SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN (SABD)

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARC 3413)

PROJECT 2: INTEGRATION WITH DESIGN STUDIO 5

(BRICKFIELDS COMMUNITY LIBRARY)

FINAL REPORT AND CALCULATIONS

NAME:
STUDENT ID:
TUTOR:

NG WEI YING
0316366
MR. SANJEH

TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT

PAGE

1.0 LIGHTING
1.1 Daylighting
1.2 Artificial Lighting
1.3 PSALI

1-2
3-8
9 - 12

2.0 ACOUSTIC
2.1 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
2.2 Reverberation Time (RT)
2.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)
REFERENCE

13 - 16
17 - 20
21 - 24
25

1. LIGHTING
1.1 Daylighting
Space: Internal Courtyard

According to MS1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below

Daylight Factor (%)

Distribution

>6

Very bright with thermal and glare

problem

3-6

Bright

1-3

Average

0-1

Dark

The selected Internal Courtyard is located at first floor, placed directly underneath a
skylight on the roof. Thus, exposing the courtyard to full coverage of sunlight during
the daytime.
Daylight factor (DF) Calculation
Formula: DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100%
Floor Area (m 2 )

71.72

Area of facade exposed to sunlight (m 2 )

37.35

Area exposed to Skylight (m 2 )

71.72

Daylight Factor (%)

[(37.35 + 71.72) 71.72] x 100%

= 152.07 x 0.1
= 15.2 %

The selected internal courtyard has a daylight factor of 15.2%. Based on the
requirements of MS1525, this reading space is too bright and has even distribution of
natural daylighting as it exceeds the 6% factor. To reduce the thermal and glare
problem, double facade system is proposed for the facade design of the library. The
double skin starts from the first floor and ends at the third floor of the building, with
fixed panels and automatic adjustable louvers on its second skin, it is able to reduce
the amount of sunlight from penetrating into the space. The inner facade glazing
uses low-e laminated glass. The courtyard is also placed at the first floor of the
building, with 15m of height away from the skylight. Trees are also planted in the
courtyard to provide shading and reading spaces for the visitors.

1.2 Artificial Lighting

Space: Multipurpose Hall

The selected multipurpose hall is located at the third floor. Sufficient and even
distribution of lighting is needed to create a warm ambiance and to light up the hall
for various exhibition activities.
According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for a multipurpose
hall is 300 lux
lux.
Type of Luminaire used
Type of fixture

Circular LED Downlight

Product brand & code

The Asteriod Dimmable LED Downlight

Luminous Flux (lm)

3000

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

90

Color Temperature (K)

3200k warm white

Wattage (per head)

18 Watt

Voltage

240 V

Features

This fitting uses 3200k warm white LEDs for a smooth

warm light output and is complemented by the frosted
glass front that softens the light output.

Lumen Method Calculation

Dimension of room

Length (L) = 8m
Width (W) = 12.1m
Height of the ceiling = 4.4m

Total floor Area / A

96.8 m 2

Height of luminaire (m)

4.4

Work level (m)

0.8

Mounting Height / H (hm)

3.6

Lumen of lighting fixtures

/ F (lux)

3000

Standard illumination
required according to
MS1525

300

Reflectance Value

Ceiling: 0.7

Room Index / RI (K)

K=[

K=

LxM
]
( L + M )hm

Wall: 0.5

Floor: 0.2

8.0 x12.1
(8.0 + 12.1)(3.6)
=

96.8
72.63

= 1.34
Utilization Factor / UF

0.51

Maintenance factor / MF

0.8

Lumen Calculation
N=[

ExA
]
FxUFxMF

Spacing to height ratio

(SHR)

N=

(300)(96.8)
(3000)(0.51)(0.8)

= 24 bulbs
SHR =

1
x
3.6

98.6
24

SHR =

1
x
Hm

A
N

= 0.563
SHR =

S
= 0.563
3.6

S = 2.027
Fittings Layout

Fittings required along 8m wall

= 8 2.027 = 3.9
= 4 rows
Fittings required along 12.1m wall
= 12.1 2.027 = 5.9
= 6 rows

There are 24 light fittings to illuminate the Multipurpose hall to achieve minimum
reading of 300 lux that is required by the MS1525.

