aSg^atJs

of

Mbh

mnotoUUst.

XII.

THE

THE

HITTITES

STORY

OF

EMPIRE.

FORGOTTEN

BY

A.
DEPUTY
AUTHOR

OF

'ASSYRIA,

'

SAYCE,

H.
PROFESSOR

FRESH

ITS

OF

LIGHT

56 Paternoster

65 St.

AND

ANCIENT

OXFORD

MONUMENTS,

PEOPLE,'

ETC.,

ETC.

Edition

RELIGIOUS
Row,

THE

PRIESTS

Second

THE

PHILOLOGY,

FROM

PRINCES,

LL.D.

TRACT
Paul's

Churchyard,

189O.

SOCIETY,
and

164 Piccadilly.

UNIVERSITY
HORACE

HART,

PRINTER

TO

THE

PREFACE

The
the

by

of

discovery
has

Hittites

history/

of

that

is

so

people

the

Assyrian

inscriptions,

to

been

have

not

only

that

Yet

unsuspected.

Uriah

which

Already
devoted
laid
in

by
1880,

Dr.

the
of

now

have

we

Race.

by putting
and

Egyptian

in

monuments

hieroglyphics,
It is marvellous
romance'

could

world

the

become,

still

was

it

as

the

and

the

by

played

part

Abraham

of

when

ment
Testa-

Chosen

of

'the

ago

history

friends

the

with

familiar

the

pages.

that

and

the

in

of

undeciphered

years

written,

nations

Hittite

ten

Old

with

strange-looking

following

the

especially

more

evidence

still

the

in

described

think

of

and

Minor,

of

ancient

than

accomplished,

been

fragmentary

of

romance

connected

fortunes

has

occupied

once

interesting

people,

the

resurrection

the

'

more

intimately

the

will be

be

forgotten

together

Asia

termed

can

with

and

story,

place

important

been

Nothing

resurrection

How

the

were,
to

race

belonged.
large

and

'

paper

my

has

Wright's

second

edition

volume

of

the

foundation

The

them.

to

been

On

the

Empire

of

appeared

magnificent

of

with
the
in

Hittites,

1886,
work

the

stately

and
of

of
in

Prof.

been

which

stone,

Monuments

crowned

has

literature

increasing

was

Hittites'
edifice

which
the
Perrot

in
the

fourth
and

PREFACE.

Chipiez, VHistoire

M.

Paris

at

sets

before

architecture

and

art.

the

is

also

required
shall

we

hitherto

made

the

system
if

But

few

much

of

we

the
about
of

the

dumb

tongue

in

theory,

some

reallycontain
right

of

method

'

but
; and

of
the

satisfactoryto

with
or

for

not

College,

writing
To

October

1888.

as

as

the
as

we

quote

labour

to

unloose

inscriptions,and

to

unlock

the

love
not

of

finding something

purpose
of

of

knowing

advancing
what

that, proceeding

investigation,we

Oxford.

has

know

we

must

shall

scholar,

A.
Queen's

yet

of

and

reach

H.

they
in the

results

confirmatory

truth/

of Divine

truth.

successes

We

for

Oriental

attempts

learned

civilisation.

view

I doubt

and

neither

and

the

the

by

work,

the

and

and

us

that

has

before

language

these

them,

hit

the

long

to

All

the

scholars

from

be

Dr. Wright

to

decipherment

art

Hittite

hieroglyphic

of

has

other

Hittite

mysteries, not

sensational

if any,
them

judge

of

secrets.

Ball, ingenious

Mr.

Hittite

words

of

which

upon

of

it cannot

the

their

their

of

may

years,

know

now

reveal

explain

adhesion

about

form

system

the

rival

peculiar

which,

to

picture

inscriptionsleft

materials

know

then

life-like

the

to

more

are

obtained

last

made

Conder's

Major

it is.

their

in

Hittites,

writing, are

before

long

be

It cannot

Profusely illustrated,the

us

VAntiqttite,published

dans

ago.

year

work

latter

VArt

de

SAYCE.

OF

TABLE

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAP.

I.

The

Hittites

of

Bible

the

I
.

II.

The

Hittites

on

Monuments

the

of

Egypt

and

Assyria

*9
....

III.

The

Monuments

Hittite

54
......

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

The

Hittite

Emigre

The

Hittite

Cities

Hittite

The

Hittite

Religion

73

Race

and

and

Art
I04

Inscriptions

Trade

97

I22

axd

Industry

I36

LIST

ILLUSTRATIONS.

OF

PAGE

Slabs

Hittite

with

Sculpture

Keller

at

Aintab

near

Frontispiece

Map

illustrating

the

extent

of

Empire

Hittite

the

10
.

Slab

found

Slabs

Merash

at

Sculptures

Hittite

with

54

found

Keller

at

near

63

Aintab

The

Pseudo-Sesostris

carved

on

the

rock

in

Pass

the

of

Karabel

Monument

of

67

Hittite

King

found

at

Carchemish
.

The

Double-headed

Eagle

of

Sculptures

at

Boghaz

Keui

Sculptures

at

Boghaz

Keui

An

Inscription

found

at

Eyuk

72

84

88

91

Carchemish

{now

destroyed)

.122
.

The

Bilingual

The

Lion

Boss

of

of

Tarkondemos

127

Merash
*

...

131

MAP

by

Ac

THE

ILLUSTRATING

(Copied

permission

OF

EXTENT

from

'

The

THE

Entfiire

HITTITE

of

EMPIRE.

the

Hittites.)

HITTITES

THE
THE

STORY

OF

EMPIRE.

FORGOTTEN

I.

CHAPTER

THE

WE

told

are

when
and

the

the

Syrians
had sent

Lord

one

to

another,

us

the

kings

Egyptians,
a

of

to

manifest

to

kings

have

can

the

Judah,
all
the

of

is

and

there

The

many

centuries

contested

though

Nearly

forty

this

passage

it.'

in

"

of

is

who
of

the

years

ago

for

No

too

Hittite

king

named

not

his

is

'

the

with

power

mark

against

declared,

he

of
at

with

acquaintance

is

proved

were

the

empireof

Western

power

had

of

age

but

to

have

been
of

history

real

very

objections

writer

contemporaneous

before

their

Biblical

the
now

critic's

the

retorted

not

the

Hittites

the

is

who

with
time.

kings

ally,

have

It

author

the

said

history.'

discoveries

himself.

modern

in

single

contemporaneous

upon

and

belief

easy

near

Recent

and

our

they

'

hired

tone,'

compared

real

nor
.

allow

them,
hath

selected

unhistorical

Samaria

about

Israel

us.'

scholar
'

of

(vii.6) that

Kings

upon

Hittites,

tipon

come

Its

panic

of

encamped

were

king

the

distinguished

criticism.

the

Lo,

Book

Second

the

in

BIBLE.

THE

OF

HITTITES

Asia
waned

Not

power.

Elisha
with

they

the
in

the
acquainted
un-

the
very
had

Egyptians,

the

days

of

THE

12

allies.

they were
They were

divided

kingdom

Jehoram

than

of

that

But

of

records

the

Israelitish

Canon

in

the

of the

of

the

made

he

the

The

this

be

the

their
It

was

in of

as

be,

Hamath,'

the

mentioned

(1 Kings

x.

authorised

translation

in the Revised

Version

brought
received

chariot

hundred

out

Solomon

the

'

of

them

in

came

up

shekels

of

the

the

Egypt
droves,
and

horses

city,which

each

went

silver, and

an

of

David
Israel.

again

are

where

which

of

the

It

sense.

drove
out

lay

frontier

number

the

and

long
valley

the

Hittites

the

in

northern

to

xxiv.

which

passage

obscured
And

in

emended

officers

sent

in

king

Sam.

city

this

the

28, 29)
has

on

it

Luzeh,

an

of

as

found

forms
Septuagint, trans-

stronghold
far

land

Egyptian

may

Kadesh/

chief

has

Qalb

the

upon

kingdom, that
when
they were

their way

he

the

city which

with

Israelitish

were

built

there

handed

into

'

to

Testament
who

traitor
fled

of

rise

references

the Old

Joseph

Hittite

say, than

even

may

The

identifies

of

of

six

than

thinks

However

reign

And

date

of

Tomkins

Hittites

to

Lastly,in

had

of

text, based

entering

the

of

Latsa, captured by

Orontes.

the

'

age

of Canaan.
books

subsequent

The

Tahtim-hodshi
unintelligible

continued

at

Mr.

Syria.

'the

into

the

powerful

in the

earlier,we

(Judg.i. 26),and

of

the

earlier

an

house

II., which

reading

them

scanty.

the

to

town

Northern

of

to

and

Luz.

Ramses

useful

with

comparison

Testament.

conquest

Hittites'

called

Old

rare

Beth-el

he

and

more
infinitely

and

about

more

later historical

are

of the

no

in Israel ;

monarchy
in the

enemies

of

worthy

Egypt,

belongs

the

over

still
of

the

supremacy

them

still formidable

Judah.

hear

we

HITTITES.

runs

Solomon

chants
king's mer-

at

price.

Egypt

horse

for

for
an

THE

HITTITES

hundred

and

fifty:

Hittites,

and

for

them
in

the

means.'

between

the

of

of

Israel

horses
for

but

the

merchants,
and

the

only

for

Egypt

Egypt
kings of

the

they bring

Hebrew

The

of

kings

did

Syria,

mediatories

exported

king

of

kings

all the

for

so

BIBLE.

THE

not

the

Hittites

thus

referred

well.

as

The
to

Hittites
the

in

Orontes

the

to

of

of

in

the

of

Machpelah

to

wife

of

table
said

the

34), or,

Elon

these

the

Hittites

of

the
'

that

of Ezekiel
was

the
come

had
the
there
round

an

from

the

reigned
distant
was

the

partly due.

'

and

years,
of

the

Hittite
to

whom

'

(Gen.

Hittite'
the

daughter
be

the

ethnographical

must

refers

when

explain

the father'

of

of

Heth'

north.

than

population
the

which

origin

'

must

from

Besides

of

ment
state-

Jerusalem

where

Hebron,

to

it is

the

Hittite.'

rather

took

It

we

mother

cave

Hittite, and

trusty officer of David,

seven

Hittites

Hebron,

its

the

his first-born,and
can

neighbourhood

for

thus

'

and

from

was

2).

Genesis

way

'the

"

Esau

Adah

'

that

(xvi.3, 45) that

Hittite,'too,

the

xxxvi.

south

other

no

Amorite

'

Elon

chapter of
begat Sidon

Canaan
in

(Gen.

the

tenth

(ver.15),and

of

the

It

the

Beeri

But

seats

bought

given elsewhere,

Hittite'

in

of

the

whose

and
(Gen. xxiii.),

daughter

the

"

Palestine.

Abraham

on

Hittites

termed

are

daughter

it is

as

Testament

Kadesh

other

to

of

that

Hebron

at

Judith

Bashemath

they

Hittite'

Old

and

us

south

extreme

the

southernly points.

introduces
as

of

Hamath

most

Heth,'

the

'Ephron

xxvi.

their

princes are

books

north,

Genesis

children

cities and

historical

being

Book

were

whose

later

belonged

was

the

the

fact,were

north, and

and

their

by

out

OF

Uriah
have
David

among

the

latter

clustered

Jerusalem

THE

HITTITES.

noticed

that

14

it will be

Now

of

foundation

Jerusalem

the

the

to

Amorite

The

Jebusites,accordingly, from

the

was

wrested

to

indeed,
the

other

or

one

It
Abraham

The

of

sons

where

the

the

in

that

that

the

gether.
to-

but

(Gen.

xiv.

the

of

time

dwelt,

Mamre

show

monuments

perhaps,

interlocked

Hittite

Amorite

hands

elsewhere

closely

Hebron,

the

belonged

races

find

we

are

only Ephron

have

the

as

whose

must

great

all events,

at

so

Egyptian

also

13).

nations

two

the
on
together at Kadesh
Hittite stronghold ; nevertheless

similarlyconfederated

were

Kadesh

Orontes.

was

it is described

its
of

characteristics
Further

north,

the

and

in which

Damascus
Gar

'the

'

by Jacob

22),and
large

the

of

Palestine

the
of

sanctuary

eastern

Numb.

'in

the

land

sea

and

in

of
the

interior.

the

valley

Amorites

Among

of

i. 19,

while
and

the

lived
the

bore

that

title of

the

is best

the

included
South

Jordan.

20) ;

which

and

learn

we

Canaanites

kings

the

of

dwelt

the

the

by

Hittites

in the

the

Amorite

an

Amalekites

together
five

taken

(Gen. xlviii.

was

Jordan,

the

district

was

in

the
the

of

explained

Sihon

and

stood

south'

which

with

mountains

Deut

xiii. 29, that

Jebusites and
the

of

Kadesh-barnea

possession (Gen. xiv. 7,

from

side
of

block

had

Amorite'

Og

Hittite.

Hittites

existed

of

or

physical

the

Shechem

the

kingdom

the

on

of

hand

the

of

not

compounded

Amorites.'

Amaur'
the

the

Assyrian

the

the

with

which

cities

own,

common

Amorite

tracts

of

stood, Gar-emeris,

of

out

land

country

seem,

Amorite,

of

the

in

it would

names,

'in the

king is depicted
the Amorite, and

peculiarly their

made

as

being

as

and

Amorites,

of

two

Amorites

was

not

three

the

At

and

Hittites

these

of

both.

to

by David,

well

as

Hittite.

city

ascribes

prophet

and

mountains

Amorites

THE

HITTITES

OF

THE

BIBLE.

against whom

Joshua fought (Josh.x. 5)

Jerusalem and the king of Hebron.

of

The

Hittites
in

together

Amorites

and

the

of

the

were

therefore

were

mountains

Palestine

king

mingled

like

the

two

which

ethnologiststell us go to form the modern

Kelt.
But the Egyptian monuments
teach us that they
of very different origin and
character.
Hittites
The
were
and
were
a
people with
yellow skins
'Mongoloid'
features,whose
receding foreheads, oblique eyes, and
protruding upper
jaws, are
represented as
faithfully
their own
monuments
on
as
they are on those of Egypt,
that we
the Egyptian
artists of caricannot
caturing
so
accuse
their
If the Egyptians have
enemies.
made
the Hittites ugly, it was
because
in reality.
so
they were
races

The

Amorites,

people.
and

reddish

white
to

They

are

the

link

and

points

Asia

between

tall and

white

handsome

skins,blue

eyes,

characteristics,in fact, of the

Mr.. Petrie
of

were

with

depicted

Dardanians

Greek

contrary,

hair, all the

race.

the

on

the

their

out

Minor,

who

resemblance

form

white-skinned

mediate
inter-

an

tribes

of

the

the

fair-complexioned Libyans of
Northern
latter
Africa.
The
still found
in large
are
in
numbers
the
mountainous
stretch
regions which
from
eastward
Morocco, and are usually known
among
the French
under
the name
of Kabyles.
The
traveller
who
first meets
in Algeria cannot
with
them
fail to
be struck
by their likeness to a certain
part of the
British
Isles.
Their
clear-white
population in the
seas

freckled

skins, their

and

tall

stature,

Irish

village;

are

of

type,

the
are

and

same

eyes,

him

remind
when

so-called
the

blue

we

of

their
the

find that

golden-red
fair

the

skulls

of

an

their skulls, which

dolichocephalic or
as

Kelts

hair

'long-headed'

discovered

in

the

l6

THE

of

prehistoric cromlechs
we

of

descendants

Egyptian
of
see

the

see

in

also

white-skinned

still

we

the

in

exist

of

Canaan.

know

of Karnak,

profileof
their

The

come

the

to

their
It is

the

from

taken
in

the

xiii.

and

of the

white

ancient

conquest
southern

Rehoboam,
great temple
'

regular

describes

it,
the

Jews.

distinguishing

it

that

was

Hebron,

the

seemed

selves
spies to be as giants,while they themas
grasshoppers by the side of them
'

'

the Israelitish invasion

After

33).

left in

were

his

in

the

xxi.

them

of

time

as

the

David

Goliath

objects of
15-22).

preferred the

The
plains and valleysbelow.
be
which
can
belonged to a race
peninsula of Spain and the western

of

Northern

mountains

Libyans
traced
side

of

dread

belonged

of Canaan

Libyans

Ash-

and

were

the Amorites

race

remnants

Gath

and

Gaza

gigantic family

white
like

of

inhabitants

clear,then, that
same

we

continued

Their

Hence

race.

may

expression, are

been

always

neighbours (2 Sam.

Africa, and
hot

of

of the

not

the

the

time

martial

and

we

Israelitish

the walls

has

(Josh.xi. 22), and

Gath

Amorite

after

and

Amorite

Anakim

of

the

of the

but

were

kelon

type

Amorites,

Hebrew

of the

the

upon

of stature

characteristic

(Numb.

that

cheek-bones

Tallness

the

the

Amorites, just as
of

captives
him

in whom

origin.
people of Amorite
sub-aquilinecast,'as Mr. Tomkins

of the

Anakim,

of

representatives

across

are

high

features

modern

descendants

long

Judah

depicted by

and

the

Libyans

ancient

Judah by Shishak

of

inhabit,

the

Kabyles
We

to

cities

of the

descendants

Libyans.

to

represent

fair-complexioned blue-eyed race,

to

the

they

still

they

country

monuments.

Palestine

In

the

that

conclude

may

HITTITES.

to

the

themselves

through
France

the
into

THE

the

British

HITTITES

Isles.

partioularbranch

THE

OF

BIBLE.

of the white

it has

extended

has

race

this

that wherever

it is curious

Now

particular form of cromlech,

The
built of large uncut
stones.
or
sepulchralchamber
stones
are
placed upright in the ground and covered
with
other
over
being
large slabs, the whole chamber
been

by

accompanied

subsequently concealed under a

earth.
Not
or
unfrequentlythe
is

approached by
found

are

Northern

in

of the

side

exhumed

in

Britain,

Africa, and

the eastern
been

in

from

them

Spain, in
especially on

skulls that have

the
skulls

the

are

lechs
crom-

in

France,

and

lech
crom-

These

Palestine, more

Jordan,

stones

the

to

entrance

of corridor.

sort

of small

tumulus

of

of the

men

dolichocephalicor long-headed type.

It has
has

to enter
at this length into what
necessary
discovered
by recent
concerning the Amorites

been

been

in

research,
be

They

there

are

them
shores

of

the

known

to

have

moreover,

the

Hittites

Jordan,

in

wider

at

they

Judah
the

Dead

settled.

their

Amorites
Kadesh

Hittites

; but

on

The

(Gen.

to

small

or

Amorites

xiv.

since

the

on

lished
estab-

7)

describes

En-gedi,

or

Hittites

no

Hittite

arrived

the earliest mention

; while

Sea, where

in possession

area,

Shechem

the

where

Bible

the

confined

was

that

whom

with

much

dwelling at Hazezon-tamar,

as

where

of the

of the

Amorites

of

over

should

carefullythey

Hittites

powerful kingdoms

two

the

the

extended
traces

no

side

eastern

true

from

how

intermingled. They must have been

Palestine
long before the Hittites

of
there.

show

to

distinguished

afterwards

of

order

colony

ever

are

in

the

on

Palestine,

district in the

tains
moun-

in the north,
strength lay far away
It is
were
comparatively weak.

the

Orontes

it is also true
B

was

that it

in

the
'

was

hands

in the

of
land

of

Amorites,'

the

original
the
in

that

HITTITES.

THE

later

event

We

occupants.

earlier

population,
settled

days
took

this

and

place

among

we

part

of

intermarried.

are

still

they
the

regard

must

and

that

implies

whom

unable

Amorites

the
At

to

its

were

what

say.

as

Hittites

epoch

II.

CHAPTER

THE

HITTITES

MONUMENTS

THE

ON

ASSYRIA.

AND

the

IN

Bible

has

They

were

were

ruled

whose

there

by

also

share

the

one

of

later

the

officers

of

of

Christ.

have

East.

On

the

Kheta

(or

or

Khate,

Hebrew

The

and

in

words
and
or

distant

the

being

chief

only

not

ancestress

of

Judaea

history

exact

of

they
of

and

Egypt
origin

and

they belonged

which

those

of

their

monuments
on

In

the

was

upon
to

race

; and

interest.

light

the

Khata),

of

inscriptions

new

Egyptian

both

Kheta

the

of

one

descent.

