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Lesson 1
Lesson 1
Foundations in Vedic Astrology (Jyotisha)
by Vaughn Paul Manley, M.A.
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The Vedas
Whether you are consciously aware of it or not, when you study Jyotish you are
part of an ancient tradition that is more than 5000 years old. This is a something
to understand and take pride in, which is why its the first thing to discuss in the
course.
At some time in Indias history, between 3500-6000 B.C., (the exact date is
subject to scholarly debate), there existed an advanced civilization, not in
technological terms, but in spiritual attainment. The sages or seers that lived at
that time brought forth, through intuitive revelation, many great religious texts
which have survived to this day. Foremost among these are the Vedas or source
books of Indias great spiritual tradition:
1) Rig Veda
2) Yajur Veda
3) Sama Veda
4) Atharva Veda
The word "Veda" means "knowledge," and the Vedas are considered to contain
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the essence of all knowledge. These were written in the form of mantras and
hymns that reveal mans connection to the divine and the structure of the
cosmos, including basic concepts of astronomy. In addition to the Vedas, many
other sacred texts of ancient India, like the Puranas, and Upanishads, form the
largest collection of religious literature in the world. Its interesting to note that
these texts were designed to be sung, or chanted, as an oral tradition and
passed down from generation to generation before they were recorded in literary
form. The chanting of ancient texts is an unbroken tradition that
still exists in India.
From the Vedic civilization came many traditional disciplines like Jyotish,
Ayurveda (healing), Vastu (architecture), dance, music, art, systems of worship
etc. each that can be traced to a lineage of great sages. This is Indias rich
cultural heritage.
Because of India's tradition of sages that goes back to before recorded history,
its culture has always valued and cultivated the spiritual development of its
people. Whenever someone decides to renounce their worldly attachments and
become a sannyasi (monk), or a sadhu (wandering holy person), then it's
generally admired. Indian people consider it an honor to feed them. Western
countries are obviously completely different. Anyone who decides to renounce
the world is denigrated as a failure and a bum. The benefit to India's culture due
to its 'system' of supporting their holy people can not be measured.
When I visited holy pilgrimage places in India, like Gangotri - the source of the
Ganges, India's holiest river, I was amazed to see so many holy men. Their eyes
and physical appearance were timeless and radiant.
Gangotri sadhu
In the tradition of Jyotish there are eighteen sages that have brought this
knowledge into manifestation through an unbroken lineage: Surya, Pitamahah,
Vyasa, Vashishtha, Atri, Parashara, Kashyapa, Narada, Garga, Marichi, Manu,
Angira, Lomasha, Paulisha, Chayavana, Yavana, Bhrigu and Saunaka. Of these,
sage Parashara stands out as the father of Vedic astrology. This is likely
because his text, Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, is the only text of the original
sages that has survived, and is now the primary authoritative text.
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Sage Parashara was the father of Veda Vyasa who compiled the Vedas and
other important texts, like the Mahabharata, and the Puranas.
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and that Westerners should practice Western astrology. This is simply not true.
Jyotish is a predictive system developed by Indias great sages for the benefit of
humanity. It is a system of astrology for all places and all times - universal and
timeless.
However, Jyotish is also obviously a part of a Hindu culture, being often referred
to as Hindu Astrology and having originated in India, a predominately Hindu
country. As such, it carries with it many common Hindu beliefs.
K.N. Rao writes, In the Hindu tradition there is such a clear linkage
between Jyotisha and religion that one cannot do without the other.
Unlike Western countries where astrologers have always faced
serious threats to their practice, in the Hindu tradition astrology is
woven into the fabric of religious practices and religious festivals.
While this is true, it must also be emphasized that Jyotish is non-sectarian. Its
definitely not necessary for a practioner to become a Hindu, or believe in the
Hindu tenets. However, it is important to have an understanding of the basic
concepts of Vedic philosophy that have informed the tradition of Jyotish since its
inception.