Space: ICT Room

The selected ICT Room is located at first floor. Online databases and various
computer and technological facilities are provided to the community.
According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for a computer
room is 500 lux.
Type of Luminaire used
Type of fixture

Florescent Batten Light

Product brand & code

Philips

Luminous Flux (lm)

3800

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

85

Color Temperature (K)

3000

Wattage (per head)

40 Watt

Voltage

230 V

Features

Wide beam light distribution with frosted

covering diffuser to ensures visual
comfort

Lumen Method Calculation

Dimension of room

Length (L) = 8m
Width (W) = 7.68m
Height of the ceiling = 4.4m

Total floor Area / A

61.44 m 2

Height of luminaire (m)

4.4

Work level (m)

1.2

Mounting Height / H (hm)

3.2

Lumen of lighting fixtures

/ F (lux)

3800

Standard illumination
required according to
MS1525

500

Reflectance Value

Ceiling: 0.7

Room Index / RI (K)

K=[

LxM
]
( L + M )hm

K=

Wall: 0.5

Floor: 0.2

8 x7.6
(8 + 7.6)(3.2)
60.8
49.92

= 1.22
Utilization Factor / UF

0.54

Maintenance factor / MF

0.8

Lumen Calculation
N=[

ExA
]
FxUFxMF

N=

(500)(61.44)
(3800)(0.54)(0.8)
= 18.71
= 19 bulbs

Spacing to height ratio

(SHR)

SHR =

1
x
3.2

61.44
19

= 0.562

SHR =

1
x
Hm

A
N

SHR =

S
= 0.562
3.2

S = 1.8
Fittings Layout

Fittings required along 8m wall

= 8 1.8 = 4.44
= 5 rows
Fittings required along 7.68m wall
= 7.68 1.8 = 4.27
= 4.27
= 4 rows

There are 20 light fittings in the ICT room to achieve uniform lighting and also the
required 500 lux of a computer room. Minimum of 19 lightings are calculated and the
20th light is added to create uniform lighting of the space.

1.3 PSALI - Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors

Space: Quiet Reading Area

The selected space is located at the top most floor, third floor of the library. The
space has a front facade that is exposed to daylight as well as huge skylights
covering the both sides of the space, bringing diffused daylight into the space. The
reading area required artificial lighting in the middle of the space to achieve uniform
lighting.
According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for a reading room
is 300 lux.
Type of Luminaire used
Type of fixture

Surface Mounted LED Light in Batten

Product brand & code

Philips LED 52

Luminous Flux (lm)

4250

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

80

Color Temperature (K)

4000

Wattage (per head)

47 Watt

Voltage

230 V

Features

Surface mounted with built in reflecters

Lumen Method Calculation

Dimension of room

Length (L) = 10.74m

Width (W) = 14.1m
Height of the ceiling = 4.4m

Total floor Area / A

151.43 m 2

Height of luminaire (m)

4.4

Work level (m)

1.2

Mounting Height / H (hm)

3.2

Lumen of lighting fixtures

/ F (lux)

4250

Standard illumination
required according to
MS1525

300

Reflectance Value

Ceiling: 0.7

Room Index / RI (K)

K=[

LxM
]
( L + M )hm

K=

Wall: 0.5

Floor: 0.2

(10.74)(14.1)
(10.74 + 14.1)(3.2)
151.43
79.49

= 1.91
Utilization Factor / UF

0.51

Maintenance factor / MF

0.8

Lumen Calculation

N=

(300)(151.43)
(4250)(0.51)(0.8)

10

N=[

ExA
]
FxUFxMF

Spacing to height ratio

(SHR)
SHR =

1
x
Hm

A
N

= 26.2
= 26 bulbs
SHR =

1
x
3.2

151.43
26

= 0.754
SHR =

S
= 0.754
3.2

S = 2.413
Fittings Layout

Fittings required along 10.74m wall

= 10.74 2.413
= 4.45
= 5 rows
Fittings required along 14.1m wall
= 14.1 2.413
= 5.84
= 6 rows

There are 30 light fittings at the reading space of the library. There are controlled by
5 switches, SW5, SW4 and SW1 can be turned off during the day due to sufficient

11

daylighting from the facade and the skylights above. SW2 and SW3 have to be
turned on during the day to achieve the 300 lux requirement of MS1525 and also
uniform lighting of the space.

12

2. ACOUSTIC
2.1 Sound Pressure Level, SPL
Space: Library Lobby

Peak Hour ( Jalan Tun Abdul Samad)

Highest Reading: 85 dB
Lowest Reading: 70dB
Where = sound power (intensity) (Watts)
= reference power (1 x Watts)
Highest Reading:
85 = 10 log10 ( I1 / I 0 )
Antilog 8.5 = [ I1 / (1.0 x 10 12 )]
1 x 108.5 = [ I1 / (1.0 x 10 12 )]

I1 = 3.16 x 10 4

Lowest Reading:
70 = 10 log10 ( I1 / I 0 )
Antilog 70 = [ I1 / (1.0 x 10 12 )]
1 x 10 7 = [ I1 / (1.0 x 10 12 )]

I1 = 1.0 x 10 5
13

Total intensities:
Total intensities, I
=(3.16 x 10 4 ) +(1.0 x 10 5 )
= 3.26 x 10 4

Combined SPL:
10 log10 ( I1 / I 0 )
= 10 log10 (3.26 x 10 4 / I 0 )
= 10 log10 (3.26 x 10 4 / 1.0 x 10 12 )
= 85dB
The sound pressure for lobby is 52dB. The combine SPL reading of 85dB of Jalan
Abdul Samad is too high for lobby space.
The design solution proposed to address to this issue to create buffering public
spaces facing the front of Jalan Abdul Samad, such as cafe and bookstore.
Moreover, the facade of the ground floor lobby space is flanked with thick concrete
wall without openings, except for the entrance door to block out the external noise
from entering the lobby.