Hittites

these

Abraham

Hebron

one

the

also

the

from

was

Hittite

Bath-sheba

the

taken

that

at

was

peculiar

leading part

better

Kheth

but

that

shown

played

wife

therefore,

us,

thrown

and

of

in

had

It

Machpelah
was

his

and

Zohar,

Hittite

Solomon,

special

has

history,
once

the

decipherment

Assyria

of

neighbours.

inhabited

they

of

and

established

where

son

Esau

and

For

very

The

of

David,

them

Jerusalem.

the

cave

Uriah

mother

of

the

wives

times

of

who

Syria

Solomon,

Syrian

Amorites,

of

latter, Ephron

purchased

the

the

foundation

had

their

Heth.5

of

of

of

days

to

Palestine,
with

along

in

the

of

north

the

what

seen

children

the
the

in

the

in

branch

'

people
'

kings

have

we

about

us

formidable

south

mountains

of

'

was

was

extreme

tell

to

important

an

power

But

chapter

preceding

EGYPT

OF

civilised

the
are

Assyria

equivalents

called
Khatta
of

the

Khitti.
first

Hittites
B

appear

upon

the

scene

THE

20

in the time

HITTITES.

of the

Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty. The

foreign rule of the Hyksos or Shepherd princes had
been overthrown, Egypt had recovered
its independence,
and

its

kings

determined

brought
invader.

The

Asiatic

lands

own

of

1600)

B.C.

'

set

up

the

Syria of
Mesopotamia,
the

the

of

and

It

who

as

In

in

state

made

yet

the

of the

the

Biblical

has

the

was

describe

it
the

Asiatic

Western
themselves

the

of

country
Naharaim

known,

perhaps,

been

ascertained
called
'

being

as

the

The

in

I.,it

formidable,

and

by

front

mouth

Hittites

as

Mitanni

bank

eastern

Thothmes

Asia.

and

Euphrates

Aram

and

of

age

in

district

Carchemish
the

'

empire

Hittites,'on

Euphrates, between
leading

banks

its situation

the

Balikh.

the

by

ferings
suf-

the

with

rivers,'better

two

Assyrians,

land

river

of
was

discoveries.

recent

commenced

the

to

Naharina

or

country

own

Asia

upon

driving the
the Delta, ended
by attacking him in his
Palestine
and Syria. Thothmes
I. (about

boundary

'

the

which

marched

Naharina.

by

their

upon
war,

of

out

retaliate

to

of

of

the

of

the

was

the

had

not

the

most

called
was
Egyptian monarch
the people over
Chushan-rishawhom
to face were
upon
thaim
was
king in later days (Judg. iii. 8). It is not
until the
III., that the
reign of his son, Thothmes
Hittites
to the front.
come
They are distinguished as
Great
and
Little/the latter name
perhaps denoting
the Hittites of the south
of Judah.
this may
However
tribute from
'the
received
be, Thothmes
king of the
of gold, negroconsisted
great land of the Kheta/ which
and
and
vants.
serslaves,men-servants
maid-servants, oxen

dangerous

'

enemy

'

Whether
of Kadesh
have

the

taken

we

the
do

Hittites

were

know.

If

not

part in the

as

yet in possession

they werej they

struggle against

the

would

Egyptians

took

which

of

favour

in

decided

the walls

around

place

Thothmes

of

of

%\

and

Megiddo,
after

only

series

long

was

campaigns.
Thothmes

Before
of

Palestine

of

his

he

Syria

tells

had

and
when

Euphrates

his

of Naharina

land

'

Hittites

the

on

peace.

directed

to

strange

brought

with

customs,

but

worship

Amun

clung

object

of

to

this

disk

with

the

even

of

king

it would

great land
remain

not

the
of the

king

her

not

only

foreign

faith

of Thebes

the

and

religion of
was

in

above

the
bear

Northern
the

the
her

Amenophis
into

The

witness

to

Syria.

The

king

queen

foreign

refused

gods
fathers,whose
disk.

marriage

and

other

of

Egypt,
Hittite

prevalence

winged
which

to

supreme

The
the

it

monial
matri-

new

She

solar

figureof

first

Thothmes

The

well.

as

the

at

IV., found

of Naharina.

of

entering

Egypt.
foreign name

long

that

Thothmes

by

for

themselves

appears

did

touched

grandson

of

consequences

worship

had

Asia

Western

'

the

Orontes

Hittites, and

himself

the

adoration

monuments

the

successor

support

alliance

and

Hittite

empire

could

IV., the

against

and

son

necessary

had

powerful

so

of Thothmes

III.,the

mighty

fragmentary inscriptionrecords

campaign
III.,was

of

the

the

and

of

waters

courting, as

Egyptian
east

how

north.

neighbours

But

the

on

tomb

his

the

all

and

the

neighbourhood

monarch,

presents
The

of

on

time

of

of the bravest

the

Kadesh

him

alliance.

his

seem,

One

assaulted

master

banks

the

as

mistress

Egypt

walls

the

on

us

already fallen, and for a

the
to
Egyptian
homage
Assyria sending

far

as

Carchemish.

of

fortress

made

prisoners in the
waded
through

captured

Aleppo,

had

of Naharina.

the land

captains

had

died, he

and

and

Euphrates

of

ASSYRIA.

AND

EGYPT

OF

MONUMENTS

has

solar
been

THE

22

brought

from

Museum

; and

Asia

IV., the

throne
his

upon

the

north

known
The

city was

and

their

long

duration.

heretic

king/

princes

returned

objects

again

to

creed,

cliffs that

Khu-n-

faith ; but

by

one

their

monarch
his

fathers.
fore-

deserted, and

was

that

show

however,

of

religion of

Khu-n-Aten

now

occupied by

was

his

the

its site

upon

its ruins

casts

Oriental

large

to

is

new

the

death

succeeded

were

Nile,

el-Amarna.

Its existence,
the

the

to

of the

of the
in

of

ancient

line of ruins

found

he

it

was

never

inhabited.

Among
which

found

be

embraced

capital of

its

of Tel

his throne

more

last

refulgence

bank

name

east.

they

creed

at

and

long

After

had

once

The
the

who

brief,and

reigns were
who

the

on

'the

adherents

to

yet

accession
new

while, but

eastern

the

the

his

the

Thebes

its

under

cated
edu-

capital dedicated

the

on

are

desert

no

two

or

tombs

'the

Aten,

natives

by

powerful priesthood

new

filled with

the

of

was

The

quitting

It stood

carved

III.,was

after

Khu-n-Aten.

himself

been

impose

for

of Assiout, and

the

to

enclose

and

built

divinity.

new

of

in Northern

Amenophis
to

him

name

disk/

he

temples

of

endeavoured

the

solar

has

British

rock.

son

withstood

assumed

the

disk

unwilling subjects.

Thebes

the

to

far away

faith of his mother, and

in the

to

solar

the

sculptors upon

the

Euphrates

Boghaz Keui,

at

even

Amenophis

of

the

Birejik on

Minor, the winged

Hittite

to

HITTITES.

an

world

collection

those

discovery

unexpected
in

of

the

century

Babylonia,

and

like

characters

and

in

from
the
the

recently been
the

light upon

clay tablets

disinterred

has

the
latter

before
has
mounds

the

been

made

history of

the

Exodus.

found, similar
of

inscribed

Nineveh
in

Assyro-Babylonian

and

cuneiform

language.

MONUMENTS

and

was

complicated

cuneiform

they

were

of

archives

the

rest

serious

alarm

king.

One

the

Syria, praying

the

have

able

being

to

aid

their

to

themselves

Ramses

I.,the

compelled
the

Hittite

power

this

Hittite

hands,
in

conclude

The

rude

into

the

was

time

plains

between
cuneiform

and

was

the

the

Babylonia

far from

So

generals
armies.

Dynasty,
and

to

was

offensive,

recognise

that

of

Taurus

in

by Egypt

by

had

Hittite

its rival.

descended

south, interrupting the

and

characters

that

Egypt.

more

enjoyed

now

union
disseem

formerly enjoyed
of

of

assistance

possible to speak

once

was

Northern

Hittite

Nineteenth

it becomes

Kadesh

mountaineers

the

the

treaty, defensive

forward

Syria

and

fertile

the

influence

the

Palestine

for

Egyptian

Egyptian

king Saplel,and thus

on
an
equality with

empire.

and

of

founder

Hittites

causing

send

Syria.

allies,the

city

successors

from

match

no

Hittite

From
of

to

retire

the

trouble

immediate

royal

new

from

to

brought

his

and

forced

found

with

Khu-n-Aten

the

were

despatch

of

Many

allies of the

and
is

tablets

Egypt,

been

and

southward,

common

the

that

Egyptian monarch
as
soon
possible.

against them as
The
'heresy' of
to

them

the

el-Amarna

after

up

from

the governors

to

Tel

city at

stored

learn

We

of

into

from

new

already pressing

were

world.

his

built.

and

the

educated

Thebes

and

that time

at

writing

Khu-n-Aten

were

been

had

of

by

received

III.,by

language,

transferred
to

despatches

that

prove

system

of intercourse, of the

them

2$

Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia

international

the

Babylonian

means

ASSYRIA.

father, Amenophis

of

and

Babylonia,

and

his

rulers

and

governors

AND

part of letters and

most

Khu-n-Aten

to

sent

the

for the

consist

They

EGYPT

OF

Canaan,
of

Chaldaea

and

tercours
in-

seding
super-

by

their

THE

24

HITTITES.

henceforth
the Babyhieroglyphicwriting. From
lonian
language ceased to be the language of diplomacy

own

and

education.

With

Seti
of

power

Egypt

and

other

and

pushed

the

between

far

took

and

it

drove

the

frontiers
itself.

the

Ramses,
of

The

Beduin

the

desert

cities of the

Egyptian

garrisons ; Seti
Orontes, fell suddenly

as

the

by

storm.

the

and

Egypt

He

Syria

received
as

of

the

into

war

successor

revived.

across

his armies

begun
the

again

again

Kadesh

upon

and

son

marauders

Philistines
marched

I., the

The

war

was

Hittites,which

now

lasted

for

half-century. It left Egypt utterlyexhausted,

of its scribes
and, in spite of the vainglorious boasts
and poets, glad to make
which
a
virtuallyhanded
peace
Minor.
to her rivals the possession of Asia
over
next

But

first

at

led his armies

of

once

to

received

him
for his

the

with

of

arms

Euphrates

The

and

possession of
them

son

When

Seti

and

his

Ramses

ders
bor-

Hittite

Lebanon

down

cut

ships on the Nile.

died, however, the Hittites
had
broken
Kadesh, and war

cedars

He

the

the

of the

natives

acclamations,

Seti.

and

compelled Mautal,

and

for peace.

sue

the

on

to

more

Naharina,

monarch,

waited

success

their

again

were

in

between

out

The

II.

ses
long reign of RamII. was
ceaseless
a
struggle against his formidable
times
Somefoes. The
war
was
waged with varying success.
to
victory inclined to the Egyptians, sometimes
their
ruin

Hittite
and

Their

disaster

land

traversed
Hittite
of

enemies.

it ;

their

invaders

Ramses

the

upon

devastated

was

from

chief

Its

towns

result
of

cities

the

by

the

hostile

sacked,

were

from

the

north,

the

south.

It

was

now

to

was

by

bring

Canaanites.
which

armies

by

now

the

the

soldiers

little wonder

that

fled to

their inhabitants
the

of the

traveller

long

not

offered
The

city

We

slight a

resistance

Joshua

entered

people

and

terrible

wars

been

he

Palestine

of

after

the

for

Hittites

of

death
when

; and

disunited

the

by

long

and

way

had

The

preceding century.
the

prepared by

there

found

they

Israelites.

the

oppression

burnt

why

now

invading

exhausted

country

been

had

us

the

to

of the

Pharaoh

II.,the

Ramses

can

place shortly

took

Exodus

tells

Egyptian

an

understand

before.

so

which

mainland,

of Ramses

age

2,$

serting
fastnesses, like Tyre, de-

island

the

on

ASSYRIA.

AND

EGYPT

OF

MONUMENTS

Israelitish

the

quest
con-

of Canaan.

Pentaur,
us

an

in his

epic

which

first

campaign

which

event

of

capable

hero

against

poet has

which
epic poem
Its details,however,

into
of

history of

the

the

power

could

to

The

well.

of

Dardanians
The

Hittite

from

the

iEgean,
It

of

and

was

the

empire

banks
and
the

of

the

in the

already
both

barbarians

fifth year

the

to

height

king
from

Minor

as

islanders
with
of

of
the

Lydia.

reality,extending
the

cultured

of the

of the

along
Maeonians

Greek

only

Asia
the

duced
pro-

Its

not

insight

advanced.

the

Euphrates

the

what

to

supremacy

and

was

including
rude

show

had

into

welcome

walls

thus

of

us

regions of
Carchemish,

his

Troad

has

and

distant

merchants

him

vassal-allies

aid

acknowledged

Arvad,

Syria

his

the

from

empire

bravery

the

transformed

time, and

Hittite

summon

Syria, but

the

before

afford

actual

of

act

an

reminds

an

Iliad.

was

left

Ramses

The

Hittites.

deeds,

superhuman

of

deeds

monarch

Egyptian
the

the
it

to

laureate, has

poet
heroic

the

occasion

the

; but

Kadesh

Egyptian

records

gave

performed by
of

of

sort

Greek

reign

shores

of

Semites

the
of

seas.

of Ramses

(b.C.

26

THE

1383)
the

by

the

that

There

Kadesh.

that

averred

his

with

the

to

Egyptian

Orontes

and

the

Hittite

the

ambush

of

Naharina,

sand

hard

by.

of

sway.

The

his

road

without

number

Aleppo.
and

the

of

possessions

who

'had

them

left

with

like

him

accompanied
whole

The

the

fell upon
Lake
The

host

of

and
and

was

news

his

father

his

armour

bore
he

and

heroes

abandoned

His

hostile
in

horse

Baal.'

of

the

like

left silver

not

all their

away

people

who

midst

behold

were

of

the

he

host
around
enemy

of the

of

Horns.
of

before

way

He

'

them.'
like

and

put

in

Thebes'

of the foe.

beset

his

not

The

retreat,

him.
:

on

Then

alone.

was

Ra-

arose

'Victory

midst

and

arose

legion

his weapons,

Hittite

chariots

'the

the

on

waters

Lake

gave

steed

and

the

Pharaoh.

into the

the

ambush

modern

the

to

him,

by

charged

grasped

behind

2500

the

he

Month,

been

valleys

Suddenly they

foot and

carried

Their

ever

the

in

Egyptians

in his chariot

looked

bravest

Kadesh.

horses
'

like

him

concealed

Amorites,

chariots

people

no

war.'

was

terrified

the

Hormakhis,'
The

of

side

north-west

the

to

the

him.

it had

it to

give

soldiers

owned

now

monarch

to

telligen
in-

Mysia, along

mountains
and
They covered
He
had
grasshoppers for their number.
or
gold with his people ; he had taken
and

the

reallylying

before.

goods

who

north

the

But

were

and

nothing

of

their allies,
multitudinous

train

bringing
;

in

sea-shore,were

peoples

Hittite

endless

was

at

Dardanians

other

Hittite

far away

their

In

the

numberless

the

on

captured,

were

was

Hittites

had

armies

neighbourhood

spies

king

false. The

in

on

Beduin

celebrated

was

The

forces, encamped
as

which

Homer.

two

the

was

with

occurred

event

Egyptian

advanced

HITTITES.

He
a

was

prince,

OF

MONUMENTS

not

captain

thou,

art

of

of

mouth

thy

what

are

them
I

in

am

All

with

made

say,

'

to

them

but

The

Hittite

king
the

and

Now

victory

at

had

mandments
com-

Egypt,
bow

heart?
.

Amun
now,

unknown

peoples

to

and

am

and

my

them,

and

warriors

called

who

down,

Behold

heard.

was

his

foes.

like Baal

was

2500

ground

he

Amun
was

reached

'

help

to

come

Then

were
was

and

Pharaoh,
Six

times

broke

they

Baal

'

was

last his

in

servants

already

been

in

his

chariots

; I

dashed

in

Ramses

His

again
did

he

and

all the

came

won,

hour

was

before
in

was

pieces

with

covered

fled in terror.

times

strength of
king.

thy

themselves,
I

that

they

moment.

six

precepts

to

thy

; my

declared

found

horses.'

in

had

the

supernatural strength. \ I hurled,' he is

the dart with my
right hand, I fought with

left hand.

sight.

followed

voice.'

my

against

inspired

me
me.

Ramses

hand,' and

Pharaoh

round

thee

many

united

is with

heard

petition of

his

have

deserted

have

of them

The

of

and

of

God.

not

midst

the

other

no

one

of

know

who

low

charioteers

my

lord

Sovran

respect.

the

anything

I broken

have

all alone

the

were

Where

that

done

gone

Never

transgressed,nor

great number.

out

I not

peoples that withstand

these
people of Asia to

Amun,

not

have

'

means

the

brings
in

have

mouth?

thy

in any

makest

or

son,

extreme

Amun.

god

If this

his

forgotten

precepts

his

upon

his

in

Then

him.

Amun?

thy knowledge,

without
the

father

my

has

father

called

Pharaoh

the

need

with

was

ASSYRIA.

AND

EGYPT

the

the

their
midst

before

slain,and

my

the

princes again gathered

Ramses

scattered

charge

the

Hittite

slaughtered.

were

limbs

to

and

'

of the

his

aid.

all that

them

host,
The

Egyptian
But

the

remained

THE

for

was

the

each

to

that

of

Pharaoh

alone

was

by

It

the

was

who

deserved

hostile

royal

chariot

who

would

and

safely home.

So

smitten
strength ; he had
thousands
all together in one
place with
At
daybreak the following morning

front

of

enemies.
he

conflict.

the

renew

had

feared

his

to

them

Then

Hittites

sent

of

name

for
and

there

it when

the

'returned

in

hundreds

of

he

desired

glowed
the

to

the

on

face

of

his

army

herald

that

made

stretched

king

terror

them

of
to

the

king

had

their

being

his

horses,

together

in

their

hostile

pray

thus

neck

before

all

the

the

without

out

is upon

broken

And

the

entreat

the
of

people of the
piteouslyto the great
"

Thou

land
the

art

of

the

Hittites

Ra-Hor-

Hittites,
for

ever

'

The

be

earth, to

tumbled

king, speaking

hast

ever."

slew

messenger

Thy

thou

the

on

bodies

the

the

makhis.

and
As

escape.

blood.

down

sight [of his army].

the

they lay

so

in

troops

overawed

were

themselves

over

power

able

fire'

'spat

'

his arm.'

that

serpent

by the deeds of valour

accomplished single-handed the day before,and
the fight. 'They
remained
to resume
afar off,

in

king

diadem

They

threw

and

The

said
you

the

obtain

and

victory

to

not

Ramses

saken
For-

have

iron

and

so

breathed

not

of

rampart

good

left me,

you

you

their

is

hosts

peril,and
Could

was

what

have

ye

of

for

army

given

that

in

Was

of the

reward,

arrived

king

'

alone.

that

his

I not

midst

life
was

horses

Have

the

in

hearts

your

'

exclaims,

my

you,

and
tranquilly,
in

he

you/

upbraid

to

sloth.

and

cowardice

HITTITES.

of

Ramses

seconded

the

prayer

of

the

Egyptians and Hittites should

'brothers
together.' A treaty was
;

but

it

was

soon

broken,

and

it

the

forward
henceingly
accordwas

not

MONUMENTS

until

sixteen

OF

the

between
The

of

act

of

poem

really

how

ready

with

their

certain

the

of

directed

of

peace

of

Ramses,
the

the

the

in the

'

treated

later

legend magnified

Pharaoh

is the

'

on

the

the

year

the

the

of

kind

translation

English translation

It

twenty-one,

in

in

the

month,
of

the

is the
of his

of

of

life

divinities

the

great

Greeks,

Hittite

ran

we

know,

follows

Tybi,
King

eternally
Amon-Ra

and

in

text

because

month

of

king.

only

as

of

versaries
ad-

marriage

Egyptian

which

given by Bnigsch
History of Egypt.

one

his

not

reign

the

Hittite

the

one,

king

great

of the

the

by

possess

the

dispenser

worshipper
This

we

lasting treaty

himself, whom
of

of the

daughter

of its contents.

account

of

sealed

was

were

city of

the

with

terms

power

'in

Tabor

or

the

'

Sesostris

the

remarkable

very

first treaty

day

Miamun,
the

with

the

In

aist

treaty

treaty, of which

full,was

the

into

and

twenty-firstyear

Ramses

even

acknowledge
The

also

that

and

Egypt,

eighth

overrun

that

equal

terms

campaigns

the

in

to

fact that

the

was

When

show
on

to

south, and

north.

its conditions

Hittites

The

in the

made

; in the

other

last concluded

of

the

while

all

At

come

on

Palestine

reign

Amorites/

at

to

to

still went

had

acknowledges

poet

were

what

was

captured, including Dapur

was

fain

the

heroic

the

arms.

attempt

no

Hittites

king
was

covered

Equally significantis

Tennib,

or

have

Egyptian

even

against Ashkelon,

Tunep

which

soldiers

Egyptian

Pharaoh's

cities

land

that

enemies.

of the

year

of

the

against

war

the

to

and

Kadesh,

capture

the

check

upon

may

significantthat

it is

lished
finally estab-

was

peace

prowess

built

was

that

20.

rival powers.

two

personal

Pentaur

been

events,

later

years

ASSYRIA.