Sanatana Dharma
Hinduism was originally referred to as Sanatana Dharma or the eternal tradition
of Truth, which suggests that Hinduism is not a set of man-made beliefs but a
perennial wisdom inherent to life itself. It is based on the phrase in the Rig Veda,
the worlds oldest known scripture:
ekam sat vipra bahudha vadanti
"Truth is one, theologians call it by many names.
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Our natal chart is believed to be a snapshot of our karma from previous lives.
Specifically, it is not all our karma (sanchita karma) but just the portion
(prarabdha karma) that we are destined to experience in this lifetime. Jyotish can
be defined as the study of karma, which is why well be devoting the entire next
lesson to this topic.
Dharma
Dharma represents our need for purpose and meaning in our lives. We naturally
want to progress towards an ideal, and express ourselves in a way that inspires
us. This will be different for each person.
Sri Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita says, Ones own dharma, though
imperfect, is better than the dharma of another well performed.
Ch3. v 35.
Dharma is sometimes translated as responsibilities or duties. A more apt
definition, in my opinion, is doing what we were born to do. It represents our
passion, what 'turns us on' or inspires us, or what we feel strongly about. It
usually involves creative expression, philosophical, religious or spiritual ideals,
and spiritual practices. Dharma is also translated as righteousness, or ethical,
positive actions that benefit us, and others.
Artha
Artha represents our tangible, physical needs that help us fulfill our purpose. We
need food, exercise, health, money, wealth, work, resources, belongings, etc.
Artha represents our need to acquire whatever it is that provides our physical
sustenance.
Kama
Kama represents our need to experience enjoyment through the fulfillment of
desires particularly in relationships, sexuality, social interactions, sharing ideas,
and engaging in hobbies, etc. Kama is often translated as desire, or the need to
do what we want.
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Moksha
Moksha represents our need for spiritual liberation. At some point
we need to be free of the suffering that is a part of our finite human experience,
and connect with the Infinite, whatever that means to us or form it takes. This
represents transcendent religious or spiritual experiences that ultimately lead to
final liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. Regarding the four motivations
B.V. Raman said:
These four aspects of life in this world must not conflict with one
another; they must not hamper the onward march for final
emancipation. Astrology is said to help a man in his lifes journey,
enabling him to pass through the various vicissitudes of life covering
these four purusharthas, avoiding pitfalls and taking advantage of
the favorable opportunities for bettering his material, moral and
spiritual life.
Quiz #3: Which two motivations are the most tangible and materialistic?
1. Artha and Kama
2. Dharma and Artha
3. Kama and Moksha
The answer is at the end of the lesson.
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This is the ideal attitude to have as we begin this great study of Jyotish. In a
recent interview K.N. Rao said,
"The intention with which people get into and practice astrology is
very important. Further, in learning any vidya or knowledge, it is the
attitude that matters."
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Qualifications of an Astrologer
First of all, before we list the specific qualifications of an astrologer, it should be
emphasized again that it is not necessary to practice or even believe in the Hindu
religion. When K.N. Rao was asked in an interview by Hinduism Today
magazine, Does one have to be a Hindu to practice Jyotisha? he said,
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No, one just needs to be spiritual. Parashara does not say you
have to be a Hindu to do astrology. He says you have to have
technical, intellectual and moral excellence.
In K.N. Raos book, General Astrology, he lists twenty-three qualifications
compiled from both the writings of sage Parashara and sage Varahamihira, and
gives an explanation for each. This is being reproduced here along with his
explanations, with kind permission. Keep in mind that these are ideals to be
aware of and strive for. No astrologer can be expected to have all of these traits,
although it would be ideal. Thank goodness! Wed all have to quit already!
From Sage Parashara, Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, (ch. 27 v.
39-40):
1. Mathematical Ability
An astrologer must be able to cast a horoscope, its sub-divisional
charts, the dashas, ashtakavarga at the barest minimum. In these days of
computers, it is all the more necessary because computers using different
software contain different errors that need to be found out and set right.