14

Space: Cafe

Noise source:
Morning market reading: 80 dB
Normal conversation and dining: 60dB
Where = sound power (intensity) (Watts)
= reference power (1 x Watts)
Highest Reading:
80 = 10 log10 ( I1 / I 0 )
Antilog 8 = [ I1 / (1.0 x 10 12 )]
1 x 108 = [ I1 / (1.0 x 10 12 )]

I1 = 1.0 x 10 4

Lowest Reading:
60 = 10 log10 ( I1 / I 0 )
Antilog 60 = [ I1 / (1.0 x 10 12 )]
1 x 10 6 = [ I1 / (1.0 x 10 12 )]

I1 = 1.0 x 10 6

15

Total intensities:
Total intensities, I
=(1.0 x 10 4 ) +(1.0 x 10 6 )
= 1.1 x 10 4

Combined SPL:
10 log10 ( I1 / I 0 )
= 10 log10 (1.1 x 10 4 / I 0 )
= 10 log10 (1.1 x 10 4 / 1.0 x 10 12 )
= 80dB
The sound pressure for cafe is within 50 to 68dB. The combine SPL reading of 80dB
is too high for cafe space.
The design solution proposed to address to this issue to create an outdoor cafe
sitting area that acts as the buffering zone between the morning market and indoor
cafe. The outdoor sitting area is also planted with tree that absorb the noise coming
from the market.

16

2.2 Reverberation Time (RT)

Space: Multipurpose Hall

Total floor area ( m 2 )

97

Volume ( m3 )

485

Occupancy (pax)

80

Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz

Building
Elements

Materials

Area ( m 2 )

Absorption
Coefficient
(2000Hz)

Area x
Absorption
Coefficient

Wall

Glazing

40.00

0.02

0.8

Brick infill, plastered

161.10

0.02

3.22

Concrete Slab

97.00

0.01

0.97

Timber floor finish

97.00

0.06

5.82

Plasterboard

97.00

0.04

3.88

80.00

0.51

40.8

Floor

Ceiling
Occupants

Total Absorption, A = 55.49

17

RT
= 0.16 V/A
= 0.16 (485 / 55.49)
=1.39s

The reverberation time for Multipurpose Hall in 2000 Hz of absorption coefficient is

1.39s. According to the standard of reverberation time, the standard comfort of
general use hall is within the range the range of 1 to 1.8s. Hence, the reverberation
time of multipurpose hall is within the range of comfort reverberation time.

18

Space: Cafe

Total floor area ( m 2 )

58.18

Volume ( m3 )

290.88

Occupancy (pax)

32

Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz

Building
Elements

Materials

Area ( m 2 )

Absorption
Coefficient
(2000Hz)

Area x
Absorption
Coefficient

Wall

Glazing

76.8

0.02

1.54

Concrete wall,
plastered

78

0.01

0.78

Concrete Slab

58.18

0.01

0.58

Timber floor finish

58.18

0.06

3.49

Plasterboard

58.18

0.04

2.33

32

0.51

16.32

30

0.06

1.8

Floor

Ceiling
Occupants
Furniture
(unit)

Timber

Total Absorption, A = 26.84

19

RT
= 0.16 V/A
= 0.16 (290.88 / 26.84)
= 1.73s
The reverberation time for Cafe in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient is 1.73s.
According to the standard of reverberation time, the standard comfort of general use
hall is within the range the range of 1 to 1.3s. Hence, the reverberation time of cafe
is not within the standard range of comfort reverberation time.

The proposed solution for reducing the RT of the cafe is to apply acoustic ceiling tiles.
Material absorption coefficient at 2000Hz with acoustic ceiling tiles.
Building
Elements

Materials

Area ( m 2 )

Absorption
Coefficient
(2000Hz)

Area x
Absorption
Coefficient

Wall

Glazing

76.8

0.02

1.54

Concrete wall,
plastered

78

0.01

0.78

Concrete Slab

58.18

0.01

0.58

Timber floor finish

58.18

0.06

3.49

Acoustic tiles

29.09

0.88

25.6

Plasterboard

29.09

0.04

1.16

32

0.51

16.32

30

0.06

1.8

Floor

Ceiling

Occupants
Furniture
(unit)

Timber

Total Absorption, A = 51.27

RT
= 0.16 V/A
= 0.16 (290.88 / 51.27)
= 1s
The reverberation time for cafe in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient has reduced to 1s,
which is within the standard range of 1 to 1.3s. Hence, the reverberation time of cafe
is within the standard comfort reverberation time.