AND

EGYPT

it
but

1
:

on

"

the

Ramessu
for

ever,

(of Thebes),

in the second

edition

of

THE

30
Hormakhu
of the

lady

Ptah
(of Memphis), Mut
(of Heliopolis),
Asher-lake
(near Karnak), and Khonsu,

peace-loving, there
throne

of Horus

On

took

the
the

place a public sitting on the

the living,resembling his father

among

in

Hormakhu
1

HITTITES.

eternity,in eternity,evermore.
in the city
day the king was

that

of

Ramses,

peace-offeringsto his father Amon-Ra,

and
of Ramessuto Ptah
to the gods Hormakhu-Tum,
of the godand to Sutekh, the strong, the son
Miamun,
dess
presenting

of

his

heaven

Nut,

that

they might grant

thirtyyears'jubileefeasts,and
the

and
1

Then

subjection of
forward

all

innumerable

peoples

the

to

him

happy

his feet for

under

ambassador

many
years,
ever.

of the

king, and
the Adon
and presented the
[of his house, by name
ambassadors] of the great king of Kheta, Kheta-sira,
who
Pharaoh
sent
to
to propose
were
friendship with
the king Ramessu
the dispenser of life eternally
Miamun,
and
for ever,
just as his father the Sun-god [dispenses
it]each day.
This is the copy
of the contents
of the silver tablet,
which
caused
the great king of Kheta, Kheta-sira, had
be made, and
which
to
was
presented to the Pharaoh
and
of his ambassador
his amTartisebu
bassador
by the hand
Ra-mes, to propose
friendship with the king
Ramessu
the
bull
the
Miamun,
princes, who
among
in all
it pleases him
places his boundary-marks where
came

lands.
'The

treaty which

had

been

proposed by the great

of
powerful, the son
of Sapalil,
of the son

king of Kheta, Kheta-sira, the

Maur-sira, the powerful, the son
the great king of Kheta, the powerful, on
the silver
the great prince of Egypt,
tablet,to Ramessu
Miamun,
the powerful, the son
of Meneptah
Seti,the great prince

OF

MONUMENTS

ASSYRIA.

AND

EGYPT

L, the
powerful,the son's son of Ramessu
a
good
great king of Egypt, the powerful, this was
assured
treaty for friendshipand concord, which
peace
[and established
concord] for a longer period than was
the
For
it was
previously the case, since a long time.
with
of the great prince of Egypt in common
agreement
the great king of Kheta, that the god should
allow
not
them, on the basis of a treaty.
enmity to exist between
'To
of Mautal, the great king of
wit, in the times
with
at war
Kheta, my brother, he was
[Meneptah Seti]
the great prince of Egypt.
But
from
this very day forward, Kheta-sira, the
now,
this treaty, so that
great king of Kheta, shall look upon
the agreement
has made,
the god Ra
remain, which
may
which
the god Sutekh
has made, for the people of Egypt
and
for the people of Kheta, that there
should
be no
them
for evermore.'
more
enmity between
of

Egypt,

the

"

And
1

these

the

are

Kheta-sira, the

with

Ramessu

this

very

contents

the

"

of

king

great

Miamun,

Kheta,

is in

covenant

great prince of Egypt, from

day forward, that there may

friendshipand a good understanding

subsist
between

good

them

for

evermore.
'

be
1

his

He

shall

his

ally ;

To

wit, in the time of Mautal, the great king of Kheta,

I will be

I strove

throne

he

ally;

my

brother, after
the

on

be

shall

his friend

his murder

of his

father

be

for

the

I will

ever.

Kheta-sira
as

friend

my

placed

himself

great king of Kheta.

for

the great
friendshipwith Ramessu
Miamun,
prince of Egypt, and it is [my wish] that the friendship
and
the concord
be better than
the friendshipand
may
the

concord
'

declare

which
:

before

I,the

existed, and

which

was

broken.

great king of Kheta, will hold

to-

HITTITES.

THE

32

gether

with

Egypt,

in

sons

be

together

and

Ramessu

Miamun,

of

In virtue

and

friendship

good

of the

sons

Miamun],

[Ramessu
of the

great

friends

with

the

the

in

good
of

king
the

concord.

of

sons

of

The

will

Kheta
the

hold

sons

of

virtue

of

great prince of Egypt.

treaty for concord, and

our

prince

great

in

[for friendship,let the people] of Egypt

the
in friendship] with
people of Kheta.
subsist in such
friendshipand a like concord

agreement

our

[be

united

Let

like

for

manner

ever.

let

Never

'

rise between

enmity

great king of Kheta

shall
Ramessu
the

of

boundary

have

been

The

the

the

from

[of Kheta,

land

plundered] from

'

Ramessu
that

he

will

keep

about
from

this

Never

let

shall

anything

the

the

of

times

Sapalil,
which

just treaty

great king of Kheta,

great prince of

it]with

day forward,

[We

it.

another

one

and

have

to

come

at

the

derstanding
un-

an

time

same

will act

will fulfil it,and

we

clares
de-

Egypt,

righteous manner.

a
1

if anything

keep.
the

Miamun,

Egypt,
it.

if

in the

existed

Mautal,

will I

brother, that

my

of

times

let the

it.

great king of Kheta, likewise

in the

of

Never

great prince of Egypt, over-step

just treaty, which

existed

in

land

plundered

the

Miamun,

the

invade

been

have

them.

If another

Ramessu
him

Then

an
"

as

the

embassy

Come

an

the

great king of Kheta

make

stronger

me

great king of Kheta

and

king

of

the
But

Kheta

of

Kheta

if it should
to

lands

great prince of Egypt, then

to

and

the

to

enemy

shall the

enemies.

king

come

Miamun,

send

effect

shall

march

not
out

to

than

of
let
this

him."

riors],
[assemble his war[shallcome] to smite his

be the
in

wish

person,

of the
then

he

great
shall

33
smite

may

incur]the

[he would

Otherwise

his enemies.

ASSYRIA.

AND

chariots,that they

his

and

his warriors

send

EGYPT

OF

MONUMENTS

wrath

of

And
[the great prince of Egypt.
if Ramessu
Miamun, the great prince of Egypt, should
banish]for a crime subjects from his country, and they
crime
another
should
commit
against him, then shall
forward
The
to kill them.
he (the king of Kheta) come

Miamun,

Ramessu

shall act

great king of Kheta

in

common

as

an

with

[the great

prince of Egypt.
'

should

If another

that] he

would

if it be

of

prince

great prince of

the

to

the

Egypt,

intention

of

in person,

then

to

the

shall

chariots,while

horse

people of

prince

great

he

of

king

great

he

Egypt

back

sends

request

the

the

march

to

[smite the

If it is not

his warriors

send

bassy
em-

the great

shall

Kheta.
of

an

the

Miamun,

he
(himself),

come

send

lands

kill his enemies

to

of Ramessu

intention

of the

enemies

in great power

come

he

with

Egypt

the

to

enemy

shall

great king of Kheta, then

of the

and

come

and

Out

two-]

his

the

to

answer

Kheta.

have
fended
ofsubjects of the great king of Kheta
Miamun,
him, then Ramessu
[the great prince
in his land, but shall
them
of Egypt, shall not receive
kill them]
the oath, with
the wish
advance
to
to
1

If any

....

say

I will

until

go

...

Ramessu

great prince of Egypt, living for

be

given

Miamun,
to
'

his

them

for

the

agreement

Kheta

to

shall not

evermore.

shall flee

Miamun,

themselves

....

lord, and

that

great prince of Egypt, may

[If servants

Ramessu

the

(?) to

that

ever

the

the great
receive

away]

of

he

may

Ramessu

speak

ing
accord-

out

of the

Kheta,

of

territories

great prince of Egypt,

king

the

Miamun,

....

to

the great

betake

king

of

them, but the great king of Kheta

C

HITTITES.

THE

34

give them

shall

Egypt, [thatthey

of

of

If servants

land

of

they

shall

Kheta,

themselves

Ramessu

to

great prince of

themselves

of Kheta
the

Miamun,

the

to

of

servants

land

in the

remain

not

given up]

be

make

betake

prince

punishment.

the

Miamun,

country],and
to

their

receive

may

the great

Miamun,

Ramessu

his

leave

Egypt,

Ramessu

to

up

another,

[they shall

great prince of

Egypt.
'

the other

If,on

flee away

[servants

selves
themgreat king of Kheta, in order to betake
the great prince of Egypt,
Miamun,
to] Ramessu

of the

[inorder

those

stay in Egypt], then

to

of

land

the

from

Ramessu

to

should

hand, there

Kheta

in

the

Miamun,

order

who

betake

to

come

themselves

of

prince

great

have

shall

Egypt,

the great prince

Miamun,
[receivedby] Ramessu
of Egypt, [but] the great prince of Egypt, Ramessu
deliver them up to the great kingof Kheta].
Miamun, [shall
[And if there shall leave the land of Kheta persons]
of Egypt
of skilful mind, so that they come
to the land
be

not

'

themselves

make

to

will

Miamun
them
1

When

this

of

shall

then

been

have

male

shall
[treaty]

they

of

not

Egypt
offend

silver

gods

and

land

the

be

known

and

of

will

of

[by
the

deliver

of the

company

Egypt.
these

female

They

ants
inhabit-

of

all that

words

are

the

land

against it,for

the

among

[to the validity]of

me

settle,he

to

tablet,these

approved by

of the

namely

them

Ramessu

great king of Kheta.

land

on] the

written

the

the

allow

not

the

to

up

of another, then

servants

gods,

Kheta,
stands

which

gods

will

among
those

among

for

witnesses

are

words, [which they

have

allowed.
'This
Kheta

is
:"

the

catalogue

of

the

gods

of

the

land

of

MONUMENTS

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

OF

EGYPT

Sutekh

of the

'

Sutekh

of the land

'

Sutekh

of the

'

Sutekh

of the

'

Sutekh

of the

'

Sutekh

of the

'

Sutekh

of the

AND

ASSYRIA.

3$

city]of Tunep *,
of

Kheta,

city of
city of
city of
city of
city of
city of
city of

Arnema,

Zaranda,
Pilqa,

Khisasap,
Sarsu,

(8) Sutekh of the

Khilip (Aleppo),
(9) Sutekh of the
(10) Sutekh of the city of Sarpina,
(11) Astarta2 of the land of Kheta,
(12) The god of the land of Zaiath-khirri,
(13) The god of the land of Ka
(14) The god of the land of Kher
(15) The goddess of the city of Akh
.]and of the
(16) [The goddess of the cityof
'

'

.,

'

'

'

'

.,

.,

'

.,

'

of A

ua,

(17) cThe goddess of

(18) The god of the
[I have invoked these

the land
land

'

of

land

the

of

[as witnesses

Kheta,

and

land
and

of the

of the

of

Qazauadana,
female
gods of

the sea, of the

'With
tablet

to

for

contains

male

Zaina,

nath
.

and

are

the

land

of

the

been

of the

Kheta, the

of

land

er.

have

Ra, Sutekh,

Amon,
the

these]female [gods
gods] of the land,

[With them
female
gods]

Egypt,

ciated
asso-

mountains

of the

gods
the

and

of the

male

earth,of

of the storms.

winds, and

regard

of
.

these

the

and

rivers

of

oath.

to] my

the male

land

which

commandment

the

people

of

shall not
people of Egypt, he who
given over
[to the vengeance]of
1

Now

Tennib

Also

read

in Northern
Antarata.

Kheta
observe
the

the

and

for

it shall

company

Syria.

silver

of

the
be
the

36

HITTITES.

THE

of

gods

shall

and

Kheta,
of the

given

the

[to

over

Egypt, [he] and

of

gods

be

his

geance]
ven-

house

and

his servants.

the

which

of

people
has

he

shall

silver

tablet

Kheta

land
of

the land
life

[for him]

him

and

who

up,

the

Miamun,

of the

death

mother,
his

on

thus

that

so

who

with

are

[one from
betake

they

the

selves
them-

allow

them

and

send

them

Kheta

back

the

to

Ramessu

to

[inhabitantof
Ramessu

to

fault

be

not

no

neither

mouth,

shall
nor

shall

crime

be

the

be

[put

to

in

his

punished
of

soles

his

feet],
against

forward

brought

his

nor

be

not

of

avenged

away,

shall

the

on

be

not

taken

he

land

the

Miamun,

shall

[children].There

his

nor

the

[the great king of

[to remain, but he shall]

of

king

respect

[wife]nor
eyes,

inhabitants

three,and

or

is delivered
Egypt], who
up
great prince of Egypt, his
him, his [house] shall
upon

his

of

great prince of Egypt.

with

Now

be

his servants.

two

great

them

deliver

'

with

not]

shall

Kheta

he

those

and

servants

flee away

the

to

contains, whether

his

and

Egypt], or

of

commandments

or

are

\ If there
land

these

[of the people of Egypt], because

of the gods
neglected them, the company
the company
of Kheta
and
of the gods of
his reward
and
Egypt shall secure
preserve

not

of the

observe

who

he

'But

him.
1

In

the

the land

of Kheta

three, to

or

same

betake

great prince of

way

it be

shall

take

to

be
flight,

themselves

Egypt.

[With regard to]him

who

to

of

alone, or two,
Miamun, the

one

Miamun,

them
the

it

Ramessu

Ramessu

prince of Egypt, shall cause

they shall be delivered up to
1

to

if inhabitants

done

be

the

great

seized, and

great king of Kheta.

[isdelivered

up, his crime

MONUMENTS

OF

shall

not

be

brought

shall

not

be

taken

his

nor

he

people

shall not

nor

the

on

be

be

That

its front

on

is

and

middle

likeness

the

of

the

(?)of

the time

forciblythan

more

the

Hittite

with

the

ever

ruled

had

contested

had

compelled

empire

and

of the

powers
The

treaty

prince

Kheta-sira

the

fourth
thirty-

She

took

and

her

year

land

of

shaken

off

king

the

proves

the

side

With

which
side

by

Hittites

consent

the

now

it

Asia, and

to

were

who

Egypt

Western

monarch

Egyptian

to

ing
lead-

two

world.

of
of

his
the

the

by

daughter

Hittites'

by

the

the

never

costume,
the

in

1354).

Noferu-Ra,
scribes

Hittites

of

the

their

as

again attempted
Hittite yoke was
to

through

the

efforts

while, however,

preserved

Hittite

Ramses

Ur-maa

if the

the

reign (b.C.

of

to

of

national
to

Pharaoh's

be
For

visit

his

in

Egypt

it must

themselves.

of

of

sovereignty

them, and

Syrians

alliance

Nile.

the

handed
over
Syria was
legitimate possession ; Egypt

be

last great Pharaoh

Egyptian name
celebrated
beauty was

it from

It ranked

the

wrest

.'

made

defensive

the

Ramses,

court.

to

Kheta-

attained.

to

marriage

heaven

the treaty which

and

ratified

was

of

had

the

Egypt

peace.

and

the

king

is

This

"

descriptionthe position to

the

over

....

effect

the

and

Sutekh

god

any

of

Egypt

mouth,

silver tablet

this

Sutekh,

god

of offensive

compact

accusation

any

of this

sira,the great king of the Kheta,

This

death

his

on

shall

children,
to

put

nor

eyes,

inscription to

an

[picture]of
[earth]."At

his

be

not

feet,nor

is in the

by

shall

[house]

His

wives, nor

in his

his

$J

against him.

side

surrounded
the

of

forward

which

his

mother

punished

ASSYRIA.

against him].

nor

away,

soles

brought
1

forward

his

AND

EGYPT

his

power

'the

of

the

great

intact; his

38

THE

the

east

dokia

the

to

Even

Sea

^Egean

north

in the

from

acknowledged

was

supremacy

HITTITES.

Naharina,

to

the

from

west,

Kappasouth.

in the

of

antagonist

in

Euphrates

tribes of Canaan

the
the

once

in

the

the

Egyptian

Pethor,
Pharaohs, acknowledged his sovereignty, and
the home
of Balaam, at the, junction of the Euphrates
the

Sajur, became
Philistia,
indeed, still

sent

but

Hittite

and

northwards

the
The

omnipotent.
themselves

with

Israelites

had

the

not

as

yet thrust

sovereign

to

the

the

been
allied

mountains

Heth,'
for

the

and

world

Canaan-

protection.

The

between

themselves

visit

ruler,

have

to

it

the

stillpossible

was

and

Egypt,

of

cities

Egyptian

seems

them

to

of the Oriental

Hittite

to

of
of

The

town.

sway

children
looked

great powers
for

tribute

Amorites

lowlands

ites in the

two

'

Hittite

for

an

explore the cities of Canaan.

of vainglorioussplendour the
After
sixty-six years
end (B.C.1322).
II. came
to an
long reign of Ramses
The
in building Pithom
and
Israelites had toiled for him
Egyptian

traveller

Raamses,

and

on

Meneptah, they
Egypt.
to

be

The

the

accession

demanded

history of

recounted

of conquest

to

here

of his

and

son

permission
the

Exodus

; it marks

the

successor,

depart

to

is too

well

of

close

the

from

known

period

Egypt had enjoyed

prosperity which
the
under
nineteenth
kings of the eighteenth and
dynasties. Early in his reign Meneptah had sent corn
a famine
by sea to the Hittites at a time when there was
in Syria,showing that the peaceful relations established
still in force.
spatches
Deduring the reign of his father were
also exist, which
dated
in his third year
speak
of letters and
passing to and fro between
messengers
Egypt
still

and

and

Phoenicia, and

make

it clear

garrisoned by Egyptian troops.

that

But

Gaza

in the

was

fifth

MONUMENTS

of his

year

of

OF

reign Egypt

white-skinned

Asia

Minor, who

of

however,

was

host

almost

was

been

saved

half

the

the

annihilated,but
of

drained

its

confederacy

the

shores

monarchy.

the

Egypt,

the

before

not

of

threatened

and

in which

battle

39

and

Delta

Egyptian

by

by

Libya

from

overran

existence

very

invaded

was

tribes

ASSYRIA.

