ECE 476 Power System Analysis Fall 2013

Homework 4

Due Date: Tuesday October 1, 2013

Problem 1. A 500-km, 500-kV, 60-Hz uncompensated three-phase line has a positive-sequence series impedance
z = 0.03 + j0.35 /km and a positive-sequence shunt admittance y = j4.4 106 S/km. Calculate:
(a) Zc
Zc =

z
=
y

0.03 + j0.35
= 79837 4.899 = 282.6 2.45 = 282.3 j12.08
j4.4 106

(b) (
d)
d =

p
p
zyd = 500 (0.03 + j0.35)(j4.4 106 ) = 500 1.546 106 175.1
= 0.621687.55 = 0.02657 + j0.6210 per unit

(c) The exact ABCD parameters for this line.

ed = e0.02657 ej0.6210 = 1.0270.6210 rad = 0.8352 + j0.5975
e d = e0.02657 ej0.6210 = 0.9738 0.6210 rad = 0.7920 j0.5666
1.0270.6210 + 0.9738 0.6210
ed + e d
=
= 0.81371.088
2
2
ed e d
1.0270.6210 0.9738 0.6210
sinh d =
=
= 0.582587.87
2
2

cosh d =

A = D = cosh d = 0.81371.088 per unit

B = Zc sinh d = (282.6 2.45 )(0.582587.87) = 164.685.42
1
0.582587.87
C = sinh d =
= 2.061 103 90.32 S
282.6 2.45
Zc
Problem 2. A 320-km 500-kV, 60-Hz three-phase uncompensated line has a positive-sequence series reactance
x = 0.34 /km and a positive-sequence shunt admittance y = 4.5 106 S/km. Neglecting losses, calculate:
(a) Its characteristic impedance Zc .
Zc =
(b) The value of d.
d =

z
=
y

j0.34
= 274.9
j4.5 106

zyd = 320 (j0.34)(j4.5 106 ) = j0.3958 per unit

(c) The exact ABCD parameters for this line.

ed = ej0.3958 = 122.68 = 0.9227 + j0.3855
e d = ej0.3958 = 1 22.68 = 0.9227 j0.3855
ed + e d
0.9227 + j0.3855 + 0.9227 j0.3855
=
= 0.9227
2
2
ed e d
0.9227 + j0.3855 0.9227 + j0.3855
sinh d =
=
= j0.3855
2
2

cosh d =

A = D = cosh d = 0.9227 per unit

B = Zc sinh d = (274.9)(j0.3855) = j105.97
j0.3855
1
= j1.402 103 S
C = sinh d =
274.9
Zc
(d) The surge impedance loading in MW.
SIL =

2
Vrated,ll
5002
= 909.4 MW, 3
=
274.9
Zc

Problem 3. The per-phase impedance of a short three-phase transmission line is 0.553.15 . The three-phase
load at the receiving end is 900 kW at 0.8 p.f. lagging. If the line-to-line sending-end voltage is 3.3 kV, determine:
(a) The receiving-end line-to-line voltage in kV.
3300
300000
cos1 0.8 = 300000 + j225000 VA, and VS = 0 = 19050 V
SL =
0.8
3
Let the receiving-end line-to-neutral voltage be VR . Then,
SL = (VR )I = (VR )
SL Z = 1.905VR VR2



VS VR
Z

(300000 + j225000)(0.553.15) = 1905VR VR2

179982 j52562.5 = 1905VR cos + j1905VR sin VR2 .

Equating the real and imaginary parts, we obtain

179982 + VR2 = 1905VR cos
52562.5 = 1905VR sin .
Taking the square of each and summing, we get
(179982 + VR2 )2 + (52562.5)2 = 19052VR2 cos2 + 19052VR2 sin2
3.239352 1010 + 359964VR2 + VR4 + 2.76282 109 = 3629025VR2
VR4 3269061VR2 + 3.515634 1010 = 0

p
32690612 4(3.515634 1010 )
=
2
2
VR = 3258271 or 10790

VR2

3269061

Therefore,
VR = 1805 V or 103.9 V.

Eliminating the negative voltages and the smaller root, we get VR = 1.805
kV. Solving for from an earlier

equation, we get = 0.8759. The line-to-line receiving-end voltage is 3(1.805) = 3.126 kV.

(b) The line current.

