of elasticity, psi
linear coefficient of thermal expansion, in/(in F)
Poissons ratio = 0.30 for steel

Then the equivalent tensile stress is calculated as

(B4.30)
where Seqiv = the equivalent tensile stress, psi. Beam bending stresses shall be
included in the longitudinal stress for those portions of the restrained line
which are supported aboveground.
b. Unrestrained lines. Stresses due to expansion for those portions of the piping
without substantial axial restraint shall be combined in accordance with the
following equation:

(B4.31)
where SE = stress due to expansion, psi
Sb = [(iiMi)2 +(ioMo2) ]1/2/Z
= equivalent bending stress, psi
St = Mt/(2Z) = torsional stress, psi
Mi = in-plane bending moment, in lb
Mo = out-of-plane bending moment, in lb
Mt = torsional moment, in lb
ii = in-plane stress intensification factor obtained from Fig. B4.5a
io = out-of-plane stress intensification factor obtained from Fig. B4.5a
Z = section modulus of pipe, in3
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping Code.11 The scope of this code covers refrigerant
and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320F (196C). Excluded
from this code are piping designed for external or internal gauge pressure not exceeding

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