AND

EGYPT

itself

it had

weakened

and

resources,

invading

correspondingly.
Not
the

many

Oppressor

disaster.

descended

Civil

Phoenician.'

back

the

III.,who

The

Teukrians

perhaps

flung

partly

the

the

in the

Amorites/
of

Naharina
battle

took

in

place
The

enemy

captured.

then

descended

Carchemish

Pelusium.
the

and

came

and

their

far

the

on

sea-shore

sunk,

were

was

the

once

were

and
more

coasts

in the

land

Egypt.
of

long

between
victorious
their

the

Carchemish.

as
'

Philistines,

on

camp

people

the

Sicily. They

upon

train,and

Egyptians

Egypt

the

first instance

spread inland as
spoil,they fixed their

and

seas,

included

and

Sardinia

beaten

land, partly on

confederacy
of

natives

the

conducted

Greek

the

on

been

were

Troad, the Lykians and

themselves

with

Hittites

of

of

Once

invasions

two

had

Phoenicia, and

Laden
the

from

which

nations

maritime

of the
also

the

the

great king was

the latter,they

defeated

were

water.

had

and

Libyans

invaders

the

of

Like

by Meneptah.
the

that

Arisu

prince, and
one

his country

than

even

Its

'

foreign

arrived.

native

and

by

by

again

founded.

was

rescued

formidable

more

by

Dynasty

seized

times

Ramses

bloodshed

in

followed

out,

obeyed

of

dynasty

its grave

was

happier

Egyptians

Twentieth
Ramses

crown

But

the

more

to

broke

war

the

invasion, and

the

afterwards

years

The

Matenau
and

of

of

terrible

Raphia

and

the

ships

soldiers

filled with

slain

or

captives,

HITTITES.

THE

40

the

and
moment

before

finallygoing

for

again

out.

that

prisoners shows

the

tribes had

Hittite

part in the struggle, Carchemish, Aleppo, and

as
being speciallynamed
having sent contingents

taken
Pethor
the

to

of its former

list of

The

glory flickered

flame

from

allies

their

had

They

war.

by land, while

Minor

and

the

attacked

the

Egyptian

Asia
had

Mediterranean

marched

probably

islands

of

the

coast

in

ships. So far as we can gather,the Hittite populations

no
longer acknowledged the suzerainty of an imperial
sovereign, but

were

It would

too, that

seem,

the

and

Mysia

far

Shardaina

the

attacked

If

that

The

up.

had

began

to

pushed

them

was

the

to

into

the

south

north, he

Egyptian texts,

Where

Assyria

the

Egyptian
to

come

and

our

of

Hittite

Kadesh

in the

great work

astronomy

on

not

Hittite

that

cuneiform
and

The

judges

chieftains

Syria

we

never

advance
Israel

though

and

from

the

Naharina

of

come

the

prince.

earliest
texts

in

population

desert

monuments

help.

Hittites found

is certain

fastnesses,and

Israelitish

The

name.

northern

their

of the

period

their

little the Aramaean

by

in

were

of

of the Hittites

power

had
oppressed by a king who
was
king of Aram-Naharaim,

once

the

back

of their

even

longer

no

Little

wane.

throughout

the

broken

homes

be, it

this may

must

we

already

the

have

to

conquered

into

war

Leku,

their southward

on

had

it had

Minor

the

statement,

empire

the

forward

the

upon

said

are

states.

hold

and

proceeding

Hittite

However

this time

Tsekkri

trust

can

carried

masters.

from

hear

the

lost their

Shakalsha

before

tribes of Asia

revolt,and
former

we

independent

had

The

the

cities

march.

into

they

west.

and

their

conclude

divided

are

us,

those

of

notices

of the

contained

in

astrology,originallycom-

ASSYRIA,

early king of Babylonia. The

however, which
king of the Hittites,'

references

MONUMENTS

for

piled
"

to

the

an

be

it, cannot

ascribed

chief

objects aimed

work

was

phenomenon

happened

into the

of events

; and

them,

are

probably

B.

It
to

but

which

allusions

date, is

in the

I. was
Tiglath-pileser
first

Assyrian empire,

He

carried

his

into

Armenia,

and

and
at

the

time

that

at

the

the

his

reign.

of

At

Moschians

kings,who

countries

'

for
of

formerly paid tribute

king (beforeme) had

about

and

had

Alzi

and

and

taxes

opposed

of

taken

them

Assur

regions

the

first

reign,'
Meshech) and

Purukuzzi,
to

full

Malatiyeh
of

one

beginning

in

Komagene,

from

of

of

very

of these

southward

fiftyyears

or

(or men

trating
pene-

Malatiyeh

with

Kummukh

the

1110B.C.

mountains
as

us

was

of the

westward,

far

as

Carchemish,

attach

can

monarch

geography

extended

his attack.
20,000

says,

famous

present
the

inscriptions

we

trackless

way

annals

epoch

'

their five
of

of

direction

objects of
he

his

exact

Tiglath-pileserI.

reigned

and

interestingpicture of

which
in

bleak

His

of

northward

forcing

Kappadokia.

he

and

the

Assyrian

the most

arms

the

annals

century

king belong,
comparatively late.

Hittites,to which

the

with

met

the

term

Hittite

it is

that

account

concerning

us

that

indications

are

to

notices

may

determine

the

to

we

seventh

the

than

fashion

fresh

time

to

celestial

phenomenon

the

was

glosses,as

these
older

not

the

first clear

give

of

some

time

is,therefore, impossible to

there

The

from

work

the

it

Consequently

again.

of the

One

certain

repeated when

be

in

us

(or authors)of the

being supposed that a

followed

had

author

future, it

which

would

the

meet

date.

remote

by

at

introduce

date

to

foretell the

to

particular event

C.

AND

EGYPT

OF

my

possession
which
lord

my

in battle

"

had
"

no

trusted

HITTITES.

THE

42

their

to

strength, and

Kummukh.'

The

against them,

and

with

sword

Kili-anteru, the
with

his

defeated

wives

proceeded

of

son

seized

then

proceeded

Kali-anteru, was

to

the

of

son

the

at

'the

articles

land

wide-spreading

it had

troops belonging
of

of

northern

cities

the

the

to

both

Uruma,

'soldiers

offer.

to

Hittites'
of

Assyrian monarch, and

their chariots
Assyria along with
lay
that

the

on

'

general

the

given

name

fact,
'

for

Kummukh

which
'

and,

occasion

mountain

fastnesses

campaign

his

but

the

yearly

king
tribute

penetrated
of the

armies

came

contented
from

the

Hittite
in

'

been

the

shall see,

country.
of

with

city, having

limits

it is from

come.

second

still further

sight

himself

have

within

this

on

Hittite

'

of all this district ;

we

as

to

property.

these

must

instance, lies
;

the

geography, which
of Birejik,
north
so

the inhabitants

to

as

voluntarily

their

and

Hittite

and

occupied

long Hittite inscriptionhas

Kummukh
a
Tiglath-pileserattacked

and

that

localityto

time,

same

transported

were

the

the

being

described

are

classical

little to

In

Merash,

of the ancient

of

exact

belonged.

modern

Merash

Urima

Euphrates

know

we

soldiers

the

the

was

Kummukh'

submitted

Mesopotamia,

was

Kolkhians

or

having

as

life

bronze

of whom

Hittite,'

his

the

Kaska

and

the

of

About

the

Uruma

'

feet ;

conqueror's

tributary to Assyria,objects of

to

Its ruler

Khattukhi,

became

people

fire

carry

captured along

and

the

to

cities of Kummukk

spared,

4000

of

family ; and Tiglath-pilesernext

Its
besiege the stronghold of Urrakhinas.

himself

chief

land

the

and

prince Sadi-anteru,
threw

and

king, however, marched

them
in a
pitched battle

Assyrian

slaughter,and
through the

great

and

down

came

time,

into
In

the

third

Malatiyeh itself,
exacting

had

pity

small

upon

it,

MONUMENTS

he

as

he

tells us,

found

though

himself

the

in

fortress

of

Mitanni

or

from

of

It

elephants
hunted

with

and

in

the

land

of the

head

the

of

settled

twelfth

the

Hittites

the

in

of

end

mightiest
that

that

true

the

they

land

to

or

of

His
in

and
the

fall into

elapsed
hundred
1

the

bulls which

he

lies

opposite

of Mitanni
to

portion

forced

to

the

our

them

by

tribute

pay

to

compelled
it

to

the

intended

was

he

which

road

the

approach

the west, and

high

which

overrun

ventured

never

to

of

was

Carchemish

the

before

century

river which

traversing

to

never

led

to

Palestine.
death

of

decay,
the

years

had

Eragiza

Tiglath-pileserI.

His

us.

before

Called

on

and

land

Kummukh

barred

was

way

inscriptionsfail
to

the

cross

of
no

he
respect of Tiglath-pileser;

After

ten

enough to
the Assyrian kings in
longer obeyed a single

that

Assyrian armies, and

But
Assyrian invader.

Phoenicia

Book

still strong

were

the

succeeded

the

killed

the

'

Hittites/

; it is also

defend.

wild

city of Araziqi1,which

It is true

its walls

of Harran

! in

spears

he

that

four

faced

of the

Shuhites

occasion

besides

and

therefore,the

check.

the

of

day

one

that

point

great
land

the
in

of

fords
the

by
'

he

But

the

harried

that

was

storm.

spoiling

neighbourhood

arrows

Towards

one

this

Khabour,

by

across

he

to

Sukhi,

on

the

in

of the

keep

Once

43

truth

the

commanded

were

nomad

was

banks

era,

his way

forcing

southwards

the

ASSYRIA.

it

Naharina, slaying and

of

Job.

take

to

Carchemish.

Carchemish

deserts

AND

probably

more

which

Euphrates,

EGYPT

unable

succeeded

never

was

OF

and

allowed

successors

than

more

curtain

in classical

two

is lifted

witnessed

the

the

geography

and

the

empire

hundred

again.
rise

Assyrian

and

years

These
fall of

in the Talmud.

two

the

HITT1TES.

THE

44

kingdom

of David

of

power,

new

Damascus

in

Hittites
of

king
eastern

them
to

in

the
to

side

of

the

no

made

their

to

that

his

turn

of Carchemish

of the

statement

Hamath,'
the

host

king

unto

because

he
for

him;

10).

been

that

the

for

David,

discovered

it

proper

Khalman
name

then

had

know

Toi

there
the

in the

Khalaman.

is

no

'

possession

Assyrian texts.

as

the

for

of the

was
'

(2

Hittites
directed.

in

further

king
his

son

bless

him,

smitten

and

(2 Sam.
was

viii.
have

that

not

of
all

smitten

to

Toi'

Hamath

he

be

monuments

reason

When

Joram

Hadad-ezer

that

attack

an

had

and

with

passage

Toi

sent

him,

the

spot

When

David

wars

from
the

on

still in

was

that

to

is found
'

once

Euphrates

about

were

salute

to

had

them.

against

was

fought against

city, and

Called

heard

Hadad-ezer
we

to

river

historian.

sacred
'

the

this view

Hadad-ezer,
had

Now

Hittite

of

it

his armies

learn,

we

that

of Zobah

one

by David,

against

be

rate, support

any

9,

hand

that

in

is made

overthrown

was

possible

population

prince
that

with

the Hittites

Aramean

preparing against

was

he

it is

the

on

16), and

x.

clear that

be

it may

able

been

territorythey

allusion

viii.3),it may

Sam.

the

Indeed,

Hadad-ezer

going

from

Testament

it is stated

At

them

had

Naharina,

Aramean

an

the

Hadad-ezer,

in which

Helam,

to

prevent

own.

Old

which

of

Arameans

of

power

wane.

Euphrates (2 Sam.

to

expelling

the

David,

Aleppo1. It is
longer able to keep the

from

the

to

of

name

subjection,or

of

the

growth

of Solomon.

empire

that

of

antagonist

marched

had

of the

plainly

the

as

of Damascus.

Syrians

beginning

was

aid

the

were

Syria

for

he

see

shows

well

as

the ruins

on

also

Zobah,

send

to

of the

that

rose

its rise

But

Solomon

and

once

believing

Hittites

in

Josephus changes Helam

the
into

MONUMENTS

of

age
have

David.
the

been

alliance

an

EGYPT

Its

Syrian

same

as

which

AND

ASSYRIA.

enemies

the

ended

would

have

that

case

David,

and

it with

Israel

united

in

only

45

in

of

enemies

thus

would

danger

common

in

OF

its overthrow

the

by

Assyrians.
As

late

the

as

of

time

Uzziah,

Assyrian inscriptions,the
with

and

Hamath,

Yahu-bihdi,

was

of

the

God

of

coming

the

to

forces

of

Hittites

the

were

of Israel

and

growth

and

subjugation of
the

too

of

expense

Syria
and

was

With

885

the

to

their

natural

Arameans
had

the

Hebrews

Hittites

that

Israel

As

Syria.

had

the

of Samaria

were

the

Hittites

the

of

the

natural

the

on

been

power

conquest

Palestine,

gained

the

at

The

triumph

of

Carchemish

of

Jerusalem.

and

whose
Assur-natsir-pal,

'

and

friends,whose

neighbours.
to

the

populations

Hittites

alike

that

fact

besieged by

built up

Semitic

that

the

when

of

been

Semitic

blow

of

league

recognise

very

show

to

as

of the

power

the

kings
Samaria,

goes

regarded

were

we

the

'

of

rescue

which

Indeed,

that

Damascus,

adversaries

so

in

in

was

the

by

ruler of Hamath

independent

name

Israel.

Syrians imagined

Jewish king

last

the

told

are

we

reign extended

from

B.C.

860, contemporaneous
Assyrian history begins
afresh.
His campaigns and
conquests rivalled those of
them
in
both
exceeded
Tiglath-pileserI.,and indeed
to

in

and

extent

tribute
of

the

with

passing

the

to

pay

was

no

from

country

better

Kummukh

in

fortune

than

him

that

the

predecessor,

well

from

as

Malatiyeh

and

strong
power

as

it had

that

been

of its defenders

he

acted
ex-

kings
;

but

succeeded

obliging Sangara
It is clear

the

situated

was

Tiglath-pileserhe

homage.
as

his
as

which

Euphrates,

longer

before,and

brutality. Like

two
was

in

of Carchemish
Carchemish
centuries

gradually

46

THE

vanishing
Hittite

the

that

on

after

gamis
the

in

boats

chains

of

bulls,bowls
the

which

thrones

of
of

blue

elephants,a

white

the

by

give

wealthy

attained
of
The

an

the

and

and

but

through

the

that

commerce

trained

and

which

of

the

riches ; in

Assyrian inscriptionsspeaking
as

longer
warriors

tusks

of the

one

had

felt itself able

of the

to

city

oppose

well
the

monarch

They
city

the

on

had

road
high-

the

west.

centuries

had

to

later
of

recognised

become

of

were

the

east

several

black

gold,'as

position

from

of

and

of

such

"

ran

merchants

Carchemish
no

couches

the

of

war-horses,

its favourable

ring

slave-girls,
ments
gar-

200

images

to

gold,

royal palace,

linen, masses

wealth

the

"

copper,

lap of the Assyrian

unwarlike
king of Carchemish.

of

and

of wild

copper,

the

into

Carchemish'

value.
and

cloth

uninterrupted prosperity

find
of

ivory,

of

form

received,

never

was

upon

of

'cups

of the

of

Gar-

rich

silver

the

crossed

of

with

talents

of

furniture

he

of

in

cups

chariot,small

idea

filled it with

off

ioo

it

assault

"

copper

tribe

land

crystal,precious stones,

poured

us

of

and

chariots

ordinary

the

threatened

gold,

was

variegated

that

princes

libation

woods

rare

crystal and

treasures

of

Euphrates

the

talents

Hittite

multitudinous
like

them

bought

was

iron,gods

the

his

small

Hittite,and

as

approached

the

of copper,

of the

describes

river

Twenty

gold, blades

talents

copper,

of

metal

of

bank

from

But

presents.

favourite

as

and

stronghold

numerous

of

of the

side

Carchemish.

or

Hittite

250

the eastern

on

receiving tribute

stream

still,however,

was

Assur-natsir-pal

events,

Bakhian

only

There

away.

population

all

at

HITTITES.

days

\ the

maneh

standards

of

by

we

of

merchants,
arms

the

Assyrian king.

Quitting Carchemish, Assur-natsir-pal pursued

his

OF

MONUMENTS

march

left,fell

his

on

which

the

to

of Hittite

were

the

between

The

appeared

before

and

southward,
of

direction

the

the

Shalmaneser

II.,the
the

pal,continued
The

825)-

of attack.

Year

after

against them, and

laden with spoil.
He

discover.

Hittite

in

race

the

across

Syria,

merchandise

and

eventually
his

to

he

Patinians

of Amanus,

not

came

but

from

It was,

driven
to

himself

made

his

resist

to

only

from

Cilicia and
of

however,
from

purchase

and

the

the

no

peace

by

the

their

the

from

and

ranges

The

of

of

the

forests
the

help

it is true, perceived
Hittite

princes

Contingents
the

Patinians,

of Asia

Hittite

leaders

payment

ranean
Mediter-

cedar

foe.

common

avail.

field,and

of

fords

of Nineveh,

with

Carchemish,

the

brought

overthrow

erected

mountain

the

which

of the

were

Kummukh
the

of

traders

the

By

league

of

of the

master

of

difficult

power

high-road
the

home

return

is not

the

commerce

palaces

Sangara

danger,

formed

the

he

himself

to

country.

own

of their wood.

was

divert

and

his

the

860-

special object

policy

break

(B.C.

led his armies

did

year

of Phoenicia
to

of his father

possess

and

Euphrates

the

to

ceived
re-

of Assur-natsir-

again

to

the

in

cities.

of his

sought

away

Assur-natsir-pal

Shalmaneser

aim

turn

Orontes

successor

after

The

to

capital.

Here

were

year

year

Patinian

and

the

policy

princes

Afrin

of

along

and

son

Gulf

the

the

them

Phoenician

warlike

Hittite

the

latter

the country

of

crossed

induced

of the

The

occupied

of

Lebanon.

tribute

Aleppo,

near

shores

armies

advance

to

and

the

and

bribes, however,

Large

Azaz

Akhanu

of

of the Patinians.

walls

the

land

the

of

town

descent,

Assyrian

ASSYRIA.

AND

passing

king

Afrin

river

Antioch.

to

the

upon

belonged

people

after

and

westwards,

EGYPT

were

forces

Minor.
were

compelled

tribute.

Once

48

HITTITES.

THE

Carchemish

more

and

the

thrones, and

of

harem

the

to

its

up

the

into

Hamath

Assyrian

host.

the

to

the

of

Hamath.

withstand

the

onslaught

tribute
The

little.

Israel

upon

by

met

of Hamath
had

But

and

could

nothing

the

battle

The

into

Assyrians

northern

mountaineers

formed

meeting

The

intercourse

of the nineteenth
resumed.

which

the

The
Orontes

of Karkar
with

contact

of the

Syria had

off the

cut

of

Semites

which

of

dynasty
and

Phoenicia

command

to

to

invader.

little

more

the

longer
west,

Babylon
Palestine.
the

in

now

be

the

acknowledge
In fact,the
than

had

the

and
and

could

the

by

no

from

interrupted

Egypt

forced

Assyrian

become

of

ceased
was

Assyria

been

had

They

east

us

Semite

of his country
before.

send

of

south

The

ever.

conquest

Semites

Carchemish

Euphrates,

Hittites

centuries

the

prevented

the
for

for the

barrier

from

of

contributed

Assyrian veterans.
chaff,and the river

broken

been

himself

of

fices
sacri-

descended

kings

blood.

power

avenged

the

offered

was

the

to

caused

The

had

Taurus

and

lay open

to
Jehu on a later occasion
to the Assyrian king.
concerns
subsequent history of Shalmaneser

and

Damascus,

but

the

The

one.

of the

their

854) brought

(in B.C.

last

he

men.

like

with

reddened

was

at

of

10,000

scattered

were

enemy

by

Ahab

and

carried

was

Assyrian

an

Karkar

At

which

to

chariots

2000

himself

Aleppo Shalmaneser
god Hadad, and then

great confederacy formed

Damascus,

curiously-adorned

At

native

cities

to

Phoenicia

and

silver,its bronze

Assyrian king. Pethor, the

into an
Assyrian colony, its

turned
city of Balaam, was
name
being changed
very
way

and

gold

and
purple vestures
daughter of Sangara

its

copper,

away

gave

tributaries

age

again

fords
the

of
premacy
su-

Hittites
of the

MONUMENTS

monarch.