Mathematical competence is the bedrock of the astrological edifice.
2. A Diligent Linguist
An astrologers quest is unending. The more he knows, the greater his
understanding. He has to listen to his consulters and explain to them so
language is an asset. Hard work and diligence separates a dedicated astrologer
from a hobbyist.
3. Judicial Balance
An astrologer needs to have judicial balance so that he can synthesize conflicting
indications and yet reach a sound judgment. It is to guide an astrologer in the
development of judicial balance that a guru is needed.
4. Sharp Intellect
An intellect that is probing, sharp and alive makes an astrologer vie with himself
for constant improvement.
5. Knowledgeable in Geography, Space and Time
One needs to be knowledgeable about the geography, traditions, culture and
social conditions that are prevalent in the consultors area. Without this, results
can be disastrous.
6. Conquered His Senses
An astrologer is privy to the consultors innermost thoughts. He can exploit these
thoughts to gain monetary, emotional and other advantages. Moral control and
balance are a must.
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7. Skillfully Logical
The ability to look at an event from many angles. To illuminate different facets of
an issue. To synthesize contradictions and conflicting views gives an astrologer
incisiveness and clarity.
8. Knowledgeable in Natal Astrology
Such an astrologer is the one who can predict his words bear the imprint of
truth.
From Sage Varahamihira, Brihat Samhita (ch 2. verse 8):
9. Purity
It is when there is inner purity that the reflection of planets on the heart stirs the
rarest springs of intuition.
10. Efficiency
The astrologer has technical and intellectual efficiency in approach to a superscience.
11. Gift of Gab
As astrologer should have right command over language through which he
conveys his interpretations, and as a sympathetic counselor, guides his clients
properly.
12. Brilliance
An astrologer has to interpret a very vast data and come to a sound conclusion. It
cannot be done in a lazy fashion and a perfunctory way.
13. Inner Quietude
He is like a yogi with his chitta (consciousness) having been purified. It is
necessary so that he not get disturbed when he sees some alarming planetary
combinations in a horoscope.
14. Fearless Speech
Armed with sound astrological insight into a horoscope he should have the ability
to speak fearlessly in any assembly.
15. Should Be Able to Hold His Own In Any Company
In the company of other brilliant men he should be able to hold his own, and not
be eclipsed.
16. Capacity to Interpret Signs and Omens
A psychologist observes these days as his patient walks in, sits down, and talks
and infers a good deal about him. In astrology it has been an age-old practice.
17. Freedom from Addiction
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and brings clarity. "Gu" means shadow or darkness, while "ru" means to dispel or
remove.
Jyotish is based in an oral tradition. Traditionally, the student would sit with their
guru for long hours reciting jyotish texts, discussing principles, and studying
charts. Over time the student acquires the refined discernment of their teacher.
There is no replacement for this kind of one on one tutoring with a qualified
teacher.
A Jyotish guru does not need to be a famous or legendary personage. Of course
this is ideal, but it is not always possible. Finding a suitable teacher is a function
of our karma. Personally I feel very fortunate to have met my Jyotish guru, Sri
K.N. Rao, and to be connected to his lineage of teachers. At the least your
teacher needs to be more experienced, easily accessible, and able to dispel your
confusions.
Hart DeFouw tells the story of a Taoist master who was asked,
"What is the definition of a master?" The Taoist master replied, "A
master is someone who started earlier than you."
4) Spiritual Practice
Jyotish is a spiritual science that cannot be learned only through technical
academic study, practice and question and answer sessions. At some point in
one's development the jyotishi needs to combine both intuition and intellect in
order to interpret the symbolic language of astrology correctly. Intuition is
developed through spiritual practices.
Traditionally, the jyotishi would be initiated into the worship of a personal deity or
ishta devata who would help illumine their intuition. For instance, Vedic
astrologers often worship Ganesha because he is considered the patron deity of
Jyotish. Deity worship is the devotion to a specific aspect of God and is not idol
worship, which is a common misconception.