SL = VR I
300000 + j225000 = (1805 0.8759)I
I = 207.8 37.75 A
(c) The phasor diagram with the line current I, as reference.

VS
VR
I
Problem 4. To maintain a safe margin of stability, system designers have decided that the power angle 12 :=
1 2 , where 1 is the phase angle of the sending-end voltage and 2 is the phase angle of the receiving-end voltage,
cannot be greater that 45 . We wish to transmit 500 MW though a 300-mile line and need to pick a transmissionline voltage level. Consider 138, 345, and 765kV lines. Which voltage level(s) would be suitable? As a first
approximation, assume that the voltage magnitudes on sending and receiving ends are equal, i.e., V1 = V2 and the
lines are lossless, i.e., = j, with = 0.002 rad/mi.
The real power delivered to the receiving end for a lossless line is
P =

VR VS
sin(1 2 ).
X

Next, we determine X for a lossless line as follows:





sin l
sin(0.002 300)
X = Ll
= 260(300)L
= 106432.6L.
l
0.002 300

We are given typical values for C for the three voltage levels, so we can solve for L using = LC.
138 kV: C138 = 8.84 1012 F/m = 1.422 108 F/mi

= L138 = 1.979 103 H/mi = X138

= 210.63

765 kV: C765 = 12.78 1012 F/m = 2.056 108 F/mi

= L765 = 1.369 103 H/mi = X765

= 145.7

345 kV: C345 = 11.59 1012 F/m = 1.865 108 F/mi

Assuming VR = VS = V , we get
P =

= L345 = 1.509 103 H/mi = X345

= 160.6

V2
sin(1 2 ).
X

For the case of 138 kV line,

sin(1 2 ) =

P X138
(500 106 )(210.63)
=
= 5.53,
2
V138
1380002

which does not have a solution. For the case of 345 kV line,
sin(1 2 ) =

(500 106 )(160.6)

P X345
=
= 0.6746 = 1 2 = 42.43 < 45 ,
2
V345
3450002

which satisfies the safe margin of stability. For the case of 765 kV line,
sin(1 2 ) =

(500 106 )(145.7)

P X765
=
= 0.1245 = 1 2 = 7.15 < 45 ,
2
V765
7650002

which is well under the safe margin of stability. Therefore, both the 345 kV and 765 kV line are suitable to transmit
500 MW through the line.

Problem 5. Given a transmission line described by a total series impedance Z = zd = 20 + j80 and a total shunt
admittance Y = yd = j5 104 .
(a) Find its characteristic impedance Zc , d, ed , sinh d, and cosh d.
s

20 + j80
= 164924.225 14.036 = 406.117.02
4
j5 10
p
p

y d = (20 + j80)(j5 104 ) = 0.04123165.96 = 0.203182.98 = 0.02482 + j0.2016 per unit

d = zd
Zc =

z
=
y

zd
=
yd

ed = e0.02482 ej0.2016 = 1.0250.2016 rad = 1.0042 + j0.2052

e d = e0.02482 ej0.2016 = 0.9755 0.2016 rad = 0.9557 j0.1953

ed + e d
1.0042 + j0.2052 + 0.9557 j0.1953
=
= 0.97990.2885
2
2
ed e d
1.0042 + j0.2052 0.9557 + j0.1953
sinh d =
=
= 0.201783.10
2
2

cosh d =

(b) Suppose that the line is terminated in its characteristic impedance Zc . Find the efficiency of the transmission
line in this case, i.e., find = P21 /P12 , where P21 is the active power flowing from the receiving end to the
sending end of the line, and P12 is the active power flowing from the sending end to the receiving end of the line.
V1 = V2 cosh d + I2 Zc sinh d
V2
I1 = sinh d + I2 cosh d
Zc
If the line is terminated in Zc , then V2 = Zc I2 and the above equations become
V1 = V2 cosh d + V2 sinh d = V2 (cosh d + sinh d) = V2 ed
I1 = I2 sinh d + I2 cosh d = I2 (cosh d + sinh d) = I2 ed .
Thus,

V2 = V1 e d and I2 = I1 e d .

With = + j, the complex power from receiving end to sending end can be written as


S21 = V2 I2 = V1 e d I1 e d = V1 ed ejd I1 ed ejd = S12 e2d .
Since is real, the efficiency of the line is
=

P21
= e2d = e2(0.02482) = 0.952
P12