Assyrian
the

among

king

killed

Shalmaneser

set

an

up

Patinian

curious

of
in

embrace

is

was

of

broken,

and

the

it

was

actuallydependent
inhabited
Aramean
by an
imposed

descent,

yoke upon
accordingly

and

cities and

Aramean

\I took,' says
of the
which

had

Hittites
is upon

side of the

the

tribes

Euphrates, and

Hittite

forced

states

be

next

supposed

of these

states

princes,though

The

Hittites

race

of

had

Aramean

Syria Hittite and

intermingled together.

were
'

called
river

their

in Northern

Shalmaneser,
had

had

long presented
the

that

alien

an

first

had

armies
so

people.

their

The

Assyrians
origin. When

Assyrian

the

How

the

Hittite

on

Khatta

Syrian.

by the Assyrian generals should

Moreover, many
belong to them.

were

the

on

well.

as

explain.

to

natural

to

as

Syria

with

they

so

subsequently came

whom

barrier

Assyrian

extended

Palestine

with

were

invader,

traversed

also to

Syria

past the

their way
the

of

by

onwards,

the

by

and

difficult

not

is marked

Northern

synonymous

contact

into

of

of

used
is

It

Euphrates,

became

populations
power

the

between

of Shalmaneser

sense.

the inhabitants

relations

population

longer

no

inhabitants

of the

happened

come

of

capital city

the

over

Hittite

is

correct

'Hittite'

this

ful
right-

seized

the

in

the time

From

Hittite

side

include

or

the

by an usurper,
exercised
fere.
the right to interappointed by him, and he

come

the

and

all the

western

to

that had

fact.

name

writers

to

out

of which

throne

and

broke

people.

change
Assyrians

the

his

49

insurrection

an

sovereign was
image of himself

The
the

ASSYRIA.

consequence

and

claimed

new

AND

When

Patinians, in

was

EGYPT

OF

what

the

the

city

of

men

Pethor

Sajur (Sagura),on
the
D

of the

the

city of Mudkinu,

land

(Pitru\
further
on

the

side of

eastern

royal

the
to

god

of

the

Semitic

the

the

die out

of the

the

to

Normans

of

decadence

unexpected

conquest, and

under

which

extended

its

and

more

native

more

population

Assyrian

placed under
stronghold on

Its

the

southern

Semitic

carried

became

on

end

between
; the

Semite

by

sign

of

Hittites
had

empire

Asia.

In

armies

of

passed
great

had

power

the

the

triumphed, and

into
and

Hittite

been

their

more

and

of

Assyrians

The

which

Hittite

captive of

for

so

and

possession

long struggle that

The

the

the

wealth

satrap.

once

an

the

became

colonised

visible

people.

before

which

career

new

Western

and

Euphrates,

conquests,

of

Pisiris

trade

was

the

centuries

many

of

doom

upon

whole

Assyrian

an

final

gave

Assyria, in

of

rulers established

king

it

hands,

throne

finally fell

its last

and

the

revolution

the

the

on

new

the

over

Assyrian king.

an

time

as

Assyrian empire

But

entered

Carchemish

JiJ

Sargon,

at

upper

Carchemish, however,

first

the

respite.

Assyria

Sicily; and

the

of

possession

supremacy.

of

conquering

in

into

placed Tiglath-pileserIII.
B. C.
J2$, brought with it

the

from

aristocracies,they tended

absorbed

be

still held

an

B.C.

marched

country.
the

them

than

more

all similar

Like
or

They
and

(from it)by

subject population gained

them.

upon

been

never

Syria, like

on

and

Assyria

the
Aleppo, and there offered sacrifices to
whose
name
betrays
city,'Hadad-Rimmon,
of its population. The
character
Hittites,

short,had

went

of

united

'

to

class in

taken

Shalmaneser

date

had

me,

king

had

Arameans

later

before

went

Assur-rab-buri

and

the

treaty.' At
Pethor

who

Tiglath-pileser
(I.),

which

Euphrates,

forefather

of

king

to

the

country,

my

the

in

HITTITES.

THE

50

had

Semites
the

been
was

Hittite

MONUMENTS

was

driven

had

come.

back

he

But

EGYPT

OF

did

the

into

yield

not

AND

ASSYRIA.

from

mountains

without

$l
whence

The

struggle.

he

year

saw
fronted
following the capture of Carchemish
Sargon conby a great league of the northern
peoples,
and
ship
Meshech, Tubal, Melitene
others,under the leaderof the king of Ararat.
The
league,however, was

shattered

in

committed

suicide,

Komagene
Semite

of Nineveh

in

the

well

as

to

as

until

not
to
a

in

the

country.

which

still survives

inscriptionsare
cuneiform
time

Ararat

This
in

years

scattered

of

Lake

borrowed

was

obtained
range

native

Van.

name
a

name

Numerous
written

country,

from

Van,

extended

Bianas,

or

the

to

It

Kurdish

the

the

over

it.

Ararat

not

The

world.

was

the

to

Biainas

that

of

name

Mount

was

was

characters

three

Eastern

south

that the

originallybelonged

of the

Ararat

Assyrian empire.

the

to

country

But

than

in the

that the modern

south.

of

king

given by the Assyrians

neighbourhood of Lake

post-Biblicaldays

title which

the

supreme

name

the

less

in
to

immediate

north, so

the

was

the

was

district

and

annexed

was

Ararat

battle, the

decisive

Nineveh

in

in

the

of

Shalmaneser, but
Assur-natsir-palor his son
in a language which
bears
resemblance
of
to that
no
the
Assyria. They record
building of temples and
to the gods, and
the campalaces,the offeringsmade
paigns
of the Vannic
kings. Among the latter mention
of

is made

The

king

campaigns against the

first of
called

campaigns was
who
reigned in

Menuas,

before

our

found

himself

plundered

these

era.

the

He
in

Khate

the

overran

the

cities

land
of

of

land
the

Surisilis
D

or

Hittites.

conducted
the
of

ninth

century

Alzi, and

Hittites.
and

by

Here

then
he

Tarkhi-gamass

belonging
a

HITTITES.

THE

52

number

of his
far

as

the

of

soldiers,whom

Khaldis.

of

country

is situated

as

it lies to

can

form

and
we

position
war

according

to the

the

banks

east

far

as

The

bring

the

we

see

south

of

Syrians.

the

tribes

the

Orontes,

to

'

in

at

of

one

made

his

scriptio
in-

itself included

was

of

the

Hittites/

kings,stretched

from

Palu

the

on

lived

monuments

The

the

to

Hittite

to

gave

them

was

their

true

it

belonged

Carchemish

or

fragments
of the

ranges

Palestine.
not

the

the

title,and
in

belonged

and

to

plains

They

right

of

Taurus,

warm

Syria,

lived

in the

into

evident, therefore,

into

way

Orontes,

name

tribes

in the

the

on

the
is

It

records

Egyptian

Kadesh

carries

the

Hittite'
which

be

must

west.

to

Palestine.

which

only

from

'land

Aleppo.

whose

conquest

Menuas

Euphrates

originalseat was
had
but who
pushed their
and
valleys of Syria and
Minor,
originallyto Asia
race

Alzi,

region, spreading through Komagene

of

must

Van,

geographical

of the Vannic

Testament

south

extreme

that

Old

and

Argistis I, again

The

the

of the

district of

exact

of

Assyrian

yet further

them

while

the

and

Carchemish

to

the

city of Malatiyeh

on

bank

Malatiyeh

ancient

cliffs

the

on

northern

gather

the

marched

passing through

engraved

successor,
we

of

of this

south-west

and

statements

of

Hittites

the

he

service

memorating
inscriptioncom-

an

Hittites

Malatiyeh

as

on

of

fortresses.

their

along

the

and

the

be

idea

son

that

to

of the

east

some

them,

upon

among

the

His

assigned.

after

between

midway

which

to

and

captured

the

to

occasion

Hittites,caused

conquests

Euphrates, about

dedicated

another

On

the

Palu

Palu.

he

city of Malatiyeh,

the

his
of

prince Sada-halis,and

the

god
as

Hittite

to

it

the

was

name

whether

Judah

or

neighbourhood

on

of

MONUMENTS

this

Palu,
We

them
them

races

their
and
mankind.

OF

the

was

regard

must

in

all

out

of

own

the

as

the

title
it

their

as

AND

and

It

have

monuments

they

to

exercised

which

name,

is

and

time

now

tell

us

upon

known.

clung

from

distinct

world.

$"$

were

migrations,

people,

peculiar

they

national

ASSYRIA.

which

under

conquests

Eastern

influence

EGYPT

marked
the

to

see

other

what

them,

regarding
the

to

history

of

FOUND

SLAB

AT

MERASH.

CHAPTER

THE

IT
a

was

the

which

south

Greek

place.

be

seen

in

Sardes

beside

ancient

and

had

the

in

tells

cut

roads

us

the

by

him

which

north.

of

memorials

the

in

led

'

my

way
is

in

Ephesos
the

that

with

lofty cliffs,

by
from

road

Smyrna
left

images

side

when

Karabel

of

Pass

either

on

Herodotos

Sesostris
'Two

The

the

ran

made

soldiers,and

Karabel.

historian

conqueror

to

to

of

Turkish

defile, shut

through

this

of

Pass

narrow

the

of

September morning
Smyrna
Nymphi near

sunny

little town

escort

strong

to

and

I left the

MONUMENTS.

HITTITE

warm

III.

from

The

Egyptian
himself
rock'

in
were

Ephesos

THE

Phokaea

to

and
is

side

who

holds

man

left.

HITTITE

The

from

Sardes

carved,

the

of his

rest

Smyrna.

to

little

in

spear

55

MONUMENTS.

right

hand

and

in

height,
the

in

bow

similar, for

is

accoutrement

either

feet

three

over

On

it is

shoulder
to the
Egyptian and Ethiopian, and from one
the breast, Egyptian
hieroglyphics
other, right across
have

been

with

images

two

One

of them

and

shortly

had

been
the

had

Pass

of

too

many

had

to

in
;

to

be

land

this

won

which
the

Renouard

sketched

by

Texier

either

on

protect my

the

under

bandits

twenty

But

engraved

were

side

not

of

and

deemed

exploration
for

their guns,

lurking

were

visitors

favourite

the

of

other

few

were

were

shelter

1839,

in
; the

1856.

thirty soldiers were

safety. My work

and

on

in

Beddoe

journey.

my

by

they

cliffs

of

object

discovered

Dr.

by

carried

brushwood
The

been

brigands,

than

more

have

the

were

afterwards

found

far between
haunt

"

shoulders.'"

my

These

to

declare

which

cut

the

under

above.

sculpture

sketched

Texier

by

subsequently

had

It represents a
photographed by Mr. Svoboda.
and
than
warrior
whose
life-size,
height is rather more
stands
in profilewith the right foot planted in front
who

been

of

him,

right
is

in the

hand

slung

peaked
the
up

ends.

artificial
three

bow, and

in

and

his

feet

shod

The

whole
and

are

figure

is carved

on

which

tunic

with

is cut

the

between

hieroglyphic

boots
in

spear

deep
and

The

characters.

the

face

of

the

left shoulder
with

is crowned

head

the

his

his

In

marching.

behind

spear,

is clad

niche,

south, and

is

who

one

He

lines of

Karabel.

holds

he

cap.

knees,

of

attitude

high

reaches
with

turned-

relief in
the

to

face

an
are

figurefaces

eastern

cliff of

$6

THE

It had

long

been

not

those

of

were

HETTITES.

that

recognised
and

Egypt,

the

Professor

hieroglyphics
also

had

Perrot

between
striking resemblance
that
the style of art represented by this sculpture and
represented by certain rock-sculpturesin Kappadokia,
well as
covered
disas
by the sculptured image of a warrior
at
a
by himself
place called Ghiaur-kalessi,
is practically
the castle of the infidel/in Phrygia, which
identical
character
with
the
in form
and
sculptured
attention

drawn

the

to

'

of Karabel.

warrior
What

people
few

it

origin of

the

was

commemorated,

weeks, however,
that

the

art

art,

who

or

of

matter

was

before

my

that

I had

announced1

Karabel,

this

is

us

now

long

Karabel

in

transport

ancient

the

first

discovery

Minor

be
the

would

The

it.

the

It

has

the
As

in the

Hittites
far back

as

(in 1 812)

the

noticed

block

the

great
of

historyof the
beginning of

is

Pass

of

black

basalt

looking hieroglyphicsbuilt
1

In the

Academy

into

the

here

that

by

slow

led

of

empire,

played
century

present
Burckhardt

covered
the

site of

civilised world.

traveller

Oriental

story

the

was

to

it, it

of the
Hittite
degrees to the reconstruction
and
a
recognition of the important part once

by

also.

was

pass

Hamah,

which

glyphics
hiero-

Hittite

from
to

clusion
con-

the

Karabel

at

far east.

made

was

the

to

that

of

Pass

understand

to

ourselves

in the

Hamath,

arrived

order

Asia

in Western

the

I had

and

one,
to

necessary

how

see

the

come

the figure at
accompanying
turn
carefully examined, to
out, when
of my
The
visit to
primary purpose
verify this conclusion.
Let

uncertainty.

visit to

Hittite, and

was

the

were

corner

Aug. 16th, 1879.

with
of

had

strangea

house

THE

in

of

one

the

forgotten,and

like

the

that

'

the

travellers

'

antiquities

no

sixty

Society

Exploration

this stone, and

be

also

after

made

them

by

native

in

published
the

awaken

to

efforts

Burton

of

All

them.

that
would

the

and

in

was

fanaticism

have

to

greed

of

William
1

of the

Wright
Travels

in

to

wards
after-

was

correct

and

it

people

all attempts
not

the

Syria, p. 146.

newly

made

were

the

texts, had

be

to

reproducing

the

in

vain, however,

or

had

publication served

obtain

successfullyresisted

trustworthy copies

brought Dr.

others

take

less to

at

scholars

of

interest

being

Americans

of which

The

America.

stones

were

They

attempts

painter,one

inscriptions,and
Richard

bore.

would

naturally

two

all,much

them

see

they

the

; and

miserable

the

with

content

pains

inscribed

other

that

inscriptions they

of the

copies

The

Franks

the

by

their

belief that

known

was

impossible to

it

found

it

when

with

selves
stretchingthem-

of

veneration, which

with

of

them,

patients,Mohammedans

stone.

regarded

increased

sought

the

into

absorbed

were

firm

it, in the

of

phics,
hierogly-

endowed

be

to

upon

stones

of

One

in the habit

alike,were

other

similar

with

believed

Rheumatic

healing properties.

upon

American

an

three

Hamah.

in

length, was

Christians

that

inscribed

elsewhere

existed

and

and

work,

its

beginning

Johnson,

learned

further

character, and

great

tine
Pales-

American

Jessup, accidentally lighted again

missionary, Mr.

very

Mr.

consul,

American

the

first

was

Nearly

there.

found

be

Hamah,

convinced

city,were

when

later,however,

years

similar

to

were

discovery

in

residents

the

visited

the

But

European

who

tf

Hamah1.

of

bazaars

was

the

MONUMENTS.

HITTITE

by

Sir

impressions
is probable
of

Hamah

to

procure

lucky

spot.

covered
dis-

accident

It is to

his

58

THE

he

'set

Hamah

of

from

out

the

these

said

to

periodic fit of reforming zeal,had appointed an

of Syria. Subhi
Subhi
Pasha, to be governor
man,
conscience

redressing
his

into

that

wrongs

on

party of the Pasha

befall

the

from

the

send

them

stones

as

and

the

to

but

to

of soldiers
to

was

the

them

night

was

an

of

effected

to

of

the

before

the

might

Moabite

to

it

save

and

buy them,
at

tinople.
Constan-

in

Hamah,

deep against the

not
only to appeal
of

owners

the

under

their

by
an

be

an

uproar

taken

anxious
the

day dawned,

city in

necessary,

fear

and

place

night

labour

had

it became

pieces

known
and

long

the

Museum

became

news

fate

same

to

the

joined

protection

work

of

the
of

stones,

guard

removing

them

commence.

The
when

the

cupidity

also

him

gladly

Green, the

Mr.

befallen
into

to

me

Wright

the

to

present

murmurings

were

Pasha,

broken

Europeans, persuaded
When

there

Dr.

had

as

been

had

with

Along

spoilerand

and

Hamah,

to

way

of his

invited

and, fearing that the

Hamath

which

Stone,

tour

the

He

people.

accordingly,

Consul,

English

the

district

check

might

invitation.'

the

accepted

of

wants

him

accompany

he

with

content

not

visit every

to

Pasha

forcing their

in

succeeded

that

order

the

discover

work, and,

resolved

presence,

province, in

his

to

by

honest

brought

the

seized

Porte,

be

tells us,

securing

on

Sublime

of

he

1872/

intent

The

be

may

November,

Damascus,

inscriptions.

preservation

literature

Hittite

ioth

the

'On

due.

of

relics

precious

that

devotion

and

energy

HITTITES.

removal
army

was

of

during
out

stones

of

were

at

the

whole
walls

Wright

still

safe, and

once

shouting
the

Dr.

to

one

the

begun.

It

who

kept

men,

day.
of

; but

Two

inhabited

of

'

was

the

them

houses,

THE

of

and

one

and

four

other

them

oxen

stones

carried

were

MONUMENTS.

HITTITE

was

large

so

whole

day

to

split in two,

were

the

on

backs

59
it took

that

it

drag

and

mile.

inscribed

the

of camels

fiftymen

the'

to

The

parts
of

court

governor's palace. Here they could be cleaned and

copied at leisure and in safety.
But the work
of cleaning them
from
the accumulated
dirt of ages
occupied the greater part of two
days.
Then
the task of making casts of the inscriptions,
came
natives
with the help of gypsum
which
had
been
some
bribed
At
to
length,
bring from the neighbourhood.
Dr.
however, the work
was
completed, and
Wright
had
the satisfaction
of sending home
to
England two
of casts
of these ancient
and
sets
mysterious texts, one
the

for

the

British

Exploration Fund,
safelydeposited in
was

and

who

Dr.
of

time

now

Wright

the

while
the

have
at

the

been

other

of

what

the

the

the

Palestine
were

Constantinople. It
inscriptionsmeant,

authors

suggested

once

for

originals themselves

Museum

inquire

to

could

the

Museum,

that

of them.

they

were

the work

memorials
of Hittite
they were
buried in the pages
of a
writing. But his suggestion was
ists,
to Orientalto theologiansthan
periodical better known
and
the world
agreed to call the writing by the
It speciallyattracted
of Hamathite.
the notice
of
name
of New
Dr. Hayes Ward
that the
York, who discovered
in boustrophedon fashion,that
written
inscriptionswere
is to say, that the lines turned
alternately from right
left to right,like oxen
from
when
to left and
plowing
a
field,the first line beginning on the right and the line
followingon the left. The lines read, in fact,from the

Hittites,and

direction

Dr.

towards

Hayes

Ward

that

which
also

the

characters

made

another

look.

discovery.

In

60

THE

the ruins of the great

had

discovered

HITTITES.

palace

of Nineveh

Sir A.

H.

Layard

clay impressions of seals once

attached
of papyrus
The
to documents
or
parchment.
and
parchment have long since perished, but
papyrus
the seals remain, with the holes through which
the strings
them
Some
to the originaldeeds.
passed that attached
of the seals are
Assyrian, some
Phoenician, others again
are
Egyptian, but there are a few which have upon them
strange

characters

before.

It

perceived
of

numerous

these

was

to

be

the

and

Hamah,

such

which

those

as

been

never

characters

same

it

had

as

Dr.

found

with

met

Ward

Hayes
the

upon

stones

accordingly supposed that the

seals were
of Hamathite
origin.
In 1876, two
after the publicationof Dr. Wright's
years
of which
I had never
heard
at the time, I read
article,
a
Paper on the Hamathite
inscriptionsbefore the Society
of Biblical Archaeology. In this I put forward
a number
of conjectures, one
of them
being that the Hamathite
the source
of the curious syllabaryused
hieroglyphs were
for several centuries
in the island of Cyprus, and another
that the hieroglyphs were
of the early
invention
not
an
of Hamath,
inhabitants
but represented the system
of
know
from
We
the
writing employed by the Hittites.
Egyptian records that the Hittites could write, and that
existed among
a class of scribes
them, and, since Hamath
of the
Hittite
lay close to the borders
kingdoms, it
seemed

reasonable

script discovered
Hamathite.