Whether one chooses to perform puja (worship), chant mantras, meditate, pray,
recite affirmations or do any other practice, what is important is to have a rich
inner life that cultivates a state of calmness and clarity of mind from which
intuition springs. It is usually recommended to commit at least 20 minutes twice a
day to spiritual practices, preferably at sunrise and sunset.
As mentioned earlier, Jyotish literally means the "lord of light," and
is often translated as the "science of light." "Jyoti" means light, which refers to the
luminosity of the stars and planets. However, since our outer reality is a reflection
of our inner reality, the light also refers to the light of God within. The jyotishi
needs to be attuned to the inner spiritual light in order to interpret external
phenomenon clearly.
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Here's a quote that indicates that the original intention of Jyotish was for the
welfare of others:
Maharishi Parashara said: O Brahmin! Now, after making
obedience to Lord Shiva, I shall describe the Kala Chakra Dasha.
Whatever was related by Lord Shiva to Goddess Parvati is being
explained by me for the use of sages to be utilized for the welfare of
the people.
- Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra ch46, v52-53
Astrology, like counseling, is a helping profession. Jyotish is also a powerful
predictive system. A jyotishi's words can strongly influence others for better or for
worse. Therefore, he or she needs to evaluate whether what they say and how
they say it is ultimately helpful. Certainly, instilling fear in others through fatalistic
statements is not helpful. In addition, promoting expensive remedial measures
unnecessarily in order to benefit the jyotishi financially is unethical. Ultimately,
how the jyotishi handles their relationships with clients is their own karmic
responsibility.
"Always remember the four 'mahavakyas' (great axioms) of
astrology - have faith; be diligent and practice patience; humbly
learn from your mistakes, and live a life of service. Then the divine
lotus of astrology will open in you."
- K.N. Rao
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2) Astrodatabank
Great source of birth data of over 25,000 celebrities available in both Western
and Vedic astrology formats. Has a powerful research capability. Developed by
Lois Rodden.
www.astrodatabank.com
4) Vedic Bookshelf
A unique software program that performs searches of many of many classic texts
using keywords and phrases. Developed by Michiel Boender.
www.parashara.com
5) Kala
Another recommended Jyotish software program that has many unique features
like modern interpretations of the yogas. Developed by Ernst and Srishti Wilhelm.
www.vedic-astrology.net/Kala.htm
6) Goravani
Another recommended Jyotish software program that is known for its unique
research capabilities. Developed by Das Goravani.
www.goravani.com
7) Jagannatha Hora
A free Jyotish software program developed by P.V.R. Narasimha Rao. It can be
downloaded from:
www.vedicastrologer.org/jh
8) Maitreya
A free Jyotish software program developed by Dr. Martin Pettau. This is the only
free open source Jyotish software that runs on a variety of operating system
platforms including: Windows, Linux and UNIX. It can be downloaded from:
www.saravali.de/maitreya/index.html
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Exercises
1) The Four Primary Motivations:
Consider the four primary motivations dharma, artha, kama, and moksha in your
own life. If they represent 100% of your motivations then how would you divide
the percentages in each area? Draw a circle on a page in your notebook and
divide it up according to the percentages that represent your life currently. There
is no 'right' answer.
2) The 23 Qualifications of an Astrologer:
Use the attached document that lists the 23 qualifications of an astrologer. Rate
your development for each one as either weak, moderate, or strong by checking
the appropriate box.
Homework Assignments
1) Stocking Up:
Read through the Student Resource Guide and consider the books, software,
journals, or organizations that you need to help you in your study and practice of
Jyotish. Take the time to browse the vendor's websites and make any necessary
purchases.
2) Calculating Natal Charts:
The next assignment is to calculate the charts of three people: yourself, someone
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Quiz Answers
1. 4 Vedas, 6 Limbs, 3 Divisions and 5 Schools.
2. The Laghu Parashari is the main text of the Parashari system is a false
statement.
3. Artha and Kama
4. Its a subjective response. There is no right answer.
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