20

2.3 Sound Transmission Loss

Space: Lobby and Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad

The sound pressure level of lobby space is 52dB according to the American
National Standard Institute (ANSI).
Component
s

Material

Area ( m 2 )

Sound
Reduction
Index (SRI)

Transmissio
n
Coefficient

Area x Tcn

Wall

Concrete

115

46dB

3.98 x 10 5

4.6 x 10 3

Door

Tempered
Glass

19.5

35dB

3.16 x 10 4

6.2 x 10 3

Concrete Wall
Using SRI = 10 log10 1/T
46 = 10 log10 1/T
1/T = (10^4.6)
T = 1/ (10^4.6)
= 2.5 x 10 5
Tempered Glass
Using SRI = 10 log10 1/T
35 = 10 log10 1/T
1/T = (10^3.5)
T = 1/ (10^3.5)
= 3.16 X 10 4
21

T av = [(115 x 2.5 x 10 5 ) + (19.5 x 3.16 X 10 4 )/ 134.5]

= (0.002875 + 0.006162) / 134.5
= 6.72 x 10 5

Overall SRI = 10 log10 1/T

= 10 log10 1/ (6.72 x 10 5 )
= 42 dB

85dB - 42dB = 43dB

The overall transmission loss from Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad to the lobby is 43dB.
The calculated sound pressure level at Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad is 85dB, the
sound that is transmitted through the concrete wall into the lobby is 43dB. According
to the Noise criteria environment perception, 43dB is at the category of a normal
speech conversation noise. Furthermore, it is lower than the standard SPL of lobby
space according to MS1525 which is 52dB. Therefore, it is an ideal value for lobby
space as external noise does not penetrate into the library spaces and disrupt the
activities within the lobby.

22

Space: Kitchen and Cafe

The sound pressure level of cafe is 59dB according to the American National
Standard Institute (ANSI).
Component
s

Material

Area ( m 2 )

Sound
Reduction
Index (SRI)

Transmissio
n
Coefficient

Area x Tcn

Wall

Concrete

18.7

46dB

3.98 x 10 5

7.44 x 10 4

Door

Timber

4.5

22dB

6.31x 10 3

2.84 x 10 4

Concrete Wall
Using SRI = 10 log10 1/T
46 = 10 log10 1/T
1/T = (10^4.6)
T = 1/ (10^4.6)
= 2.5 x 10 5
Timber Door
Using SRI = 10 log10 1/T
22 = 10 log10 1/T
23

1/T = (10^2.2)
T = 1/ (10^2.2)
= 6.3 x 10 3

T av = [(18.7 x 2.5 x 10 5 ) + (4.5 x 6.3 x 10 3 )/ 23.2]

= (0.0004675 + 0.02845) / 23.2
3

= 1.24 x 10

Overall SRI = 10 log10 1/T

3

= 10 log10 1/ (1.24 x 10 )
= 29dB
80dB - 29dB = 51dB
The overall transmission loss from Kitchen to the Cafe is 51dB. The estimated sound
pressure level in the kitchen is 80dB, the sound that is transmitted through the
concrete wall into the cafe is 51dB. It is lower than the standard SPL of cafe
according to MS1525 which is 59dB. Therefore, it is an ideal value for cafe space as
the activities noise coming from the kitchen is prevented from penetrating the cafe
space and people are able to dine and carry on conservations over their meal
without unpleasant noise from disrupting their chatter.

24

Reference

Absorption coefficient building material finishes RT60 alpha coefficient acoustic

absorption floor seating wall ceiling miscellaneous materials - sengpielaudio
Sengpiel Berlin. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2015, from
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-RT60Coeff.htm

ACE Lamps Lighting - Asteroid Dimmable Warm White 3200k 18Watts LED
Downlight. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2015, from http://www.leddownlights.co.uk/shop/asteroid-dimmable-warm-white-3200k-18-watt-led-downlight/

Ir Izdihar, A. (n.d.). UBBL 2012 Amendments on EE Bylaw 38A and MS1525: 2014.
Retrieved December 6, 2015, from
http://www.eria.org/events/6.%20UBBL%202012%20Amendments%20on%20EE%2
0and%20MS1525%20-%20Ir%20Ahmad%20Izdihar.pdf

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