The

to

there
stones

the

in the

conjecture was
by

great
same

of Hamah.

that

suppose
its site

on

afterwards

chemish,

was

the

of

unknown

Hittite
confirmed

discovery

Hittite

system

was

the

of

rather
almost

the

form

site

of

than
diately
imme-

of

Car-

capital,and of inscriptions
writing as that found on the

THE

It

world
long, therefore,before the learned
recognise that the newly-discovered scriptwas

began to
the peculiar possession
was

fact which

to

as

shall

we

Hamath

call

now

than

More

century

two

Ibreez, or

Ivris,in

of them

of

was

and

corn

the

the
on

deity

wore

head

his

again

again

this occasion

peaked
by

who

that

an

drawing

before

the

the

to

way

of the

made

was

Both

like
horn-

sculpture

and
traveller,

European
his

who

man,

with

ornamented

cap

stalk

upturned ends, and

to his knees, while

with

reached

found

Lykaonia.

was

near

of adoration.

elapsed

century

visited

other

had

rock

in his hand

attitude

an

of

at

well.

as

the ancient

the

only

not

traveller

wall

carried

boots

tunic

German

in

with

was

ribbons.
was

god

shod

figures were

who

of grapes,

bunch

before

stood

god,

on

was

characters,

Minor

German

ago

territoryof

the

notice

Hittite

in Asia

figures carved

observed

One

but

Carchemish,

and

of

excavations

employed,

were

Hayes

Trustees

Meanwhile
that the

them,

the

institute

to

showed

Dr.

race.

so, and

of Carchemish.

ruins

drawn

Hittite

determined

Museum

the

among

of the

first to do

of the

one

British

the

not

was

Ward

MONUMENTS.

HITTITE

it

spot.

was

On

which
figures,

the
in his great work
on
published by Ritter
the drawing
But
was
poor
geography of the world.
and
imperfect, and the first attempt to do adequate
made
by the Rev. E. J. Davis
justiceto the originalwas
of the
He
in 1875.
published his copy, and an account
was

in the

monument,

the

Archceology
the
the
were

figures were
time

as

following

four

between
lines

more

of

the

by

the face of the

god

engraved

that

known

were

Three

Biblical

noticed

had

what

characters.

were

Societyof

He

year.

accompanied

Hamathite

inserted

left arm,

Transactions

at

lines of these
and

his

behind

uplifted
his

wor-

62

HITTITES.

THE

shipper, while
fed

below,

mill,

It

the

old

of St.

other

in

half-obliterated

Lykaonia

of

system

of

also,where

still lingered in the

of the country

Hittite

which

aqueduct

an

lines

plain that

was

language

Paul, the

level with

yet

were

hieroglyphs.

on

writing had

days
been

once

used.

Another
to

come

of black
The
the

the

basalt, and

people
upon

More

of
into

stone

it

modern

one

of

copy

the

wall.

by frequent attrition,

worn

the

fancied,by
pieces. It
perished at

of

the
is

first became

taken, but

inscription was

to

of

of

it

it.

be

when

moment

that
than

stolen,as

they

break

it in

that

monuments

many

of

cast

Rather

they preferredto

"

the

very

to

"

ters
charac-

arrived

news

destroyed

out

Europeans

service,and

when

made

had

go

one

of little

be

to

Aleppo

the

their

have

importance

known.

This, then,
of

the

was

and

monuments

We

figurescarved

knew

our

that

Egyptians

and

in

knowledge
the

the

Hittites, with

Assyrians

had

once

of
hieroglyphic system
found
of writing was
that this system
on
in Hamath,
Aleppo, Carchemish, and kaonia.
Ly-

possessed

contact,

writing, and

of

state

We

1879.

Hebrews
in

copies

about

was

its virtue

whom

was

rubbed
his
Aleppo believing that whoever
be immediately cured
of ophthalmia.
it would

fanatics

summer

had

Hamath,

of distinguishingthe half-obliterated
difficulty

allow

and

were

those

characters

of

than

the

been

it

Hittite

built

been

had

upon

rendered
the

Like

light at Aleppo.

characters

eyes

with

inscribed

stone

knew, too,
out

represented

as

that

of the

in

rock

wearing

Suddenly the truth flashed

styleof art, this peculiar kind

Lykaonia
in

it

peculiar style of art,

peculiarkind
upon
of

accompanied

me.

dress,was

of dress.
This
the

peculiar
same

as

"

"

THE

6$

MONUMENTS.

HITTITE

distinguished the sculptures of Karabel, of

had
In all alike we
Ghiaur-kalessi,and of Kappadokia.
which

that

the
and
of

characteristic

same

the

rocks

memorials

history

of Hittite
last

at

was

art

strange

Karabel

of

which

little further

had

clue

The

them

produced

in ten
were
inscription

eleven

or

and

worn

like
they in relief,
at
inscriptionsknown

were

three

hieroglyphsstood

with

those

All

that

whether

the

likewise

there

than

More

the

of

complete
Pass

two

Carchemish.

the verification
of

three hours
carved

did

which

spend

Karabel,

of my

and

in the niche

Herodotos

or

identical

were

and

Hamath

Hittite

them

among

only

not

of all other

clearly,which

out

to

but
illegible,

scriptio
in-

an

of this

others
had
and
hieroglyphsTexier
belonged to the Hittite script.

figureis

likeness

time,

visit the

to

was

the

of

one

characters

the characters

stones

needed

was

discovery

the

on

The

almost

The

sure.

of the monuments

included

lines.

the

manifest

doubly

taken

photographs Professor Perrot had

of Boghaz Keui
in Kappadokia

origin and

made

was

be

must

birthplaceof

the fact

made

their

to

; the

discovered

research

clumsy massiveness
The
figurescarved

Kappadokia

and

art.

head-dresses

same

shoes,the same
tunics,the same
design and characteristic attitude.

upon

features,the

see

found

wherein

believed

was

of the

It was
to
Egyptian Sesostris.
necessary
take 'squeezes' as well as copies, if I would
the
recover
characters
of the inscriptionand
ascertain
their exact
forms.
My joy was
great at finding that they were
I had
arrived at in my
Hittite,and that the conclusion
confirmed
itself.
was
study at home
by the monument

The

great

Sesostris

of

who

Pharaoh

Kadesh,

but

Herodotos

turned

contended

symbol

of

the
E

with

out

to

the

be,

not

Hittites

far-reachingpower

the
of
and

66

HITTITES.

THE

of

influence

from

shores

of the

y"gean

The

cliff at

the
the

His

led

the

This

above.
Both

bow.

the

But

ill-usageof
chipped
Yuruk's

tent

of which
stands

No

the

The

Instead

than

the

right

as

it well

Nor
pass

was

the

which

Greek
the

two

the

and

from

been

since

ago

block

of stone

the

the

purposely

old

warrior

the

if indeed

have

not

out

fire-place of

run

it

across

of these

that

been

three

over

they
'

an

in

height, they

their spears

Their

historian
warriors

seem

in
to

in

not

accoutrement,

Egyptian

correct

two

eye-witness.

an

feet

hold

left hand.
that of

of

and

be, while the inscriptionis

the face and
breast, but between

the

with

asserts.

and
life-size,
in

first.

spear

indeed, given by Herodotos

but

rocks

the

shod

inscription remains,
rate, it could

any

been

years

the

as

of

much

in which

of

out

the

could

the

across

of

is as unlike

moreover,

stone

having

suffered

many

which

Maeander.

with

part has

upper

hardly have
being little

of

more

are

figurehas

Herodotos

account,

figures can

the

are

and

path,

is that

of

armed

are

carved, the niche

At

in

carved

pitched against the

trace

breast,as

block

been

it is not

and

existed.

ever

has

conveniently serving

family.

his niche

the

is

both

and

The

was

it is

above

position,both

second

away,

to

an

same

man.

Euphrates

earthquake from
figure is a duplicate

second

snow-shoes,

same

to

in

stands

below, the

by

in the

stand

the

marching
Ephesos and

figure

shaken

apparently

proved

were

of

height

to

lies

second

banks

he

him

companion

name,

and

art

Sea.

which

in

have

which

the

considerable

direction

would

Hittite

of Karabel

warrior

stone

Hittite

opponents.

the

not

known

been

the

mighty

writing,if

Hittite
have

his

Ethiopian'
the

saying
guard

traced

not

that

leads

arm.

the
not

THE

rSEUDO-SESOSTRIS,

CARVED

THE

ON

ROCK

IN

THE

PASS

OF

KARABEL.

from

only

THE

HITTITE

Ephesos

to

Smyrna.

to

northern

that

Karabel-de're,as
Herodotos
another

with

the

Not
has

on

the

been

like

throne

in

that

hair

is his

death

sought

the

of

town

her
the

upon

been

slain
the

over

how

with

shoulders,

head, who

gods,

the

woes

the

are

of

banks

the

on

Niobe.

dripped
over

the

the

stone

Niobe
that

the

Mount
The

with

in

Greeks

limestone

of his

of the

it ran,
own

it

Lydia
held

was

rock

there

dance

only

that

the
be

as

it

the

mythology.

Greek
The

great goddess of Asia

old

the

the

ment
monu-

image

of

carved

was

flowed

disfiguring

beheld

Minor,

on

water

figurewas

they

after

the

disintegratingand
figure,
pious

the

among

was

to

after rain,and

the

had

stone, broods

to

of which

out

Already

children

who

nymphs
But

in

Sipylos

moisture

on

it the

Sipylos, where

in

even

of the

face of the
as

brought,

Akheloios.'

of

settlement

twelve

changed

now

had

gods

couches

sits

historians

Lydian

her

'

rocks, in lonely mountains,

say

and

image of the daughter of Assaon,

from
by casting herself down

Niobe, when

the

by

been

woman

precipice; but Greek legend preferred to see

turned
to
stone.
figure of 'weeping Niobe'
told

Hittite

Magnesia,

Homer

of them

figure has

strange

artificial niche.

the

it was

figures

of

monument

down

streaming

deep

of the

It represents

lotus-flower

that

own.

by

Sipylos, a

rock.

the

of

jewel

of

It is evident

identification

his

Hard

"

Bel-

joins

"

his account

another

Karabel

of

out

had

received

the

it

the

it

Smyrna.

Sesostris

lofty cliffs

narrate

call

its

at

through

runs

now

to

discovered.

who

have

from

locks

long

Turks

Sardes

is cleared

pass

which

road

Sardes

Egyptian

carved

the

authority,though

far

art

the

must

from

the

from

road

kaive,or

until

from

also

Phokaea, but

It is not

end

69

MONUMENTS.

in

it the

originally

known

some-

;o

sometimes

Atergatis
by other

has

the

times

as

seen

Abu-simbel,
the

image

examination

work

is finer than
We

rock

sits Dr.

Dennis

characters.
in

which
How

taking

hieroglyphs.

Among

them

Hittite

art

Hittite

kingdoms

that

find

we

Karabel
of

Whose

the

on

Hittite

the

was

them,

which

us

have

We
these
1

Hittite

rocks

that

stones

learn

that

and

sions
imprescharacter

in

which

the

the

of Hamath

and

answers

can

it

same

of

Pass

the

and

Sipylos?

characters
the

are

the

comes

cliffs of

the

engraved

what

in which

Ghiaur-kalessi,

on

of

creations

How

warriors

of

characters
the

on

to

now

"

from

flourished?

goddess

hand

accompany
meet

and

rose

these

and

remote

so

figures of

and

image

region

Hittite

he

of

'king'1.

characters

these

came

in

of

meaning

wall

of

goddess

paper
is

'

Niobe

the

together

it, and

striking

containing

ladders

At

and

the

On

wherein

cartouche

some

carved

Egyptian
'

the

to

the

has

tying

the
it in

art.

is cut

ascending

the

Hittite

to

cliffs of

appearance,

that

of

Nile.

the

it resembles

niche

the

same

wife

who

artist

who

one

the

on

visited

however,

discovered

By

succeeded
of

know,

which

rock

that, although

Lydian,

origin

for

favourite

the

had

the

have

the

of

that

shows

its

of

out

believe

Sipylos

now

owes

niche

the

Kybele,

as

is difficult

Nofert-ari, the

of

both

sometimes

It

names.

to

nearer

Sipylos

Derketo,

Mount

on

manner.

or

in

not

little distance

HITTITES.

image

II.,seated

Ramses

THE

as

that
those

Carchemish?
be

given

to

questions.

A
copy
Transactions

from
is given in
the
the squeeze
inscription made
PI.
Biblical
VII.
Pt.
An
v.
of
Society of
Archaeology
3,
made
from
the
of
his
Dr.
the
occasion
Dennis, on
ground by
eye-copy,
discovery of the cartouche, was
published in the Proceedings of the same
Society for January 1881, and is necessarily
imperfect.
of

the

the

MONUMENT

OF

HITTITE

KING

FOUND

AT

CARCHEMISH.

CHAPTER

THE

have

WE
the

of

they

the
the

by

Hittite

rulers

Libyans

and

Minor.

If

to

by

And
that

the

found

they
the

of

warriors

examples,
soon

as

Karabel

accompanied

over

the

monuments

the

them,
of

cities

the

prehistoric
can

be

had

the

by

conquest

of

Asia
in

are

Hittite

art.

As

two

of

the

Ibreez

earliest

tribes,

which

of
of

these

art

form

their

Hittite

traced

came

recognised

was

sculptures

peculiar

past

and

Minor,

inspired
that

it

as

Asia

the

and

and

countries

Hittites

power

soon

of

known

tions
identifica-

the

the

Asia

Minor.
as

actually

was

represented,

Syrian

found

of

Hittite

monuments

were

it

Asia

in

allies

of

of

the

for

of

partly

populations
in

the

of

partly

scholars

and

again

was

Aleppo,

placed

Egyptian

were

curious

be

shores

the

Egypt

the
allies

aid

and

later

other

kings
of

their

Lydia

and

into

Pharaoh

consisting

can

memorials

the

to

from

and

vassals

When

summon

Carchemish

trust

any

power

great

century

Teukrians,

be

to
as

of

that

the

confederacy,

whence

it is clear

well

Hittite

Minor.

able

sea.

proposed

ought

Asia

bear

monuments

of

with

as

Cilician

invaded

from

of

were

Troad,

Egyptian

extension

contended

Oppression

EMPIRE.

the

an

regions

Kadesh

from

that

to

distant

of

HITTITE

seen

witness

IV.

monuments

which

writing
home

new

Minor.
continuous

in

broke

light
These

the

Hittite
lines

from

HITTITES.

THE

74
Northern

of the
which
the

of Asia

led out

once

the

In

JEgean.

of stations

south

Ibreez

at

and

Maden

Bulgar

line

the

the

carries

us

the

great

Kappadokian

were

of

series

Lykaonia,

wards
North-

Merash,

by
and

then

to

and

Keui

Boghaz

at

Lake

the

and

Ghurun,

of

ruins

shores

Taurus

defile of

first to the

and

the

of Karabel.

Pass

through

runs

in

Ikonion

Tyriaion between
Beyshehr, and finallyin the

of

it

as

tremity
ex-

highways

two

and

form

they

western

the

Sardes

to

and

Fassiler

the

Kappadokia to
peninsula. They follow
and

Syria

the
and
we
by Ghiaur-kalessi
Eyuk, from whence
pass
again
burial-placeof the old Phrygian kings, until we
of Karabel.
reach the Lydian capitaland the Pass
of the
Westward
Halys and Kappadokia they are
marked
by certain peculiarities.They are found either
in the vicinityof silver mines, like those of Lykaonia, or
else on
the line of the ancient
verged
roads, which
finallyconNone

in

Lydia.
plateau of

central

in the

Lykia

north.

the

sits

the

exception

her

on

throne

represent
act

of

in

the

that
of

which

the

the
the

Such
Hittite
memorials
warriors

remains

facts

admit

monuments

of
whose

of

of

small

colonies,

of the

This

is the

case

at

ments
monu-

rock

Western

militaryconquest
figuresstood on

Asia
and

Minor

side of

on

The

must

be

In the

supremacy.

either

lies close

fortress.
pre-historic
of only one
explanation.

of

the

in

Karabel

the

carved

are

who

goddess

Ghiaur-kalessi,where
warriors

or

Moreover,

Sipylos,the western
figuresof warriors who are

Hittite

two

coast-lands

them.

connected

image

of

Mount

at

case

the

of

sites

mountains

the

in

the

in

discovered

wide-reaching

the

marching forward.

it is also

below

mark

been

Minor,

the

or

lines of road

else the
with

Asia

south,

They

have

the

Pass

THE

of

the

Karabel,
of

symbols
They

the

showed

the

of

arms.

of native

creations

not

visible

that

force

by

pass

conquest,

the

seen

They

kept

of

75

have

power.

and

won

emblems

are

EMPIRE.

sculptor must

Hittite

had

Hittite

HITTITE

art.

But
it

it

inevitable

was

influence.
civilising

with

them

East

without

whom

they

Lydia

and

the

the

had

regarded

in the

invasion

elements

of

that

in

contact.

ancient

first teachers

They

brought

of which

had

been

in the
over

of

chieftains

their

forces

without

Egypt,

into

ing
learn-

with

civilisation

The

carry

populations

lead

of

not

acquired

vassal

not

bring with

could

had

The

the

as

of the West.

they

rule.

to

could

come

Hittites

barbarous

Troad

something

they

The

influencing the
claimed

should

conquest

culture

and

art

assist

Syria, or

be

that

which

Hittites,in fact,must
of the
them

to

rude
a

populations

culture

the

inspired by Babylonia

first

they

brought also a system of writing out of which, in all

natives
of
Asia
Minor
afterwards
probability,the
developed a writing of their own.
It is possible,therefore, that
of the
Hittite
some
Asia

monuments

of

Hittites

themselves,

they

had

is the

his

civilised

worshipper

found

on

apart

from

to

Hittite

certain

This

them,

are

is

have

such

of

influence

the

well

faces

features

most

rather
of

the

productions

as

this

of the

god

and

very

the

than

that

Hittite

purely

the

be

It may

the

of

not

populations whom

instructed.

Jewish

work,

native

instances, where

proved by

as

and

of the

monuments

that

Minor

but

the

are

Ibreez,where

at

case

Minor

unlike

those
But

origin.

is due

monument

Hittite

it
artists,

Hittite

memorials

of

of

Hittites

to

the

the

hieroglyphs

by

the

uniform

which

are

type

of

is

Asia

themselves.
attached
feature

to

and

J6

HITTITES.

THE

Carchemish
to the
^Egean.
prevailsfrom
impossible to explain such an uniformity,and still

dress

which

It is

extraordinary resemblance
engraved at Karabel, or on

the

more

characters
and

which

those

meet

Carchemish,

and

monuments

in the

us

except
executed

were

by

Sipylos,
Hamath
that

supposition
who

men

the

Mount

inscriptionsof

the

on

between

belonged

the
the

to

language. Wherever
spoke the same
Hittite
find in them
the same
we
inscriptionsoccur,
combinations
the use
of the
of hieroglyphs as well as
characters
to denote
same
grammatical suffixes.
same

and

race

We
the

existence

Minor

is

Egypt,

but

In

days

the

of

groaning

were

enemies

their

and

power

The

of

could

prince
summon

north.

not

as

to

his aid

Pharaoh's

adversaries

powerful,
them

among

for

must
an

understand

consolidated

were

obeying
It

like that

empire

was

the

not

an

same

the

king

ruler of

there

and

those

Egyptian king.
When,
however,

as

who

speak
clearlywhat

of
that

of the unknown

together

under

like that

the

was

disputed by
if indeed

Egypt,

refuge

by

same

of the

empire
It

means.

the

and

himself, and

Hittite

where

empire

as

Egypt.

oppressed

of Rome,

laws

the

that the

always

was
were

we

of

his cost

to

sovereignty

to

Israel

them,

that

the inhabitants

claim

powerful

as

more

'great' a

was

of

to

rivalled

learned

soon

ancient

already exercising

were

which

monarch

allotted

tasks

oppressors

domination

Egyptian

Hittite

the

under

Asia

still exist.

the children

II.,when

Ramses

of

which

monuments

that

into

empire extending
only by the records

Hittite

by

of

conclusion

Hittite

not
certified,

also

the

satisfied with

then, rest

may,

was

the

we

not

subject provinces
central

authority,

supreme

Persians,or

head.
of the

THE

Assyrian

due

was

Sargon

; it

the

in the

before.

The

first

of

Egypt,

It

strength

and

world,

his

successor

had

and

never

like

Assyrian empire,

depended

of

altogether

an

the

on

of

conception

was

of individual

presented
re-

states

numerous

Such

idea

character.

and

ruler.

new

foreign empire

different

77

Tiglath-pileserIII.,and

to

was

realised

of

union

single

EMPIRE.

Tiglath-pileserIII.,which

organised

under

empire
been

of

successors

the
nations

HITTITE

prise
military enter-

monarchs.

As

long

as

Egyptian

king could lead his armies

distant
to
territories,and compel their inhabitants
him
tribute and
over
homage, his empire extended

the

Assyrian

into
pay

spoil than

find

we

the

allegiance and

their
the

had

hardly

But

them.

or

of

death

he

asserting their independence,

the

had

arms

pileser,in
of

power

rule.

his

The

and

again

subdued.

prince

as

by

campaign,

It

was

But

say.

answered

Asia

and

of the

Hittite

the
to

the
to

reality.

Lydia

are

kings

supremacy
battle

like

had

of their

Hittite

vassals

be

of

the
to

subdued

be

done,

as

be crushed

Hittites

it lasted

the

Hittite

the

the

that

some

of

the

command

they

lords,and

West

princes,

tribes
tne

blished
estacannot

we

of

fighting under
proves

Tiglath-

exist.
the

fact that

cities

submit

to

to

races

of

war

while

meant

could

that

distant

of Kadesh,

the

of

Asia

empire
long

The

found

and

days

freedom

sort

How

as

tribes

this could

as

the

of this

summons

Troad

them

long

the

it remained

long

Minor.

so

the

provinces

did

it

foreign people

as

long

so

the

Western

struggles for

empire

an

in

in

force

; but

native

long

of

Before

conquered

again

the

to

off

almost

with

brought

conqueror

fact,empire

with

subject populations throwing

invariably the general uprising

his

laden

home

returned

ledged
acknowfollowed

feudal

chief.

78

THE

armies

If Hittite

would

Egypt

sculptured
when

the

the

in the

from

the

remote

his

name

Derketo

in the

declares

that

Sardes,
in

it is in the
look

in Asia

lay

in

nation

been
time

the western

as

Hittite

by

satraps had

the

Hittites

of

the

had

issued

and

to

forth

found
The

an

on

of

ruins
to

of

into

influence
The

; and

Eusebius

the

of

the

banks

preserved

the

many

were

us

by

by

the

to

imagined

primitive home

of the

Thermodon,
hence

From

people
reached

of the

that

exercised

once

Keui.

which

invaders

Amazons

Amazons

Boghaz

captured
of

horde

warriors, whose

empire

drowned

of Asia.

evidence

conquer

building of

of

goddess

have

to

Ashkelon

legend

chief

female

said

even

regions

the

the

Derketo,

1078, by

Minor.

Kappadokia,

far from

Sea.

was

Lydian capital,was

B. C.

for the

Hittites
a

the

famous

antiquity of

be

of

lake

sacred

classical

to

when

the

Hittites,

have

not

far

as

carried

was

north-western

must

we

Lydian

first time

the

But

been

father

the

Carchemish.

from

the

There

feared

west,

The

been

the

far

against

would

Karabel.

and

the

with

wars

time

to

Lydian hero Kayster, who gave

the Kaystrian plain, was
fabled
to
to have
into Syria,and there,after wooing Semiramis,

have

for

of

contend

warriors

was

had

names

west.

wandered
to

Bel

whose

gods,

time

capitalof Lydia.
this period lingered on
into classical
its
dynasty of Lydian kings traced
and Ninos, the Babylonian or Assyrian

older

The

from

of the

future

of

Traditions

its

Minor,

shores

nations

in

of

name

of Asia

their seat

descent

rocks

able

to

Minor

the

to

had

Hittite

Hittite

extremity

days.

Asia

on

the

have

figures of

the

and

from

not

populationsof

marched

not

princes been

homage

exact

to

had

Hittite

and

^Egean,

HITTITES.

most

not

they

of

Asia

Minor

to

the

^Egean

famous

cities

THE

the

on

yEgean

Kyme,

coast

these

Now

She

was

her

armed

these

and

of the

they obeyed

When

the

worshipped

Greek

Artemis,

Ephesos

and

be

'

or

called

'

Bee

the

was

'

continued

be

which
head
of

had
was

the

which

has

of

called

her

the

crown,

her

The

with

spear-armed

host

'

the

of the

still

that

tinued
con-

Deborah

the

greatest of the

the

goddess

herself

form

same

days.

the

placed beyond

animal,

the

Hittite
doubt

as

that

On

her

origin
by

the

drawn

Artemis

goat.

of the

Amazons,

which

came

Kappadokia, which conquered Asia Minor, and was

with
the worship of the Ephesian
closelyconnected

from
so

'

sacred

'the

hands,

place

Artemis
us

where

herself

sculpturesof Boghaz Keui, while her chariot was

from
the Hittites, too, that
It was
by lions.
received

on

service,

Greek

into

Hittite

in

mural

been

the

under

her

to

so-called
now

of

one

Israel; and

depicted

belonged

to

identified

was

priestessof

name

of ancient

waited

early days,

bee/ reminding

prophetesses
to

passed

there

the

high-priestess.But
to

in

high-priesttook

for

Ma,

cities,in fact,

dedicated

who
high-priestess,

queen-bee.'
goddess

of them

Ephesos

at

as

esses
priest-

of

name

Certain

were

Hittite

of armed

her

thousand

spread

of the

multitude

cult

the

population accordingly became

the mighty goddess.
Generally

of

women,

monies
cere-

than

more

advance

Kappadokia.

ministers

were

the

under

six

Ephesos,

large part

by

in

like Komana
and

served

priests;

Komana

at

with

less than

instance, no

barbaric

whose

goddess,

along

eunuch

and

with

on

and

of the

worship

nothing

are

Asiatic

Carchemish

armies.

the

the

the

Myrina

"

of civilised Greece.

Amazons

priestesses of
from

later age

them,

to

carried

was

79

where

Ephesos,

goddess

into the

EMPIRE.

ascribed

was

and

Smyrna

great Asiatic

HITTITE

80

THE

be

no

goddess,

who

Artemis,
Hittite

can

shield

the

and

the

Greek

of

some

by

the warriors

of

the

has

entwined

the

West.

were

Asia
that

cold and

of

the

In

the

national

settlement
the

of the

dress

with

distinguishedthe

Wherever

ends.
there
among

Hittite

find

we

the

Egyptian

this

of

the

myth

of the

But

that

of Greece
most

hieroglyphs

of

adorned

the
the

of

which
after

the

as

that

tion
por-

upturned
portrayed,

It reappears

inscriptions,and
walls

their

ancient

characteristic

is

did

of Asia

tunic

with

the

adopted

rocks

or

of

valleys

warm

they

short

same

clusion
con-

of the

ranges

only

was

in

as

the

to

tunic

sculptured

the

well

inhabitants

of the

cities

Dorians

in

founded

trailing robes
It

the

Minor

arrival

as

the

the shoes
garb were
the figure of a
Hittite
peculiar form of boot.

artists who

held

the

have

points

was

; the

country

which

the

the

spear

in Asia

to

from

knees.

represent them

of

by

Syria

that

Syrian

of Ararat.

in

costume

Minor

inhabitants

them

of

rule.

region, not

the

the

in

to

explain

said

are

was

place

to

rocks

story of their

descended

costume

reach

the

in

the

empire

Everything

mountainous

quite

not

the

intruders

south.

Syrians,

Hittite

of Hittite

seats

had

they

is held

the

cannot

ishing
brand-

the

on

they

Minor.

Their

Taurus.
a

cities

Hittites

Western

We

and

on

recollection

itself around

the

lent

spear

of the

been

have

deities
'

our

armed

The

that

Amazons

supposition that they

priestessesof the Hittite goddess,

tradition

that

The

to

tunic

the
with

armed

the

art

axe

'

except

represented the

must

the

honour

Hittite

Hittite

of Karabel.

Amazons

and

in the

the

brings

poet

her

priestessesof

ancient

In

clad

the

in

danced

Keui, while

Boghaz

than

double-headed

same

of

hands

other

bow.

represented as

are

HITTITES,

of the

the

Rames-

THE

at Thebes

seum

defenders

of

HITTITE

have

for

the

The

inhabitants

fact that
the

in

any

from

the

other

the shoe

of similar

them

Turkish
the

to

stood

modern
the

to

He

conqueror.

of

population
Arameans

relation

same

the

that

Syria

of Kadesh

duced
intro-

and

and

in the

stands

carried

have

dicates
It inEgypt.
northern
origin of

Syria
unerring certainty the

with

come

It is like

north.

the north

of

natives

have

Turks

from

better

proves

must

the

the

migrations

the

amongst
the

of

which

shape

in their

Orontes

country.
of Kadesh

Hittites

they

mountains

ill-suited

cultivated

the

the

but

snow,

or

that

argument

snow-clad

over

by

valley of

really a snow-shoe,

is

level

still used

was

fertile

warm

than

with

it

walking

of

the feet of the Hittite

on

boot

The

admirably adapted
for

placed it

Kadesh.

81

EMPIRE.

Hittites

thousand

three

years

ago.
is
Equally significant
one

of the

most

thumb

alone

is

is

which

the

frequent of
detached

its

wearers

the

during

came,

winter

months

the

by

the

peasants

in

is

regions

glove is

The

bag

glove

of the

similar

of

rest

Such

cold

wintry
and

hieroglyphs.

the

enclosed.

the

to

Hittite

from

fingers were

eloquent witness
which

long fingerless
glove which

the

an

from

still used

of

modern

Kappadokia.
We

may

of the
the

find another
tribes

Hittite

sense

'

of

evidence

in the
It

country.'

some

years

resemble

ago,

hieroglyph which
represents two,

whose

three,pointed mountains,

local
of

we

leave

names

Hittite

Kadesh

bear

more

origin.

forms, as

those

Kaisariyeh, the Kappadokian

If

of the northern

and
and
We

of the

is used

in

or

sometimes

was

remarked

mountains

about

capital.
proceed northwards,
more

leave
F

descent

the

the

peculiar stamp

Semitic

names

like

82

THE

'

Kadesh,

in

this

the

are

; but

them
line

is

constitute

its

point

of the

Taurus

range,

north, and

They
the

before
the
the

so
1

their

the

his

for

Lydia

Greek

the

which

name

geographer

Greek

whom
us

Hittites

he

writer

was

the

of

the

on

the

of

that

It

their

ancestors

calls
White

or

'

this way
from

Jewish birth,
;

artists

yellow skins, they painted

them

Syrians

in

was

acquainted

Egyptian

them

upon

distinguishthem

of Aramean

and

stand,

avenging

'

Krcesos,

Pteria, where

now

by

long

not

was

by Cyrus

of

hundred

two

It

Strabo.

otherwise

lation
popu-

banks

the

Herodotos

to

flanks

on

qualifiedas

wished

Syrians

that,whereas
with

is

starting-

been

nearly

country

before.

this

east.

independence

own

centuries

the dark-coloured
with

the

inhabitants, thus
of

conquest

and

Kappadokia

Carchemish.

of

by

regard

home

Lydian king, destroyed the cities

ruins
of Boghaz
and
Keui
Eyuk

Syrians/

that

fall of

overthrow

many

by

the

know

now

is formed

two

into

on

Kappadokia

in

the

enslaved
the

their

preserved

after

years

Armenia

towards

Halys

far

we

must

the

round

extending

inscription of

will have

They

clustered

south

territorycovered

We

primeval

race.

just

into
through Antioch
Boghaz Keui and Eyuk

at

the

the

to

of which

limit.

been

Hittite

which

base

remains

northern

The

is

inscriptions

northwards

Carchemish

the

having

as

the

from

while

lost

still exist.

square,

Lykaonia,

the

and

Carchemish

of them

running

region

Hamath

from

numbers

that

of

Hittite
with

names

It

etymology.

first met

find

length

at

geographical

which

in

plentiful. The

stones

Aleppo

the

Semitic

district,moreover,

first become

by

of

us, and

where

district

admit

longer

no

sanctuary,'behind

the

ourselves

HITTITES.

and

it

painted
the

minds
re-

the

Syrians

THE

with
of

It

red.

their

Taurus

the
these

among

known

of

of

blocks

cut

stone,

which

lions

act

of

devouring

one

that

on

is

headed

Thebes.

on

either

on

the

of

modified

had

national

hand

the

figure of

the

figure

the

of

talon,

and

of
must

man

be

the

block

same

Perrot

granite,

had

clearly

clear

that

in accordance

standing

god,

regarded

as

is met
one

upon

which
the

be

with
a

its

hare

the

under

passes

on

he

with

feet, of

stone

eagle,
to

ram-

in relief the

also

also,

bears

believes

double-headed
or

of

of

flanked

of

artist

necklace

the

Karnak

was

head-dress, like the

sphinx

man

of

carved

imitated

double-headed

Professor

of

avenue

the breast, and

falling across
recumbent, as in Egypt.
erect, not
the

which

same

he

forms

in

attitude

temple

though the
model, it is

his

them

and

the

were

huge

of

instead

right

of

monoliths

which

But

of

and

places.
sculptured slabs,

palace

enormous

non-Egyptian,

the

the

Assyria

in many

head

the

are

artificial

formed

some

of

district

there

an

of

of

to

of

of

on

traced

us

led

The

itself is

sphinx

The

for

the

is

chin

the

faces

ideas.

sphinxes

remind

two

long

so

the

Eyuk

palace,

The

ram.

sphinx.

in

At

represented,

by

Syrian

preserved

avenue

entrance

Egypt

to

gone

side

an

which

The

the

still be

by

preserved

external

images

Greeks.

can

memory

the

on

situated

are

of

were

sphinxes

at

been

the

Kappadokia.

the

walls

approached

was

have

stood
palace, which
earth, like the palaces

The

Babylon.

population

Eyuk

to

that

vast

of

platform

of

and

Pteria

as

remains

It

the

should

Hittites

Keui

Boghaz

85

EMPIRE.

interesting fact

an

relationship to

of

side

is

HITTITE

inner

the
On
bears

side,
animal

an

in

twofold

either

head.

eagle, supporting the figure

with
at
Boghaz Keui, and
of

the

of
peculiarities

Hittite

86

THE

The

symbolism and art.

days by the Turkoman
it

seen

the

on

of Hittite

art

have

which

has

the

on

bas-reliefs

which

on

built

were

the

by

of

of

rest

the

on

priestbefore
of whom

one

another
to

is

see

with

the
as

two

by

her

the

Merash,
limits
the

same

three

in

similar
the

of

stool

ancient

The
hand.

two

with

of

chair

of the

Komagene,
and

reliefs

on

regard

goat

whose

again

we

peculiar construction,
objects

side

men,

Another

elsewhere

two

little

of

mounted

ladder.
and

rams

and

still lie

; while

goat

like flowers

piece of sculpture has

southern

the

of

with

picture

likeness

climbing

chair

the

in

being

painted

bull

other

shepherd

the

walls

formed,

sacred

solid

with

them

and

represented

us

of

huge stone
in fragments

They

have

we

loom
heir-

palaces which

above

stucco

the

to-day.

sculptured blocks

is

of

by

of the

form

cases.

the

to

upon

on

the

act

seated

feet

hand.

is

in the

wall

lyre,the

man

grasped

goddess

flanked

with

by

carries

introduces

horn

at

Hard

perspective in

relief

her

an

stone

was

Here
ground.
altar,there of

pedestal.

on

still lies

the

of

was

right,the

Assyria.

only

us

Eyuk

as

of

the

to

the

the modern

to

on

head,

carved,

were

probably of brick covered

Many of
bright colours.
scattered

is

entrance

kings

dado, the

fact, a

lion's

The

ground.

it

at

in

emblem

descended

Perrot

them

It is not

palace gate

with

with

the

passed

Austria.

stone, and, if Professor

lintel,adorned

became

it

; and

Kappodokia

Europe

and

lintel of the

The

of

it to

brought

of Russia

adopted in later
had
perhaps first

was

monuments

Here
14th century.
German
Emperors, who

kingdoms

symbol

princes, who

Hittite

Crusaders

the

HITTITES.

stool

might

Taurus,

even

being
have

been

in

found
within

such

details

alike

in

been

the

executed

THE

The

which

sphinxes
palace of Eyuk
art

when

of

Hittites

the

avenue

the

entrance

which

led

to the

testimony

its builders.

upon

87

EMPIRE.

guarded

the

and

unmistakable

bear

HITTITE

take

They

Kappadokia

influence

of

the
them

to

up

back

us

of

Egyptian

to

period

in contact

were

with

people of the Nile, and thus confirm the evidence

of the
There
have
been
must
Egyptian records.
a
time when
the population of distant
Kappadokia held
intercourse
with
that of Egypt, and
this time, as
we
from
the Egyptian
learn
the age of
was
monuments,
Ramses
II.
It is perhaps not
going too far to assume
that the palace of Eyuk was
in the 13th century
erected
is a relic of the period when
before
and
the
our
era,
of the Hittite
Carchemish
or
princes of Kadesh
sway
extended
far north
the neighbourhood
of the
as
as
is indeed
It
Halys.
possible that the palace was
of the
residence
originallythe summer
kings whose
The
in the south.
homes
were
plateau on which Eyuk
and
feet above
than
2000
Boghaz Keui stand is more
the

level

the

of

the

cold.
is

of

descendants
a

cold

with

lords

the

heats

the

heights, may

have

their

five hours
site of

once

date
to

than

the

those

south-west

populous

town.

Keui
of

known

that

southern

during

from

make
the

in

to

the

summer

the

made

belong

the

summer

which

palace

summer

padokian highlands.
The
sculptures of Boghaz
later

of
causes

same

ground

originallycome

retire

build

Syria

well

to-day

of India

rulers

of

have

; and

mountain

the

which

endure

impatience

is

tensely
in-

are

the

onwards

It

snow.

races

climate

English
to

with

there

winters

December

From

piled high

the

and

sea,

Hittite

the

Kap-

what
some-

Eyuk.
Boghaz Keui
marks
of Eyuk, and
A

stream

that

runs

is

the

past

I
88
it

THE

separates the

ruins

HITTITES.

of the

city from

remarkable

series of

the rocks of the mountains

which

The

sculpturescarved on
overlooked the city.

city was

surrounded

Nm

SCULPTURES

AT

BOGHAZ

KEUI.

of masonry,
and within it were
two
shafts of
of two
citadels solidlybuilt on the summits

by

massive

wall

THE

wall

The

rock.
a

the

earth, the

without

was

earth

being

slippery covering of
building in the city
been

made

Eyuk,

it was

has
of
of

similar

its

that

to

foundations

the
of

also

carved

have

walls

of the

two

have

of

side

we

short
that

however,

they

are

his

side.

save

throne

heads

were

which

formed

the

posts
door-

court

ported
sup-

the

crescent

procession
his

After

name

are

disk

becomes
written

turning

the

of

which

first

The

rectangular
the

along
the

dado

of

almost

men,

Hittite

be

of the
that of

corner

all clad

boots

with

At

times,

figures in

the

intended

for

dwarf-like

two

in

art.

other

perhaps

number

Hittite
of

creatures

and

moon,
a

On

entrance.

tiara, and

tunic, peaked

them

of

taken

figures in relief,which

line of

may

rocky

been

floors

as

opposite

characterise

the

on

levelled.

it, as
of

sculptures

has

and

described

end

who

care

and

of

much

sides

lines

see

in the

centres

interrupted by

long Syrian robe,

women.
Among

with

overturned

advantage

the

side

the

at

ends

each

it

Lions'

so

be

long

upturned

the

been

lions.

Here

either

meet

the

while

have

central

Keui

with

may

two

run

upholding

terrace

or

the

columns

recesses,

Along

in

the

in

of two

mountains.

left-hand

alike

and

stood

palace

little is left of

artificially
shaped

eventually
the

walls

carved

largest recess

room,

the

to

seems

But

Boghaz

been

narrow

shape.

Like

which

city-gate.

been

and

the

the

interest

which

of

of
once

on

of the
The

Eyuk.

of

plan

and

important

artificial mound

an

foot

smooth

most

palace,

ornamentation

bodies

the

on

with

travellers.

on

its

at

rock, partly through

The

the

of

which

stone

erected

and

earth,

the

coated

modern

by

but

towers,

masonry.
was

89

EMPIRE.

partly through

cut

moat

ran

HITTITE

after

of deities,

hieroglyphs at
the

recess,

the

THE

90

HITTITES.

processionconsists of
mountain-peaks, while
him) is supported on
him

which

starts

from

the

head
beside

the

mural

her,

the

mural
of

form

is but

whose

the

series of

wall.

The

eastern

line
of

and

off at

stands

curved

on

is

we

augural wand,

in

representing a priestwith
solar

disk,

baseless
The
side
the

with

shoe

upon

the

upon

heads

and

eagle, whose
sculptured at Eyuk,
This

the

on

with

of

and

holds

northern

long line,

in

and

symbol

robes,who

stands

supports

of

hand

one

strange

embroidered

extremities

eunuch-priest,

an

other

upturned ends,
two

with

priestesses

the

upon

image
the

the

the
priestesses. Where
a
solitary piece
upon

come

is the

stands

two

are

that

of

mountain

hand,

occupied

then

last

This

sculpture.

who

wall

panther, while

greeting, is

designs represented

goddesses

breaks

of

reproduction

in his

eagle.

her

on

youthful god,

feet rest

figure

wears

is

again

This

who

she

and

recess,

wall.

her

him

procession,

the

upon

god

Behind

behind

closes

first of

the

double-headed

of

goddess,

on

goat beside

the other

its northern

stands

stand

adoring priests.

two

side

battle-axe

crowns,

(with

figureof

and

goat.

of whom

two

of

eastern

beside

as

panther, and

wings

heads

on

crown

double-headed

with

foremost

great Asiatic

portraitureof
the

the
the

first

the

finallymeets
of

gods,

is the foremost

Facing

is that

three

which

winged

rest

upon

columns.
to

entrance

by

winged

two

heads

of

passage

of which

the second

dogs.
of

detached

recess

into

guarded

human

with

monsters,
It leads

is

engraved. On the western

priestsor soldiers,each of

of

bodies

emblems

figures and
wall

whom

is

and

vated
excaartificially
the rocky walls

an

rectangular shape, on
groups

either

on

bears

are

row

of

scythe

twelve
upon

THE

his

shoulder

reliefs

of

is

left

whose

the

wall

One

them

was

other

that

symbol

represents

head

whose
been

has

already

head

god's

two

are

depicts the
Attys, embracing

of

eunuch-priest, above

strange

The

described.

93

eastern

perhaps

name

arm

the

engraved

the

on

character.

strange

his

EMPIRE.

facing them

youthful god,
with

HITTITE

crowned

peaked tiara,and supported on a double-headed

lion,which again stands on the hinder feet of two other
All these
heads
column
rest on
stem.
a
or
lions,whose
thus
with
covered
once
sculptures were
stucco, and
preserved from the action of the weather.

with

the

that

It is evident

have

were

was

sanctuary

of

sacred

remarks,

Perrot

governed by

were

'

'

Kadesh

'

or

its

It is not
a

was

city of

attached

have

and
its

within
Prof.

out

by

time

citizens

were

the

by
It
a

as

been
secrated
con-

Hittites,
much

as

was

'

much

sculptures only
the

them,
which

Aleppo,

as

meet

of

of
and

discovered
the

rock,

and

which

holy city,'as

the

Eyuk,

at

in

us

the

long text
though

weather, still showing

deities
glyphs
hiero-

same

of its

ruins

of nine

the

the

Merash,

and

worn

that

us

inscriptions of

the

Carchemish
of

to

prove

figuresof

The

Hittites.

walls, southward

Perrot

cut

have

high-priest.

Hierapolis,'as

to

those

as

Hamath

fact,

must

adored

by

itself.

Carchemish

it

divinities

it

served
In

priests.

whose

the

whom

to

goddess,

Keui

Boghaz

Komana,

chief

the

to

and

like

city

and

we

within

deities

female

and

male

confined

supreme

god

were

multitude

Prof.

the

city,and

the

dedicated

was

of

be

to

recesses

symbols of whose
It
of living rock.

and

its walls

on

holy

too

mountain

two

forms

sculptured

deities

walls

the

sanctuary,

these

in

or

and

forms

and

palace,

ten

lines

disfigured
of

many

THE

94
Hittite

of

of

which

the

of the

recently

were

the

are

ments
monu-

show

with

the

standing

same

in

the

the

on

backs

districts

the

palaces

Boghaz

Keui.

too

with

the

; here

too

sculptured
costume

same

the

of animals.

city,

temple.

Hittite

and

Eyuk

lions, and

same

Hittite

here

what

us

Hittite

the

that

us

dados

figures dressed

of

in

the

find

same

meet

made

tell

they
of

interior

of

too

we

since

it has

be,

to

seem

may

like those

Here

deities

the

construction

the

Taurus,

temples

we

Hittite

details

and

palace,and

discoveries

and

found

on

from

judged
forms

give them,

to

appearance

Hittite

south

be

can

published,the

are

all these

as

necessary

The

as

Syria.

Tedious

was

has

it he

those

as

same

far

So

characters.

photograph

been

HITTITES.

winged

same

photograph

block
of basalt
at Cara
sculpture on
chemish, taken by Dr. Gwyther, might have been taken
The
Keui.
at Boghaz
art, the forms, and the symbolism

of

all the

are

of

piece

The
have

from

high-road
Wilson

which

led

mines

Ibreez

are

gates

which

plateau

of

It would

far

led

of Asia
seem

Hittite
the

not

to

Bor

been

the

from

traveller

Minor
that

first worked
Dagh were
for
a special attraction

to

the

by
the

and

silver

famous
the

the

mines

Prof.
to

bas-reliefs

The

from

Tarsus

where

thence

the

road

capital of

modern

from

Bulgar Dagh.

the

Sir

where

second

Tyana,

or

text, and

distant

must

inscriptions carved

have

may

Merash

to

Ghurun,

Hittite

there

southward

found

silver

of

through Kaisariyeh,

Kappadokia,
Ramsay

defile

discovered

cliff. But

the

Keui

Boghaz
the

passed through

Charles
upon

same.

the
of

Cilician

great

central

sea.

of

Hittite

miners.

Hittite

race.

the

Bulgar

Silver
The

had

material

THE

the

which

on

the

written

was

were

nearly

all

therefore

Hittite

their

wood

stone

or

that

the

scribes

It

stone.

Hittite

possible

Gumush

still be

Davis,

'the

for

Dagh,

in

time

'

or

even

Lydia

was

Silver

Karabel,

detected

in them.

this may

However

is

It

confirm

be, the

strikingway
Egyptian inscriptions. They show
Minor

worked

in

for silver

upon

the

Cilician

their

art

and

in

the

show

further

power

was

which

included

square

that
on

either

us

Carchemish

and

of

these
once

their
with

connected

the

all events

lie to

old

the

south

workings

that

of

the

the

Hittites

looked

the

can

of Asia

evidence

which

into

side

The

of

monuments

the

upon

Dagh.

that

central

the

write

possible

whence

extended

imitation

had

of

can

Hittite

the

At

mountains

plain, from

writing

They

metal

they

also

Hittite

of

mines

that

traces

upon

silver of which

old

Mountains,'

and

first

relief than

to

metal.'

is

It

than

their

the

the

are

nothing

Bulgar

proves

bright

of

Pass

the

near

locality.

for

of

most

us

have

in

came

that

stone.

cast

so, than

they

from

Mr.

the

passion

of the

that

came

by

settlement

to

must

or

such

fact

the

the

upon

doing

to

inscription found

occupied

from

Hittites

relief when

use

mountains

their

been

in

is

That

metal.

graving tool,and
long accustomed

Pharaoh

Egyptian

that

hammer

to

with

have

made

they

the

between

treaty

hieroglyphs upon metal, rather

or
clay ; it is only in the case

work

this

the

relief

clearly how

must

the

results

use,

that

metal

more

prove

of

95

inscriptionsknown

it is less laborious

cut

of

and

in

cut

obvious

inscribed

of

frequent

incised, but

not

version

tablet

the

EMPIRE.

of Kadesh

was

in

tablets

to

Hittite

king

Hittite

HITTITE

down

influence

of

plain itself.
point of Hittite
the

the

Komagene

Taurus
in the

range,

south,

g6

the

district

eastwards

the

country

of

from

the

leadership

the

two

to

by

the

which

this

them

the

in

Asia

length

to

the

Asia

Lydia,

barbarous

people

of

one

their

they
had

the

brought
tribes

of

the

up

iEgean

left

behind

testimony

as

and

Uriah,
had

contended
of

Egyptian
the

satraps

civilisation

distant

could

the

through
set

It

Kadesh

greatest

arms

had

Eyuk.

whom

only

sphinxes

of

same

not

the

the

have

to

of

image

of

the

belonged,

Minor,

of

Hittites

The

carried

and

rulers

bear

indicated

is

palace

vassal-chieftains

thus

with
had

they

the

the

the

Egypt.

terms

of

of

aid

Bath-sheba,

equal

kings

when

days

The

west.

by

as

the

to

their

so-called

well

as

entrance

Minor

of

be

may

Sipylos,

far

belongs
the

along

established
the

empire
of

monuments

records

East

the

The

coast.

of

their

to

summon

of

under

marched

and

coast-tribes

the

selves
them-

when,

they

Minor

character

guarded
to

Asia

military

cliff

the

back

cities

the

Egyptian
on

goes

of

in

spread

came

princes,

and

mountaineers

had

time

north,

capital

were

who
A

powerful

the

fact,

Kappadokia

the

on

was

in

directions.

of

which

Niobe

on

of

over

age

Halys

Malatiyeh

high-roads

supremacy

the

tribes,

all

in

out

the

which

plateau

the

of

Hittite

The

east.

it

HITTITES.

THE

West.

whole
in

the

of

the

CHAPTER

THE

the

OF
ruins

at

of

palace
tribes

in the

of

Merash
the

adorns
be

can

its

ancient

mountainous

the

body

city

It

the

neighbours

capitals,

and

imperfect

though

vain.

At

the

name

agree
in

the

placed

of

it

Kirkesion

with

that

Assyrian

Hierapolis,

the

assigned
texts.

the

at

Kadesh,

'

to

been

built

Membij,

strength

of
G

its

the
at

the

of

broken

ancient

evidence

or

Assyrian

position
or

in

for

confluence

the

'

their

Kirkesion

the

Maspero
the

about

looked

But

Gargamis

Professor

annals

blank.

utter

an

the

Hittite

the

that

and

with

and

the

by

history

Euphrates.
Sirki,

was

latter
on

identified

geography,

and

of

long

leave

we

on

know

not

The

is not

be,

may
had

was

classical

Khabour

the

it

at

light

something

us

Carchemish

Carchemish
time

one

Circesium
of

of

tell

to

Hittite

found

do

we

Syria,

achievements.

and

southern

site

of

their

tion
inscrip-

cast

until

not

valleys

begin

two

The

lion

doubtless

present

is

the
the

originally occupied

into

fortunes

; at

the

and

with

stone

know

from

Keui

When

of

who

we

gather

case

it will

name.

descend

their

their

Komag"ne\

the

Halys,

can

is the

Hittites

or

Boghaz

and

region

and

race,

of

we

at

same

'

the

near

what

deciphered,

early history

even

of

The

RACE.

Syrians

Pteria,

stronghold

Malatiyeh

which

of

AND

White

'

beyond

Eyuk.

at

the

land

present

their

CITIES

of

history

lived

nothing

HITTITE

V.

did

not

Carchemish

subsequently
Mabog
furnished

or

by

98

HITTITES.

THE

classical authors
of

ruins

known

the

to

chemish
To

Euphrates,

from

us

the

commanded

is due

Aleppo,

old

site of

the

found

from

fords

for many

the

with

Greek

the

over

the

years

credit

of

first

tance
dis-

fact

the

Car-

Assyrian inscriptions,that

the

Skene,

Mr.

is inconsistent

the

; but

monuments

nothing earlier than the

position on a rocky plateau at

their

from

Egyptian

contain

Membij

period, and

the

and

Euphrates.
consul

English

the

discovering

at

true

of
bank
capital. On the western
the Euphrates, midway
between
Birejik and the mouth
of the Sajur, rises an
artificial mound
of earth, under
which
had
been
ruins and
sculptured blocks of stone

Skene

'

had

which

of the

the

been

older

of the

Two
Smith

; but

from
that

which
Mr.

he

of

Jerablus

it

lay

on

west, and
characters.
the British

suited

the

Not
Museum

religious
of

triumph
fall of

the

from

the

in connection

with

on

which

its ruins

long

last

his

was

George

ill-fated

journey

recognised at once
right. The position
of the

Assyrian texts,

formerly led

afterwards

from

inscriptionin

an

was

the bronze

Mr.

discovery,

requirements

high-road

among

the

it the

only

identification
the

neighbour

disappeared

returned, and

never

Skene's

its
and

when

with

Skene's

Mr.

Carchemish

visited

Hierapolis

Carchemish.

ancient

after

years

to

corruption

of

traditions

remembered

was

Arab

name

transferred

Carchemish

Jerablus,

as

sometimes
Jerablus,'
of JerablusMr.
name

the

age

the

inherited

city,and

ruins

of

in the

and

Christianityin Syria brought

great temple of Membij, the name
later

known

was

fortress

Roman

'

fame

It

in recognising an
difficulty

no

Hierapolis. In the
Holy City had

Membij,

the

Jerabis ;

written

'

or

time.

to

Jerablus,

wrongly
of

time

Kalaat

or

Hittite

there

bands

once

to

Hittite

brought

were

which

east

to

adorned

THE

the gates of

HITTITE

CITIES

AND

Assyrian temple, and

an

relief of Carchemish

picture in
of Jehu of

RACE.

on

99
of these

one

it looked

is

in the

days
Israel.
The
Euphrates is represented as
running past its walls, thus conclusivelyshowing that
be the site on which
it
Jerablus,and not Membij, must
a

as

stood.
The

site

at

successor

the

was

former

field.

In

Trustees

left to

stones

and

of

mighty

excavating

the

on

an

The

only

dado

been
men

sides

two

on

Mr.

had

like that of

shod

were

The

the

with

ends, that unfailingcharacteristic

boots

and

cut,

marks

found
of the

face

the likeness

the

mound

excavators

Eyuk,

sculptured into

been

attention

Skene's
the

by

north

the

on

fortified wall.

ployed
em-

or

mill.

royal palace,where
a

natives

artificial canal

was

much

London,

to

the

by

defended

first attracted

of

exposed

was

of which

having
men.

lime

into

city was

the site of the

the remains

in

their way

construction

Here, however,
had

The

cow.

exercised
over
supervision was
of Hittite
though a few remains

burned

and

either side

which

by

Hittite

Museum

writing found

ancient

Euphrates,
west.

British

and

be

in the
The

the

of

invested

was

money

sufficient

no

workmen,

was

Mr.

of the

sculptureand

on

more

1878

spot ; but
the

no

the

Skene's

Mr.

Henderson,

capitalwhich had
of Egypt and
Assyria was
judged
than
the price of a beast of the
Henderson
was
employed by the

armies

be worth

to

Mr.

purchase

indeed, when

the

resisted

in the

owner

fallen

were

bought by
Aleppo, and

of
with

of Hittite

gods
turned
upart.

first we
enjoyed a long history. When
it was
of it in the Egyptian records
hear
already in
its walls,
III. fought beneath
Thothmes
Hittite hands.
his bravest warriors plunged into the Euphrates in
and
Carchemish

THE

100

their
had

to

eagerness

but

had

from

its
of

armies

to

the

and

'

value.

maneh

Asia,

decisive

Carchemish

in

Palestine,and
in

the

that

it

hands

the

However

had

Carchemish

that

may

be, long

it had

been

before

capital the

'

Lake

of

Kadesh/

of the

out

lake.

city

in

was

thrown,

double
the

of the
at

made
was

by
the

must

the

for

premacy
su-

Carchemish

The

of

battle

of

The

have

Hittites

visible

sign

was

of

it

the

Orontes,

the

on

which

ments
monu-

Orontes

the two

it
the

flowed

round

holy

that

them

from

the

most
'

also

conducted

across

wide

the

bridge

channels

being

wall.

been
in

made

of Horns, still called

between
a

or

successor.

preserved

Lake

channel,

of the

Mabog

had

rival and
the

battle.

beginning

which

gather

river

space

the

from

the

point where

the

apparently occupied by
Kadesh

of

possessed, was

been

We

II.

shore

on

Hittites

of it have

Ramses
the

on

of

standard

supplanted by

Kadesh

Carchemish,

city.' Pictures
stood

tinued
con-

its merchants,

out

dates

'

of

it

Syria and
placed the destinies of the chosen
people
of the Babylonian king. It is possible

era

southern

Assyrian

an

walls

the

to

struggle

Necho

drove

604

B.C.

Membij, and the great sanctuary

transferred
to its
holy city was
Like

tribute

fought.

was

of

received

of

final

the

under

struggle

Assur-

remained

her

phrates,
Eu-

them.

through

hands
'

made

was

of the

of

seat

flowed

the

ruin

Christian

had

the

made

into

Egypt

shore

finallysurrendered

of Carchemish

When

the

it

which

Tiglath-pileserI.

approach

to

Shalmaneser

son

wealth

pour

foe.

opposite

ventured

not

trade

in
that

the

king, and when

Sargon it was

The

satrap.

from

his

natsir-paland

the

capture

its walls

seen

HITTITES.

one

Syria, and
their

of

the
their

supremacy

last

conquests

retention
over

of it

Western

HITTITE

THE

We

Asia.

the

by

it

as

of

the Hittites

'

of

be

to

seems

called

been

Membij

and

city

took

the

place

We

have

seen

that

Their

primitivehome

of the

Taurus.

their

own

which
of

the

of

the

with

It must

the

be

the cheek-bones
upper
the

they

the west.

to

were

No
in

occurs

the
it
As
or

race.

the northern

on

like

were

northern

we

The

extraordinary

faces

drawn

the

side

learn

can

both

were

that

lip protrusive. They

the
craniologists,

bas-reliefs

of the faithfulness
well

as

of

Egyptian inscriptions
and
Kappadokia.

they
and

was

high,

artists

of the

thick

of

forehead

nostrils

had,

characteristics

in

of

handsome

limb,

forward

The
the

not

were

pushed

repulsive way.
were

their

in

representations,as

short

tween
be-

Egyptian

convincing proof

of Carchemish

confessed

resemblance

the

by

themselves

Hittites

part of their faces

somewhat

and

Hittites

Egyptian

Hittites

people. They
front

Assyrian

conjecture that

may

probably lay

depicted by

identity of

the

the

hieroglyphs,is

their

and

we

David,
hands,

ments,
sculpturesand from the Egyptian monumost
remarkably in the delineation
agree

Hittite

those

and

the

inhabitants

its

of

in their

when

so

Hamath,'

of Kadesh.

What

features.

their

been

formed

destroyed by the Syrians of Damascus.

the place of Carchemish, so
took
Emesa

Horns

from

the age

his armies

inscriptions,and

Assyrian
had

the

be

to

III. led

king Shalmaneser
to

still have

of

that

us

was

entering in
In

to

informs

of David

elsewhere.

ceased

yield
pointed out,

been

xxiv.

! the

lOI

forced

were

has

kingdom

must

already

it had

allusion

Sam.

RACE.

they
As

Kadesh/

accordingly, Kadesh
but

when

limit of the

northern

AND

others.

reading

correct

the

know

not

possession to

its

up

do

CITIES

were

in

and

the

curious

retreated,

large,the

fact, according
a

Mongoloid

to

race.

THE

102

Mongols,

the

Like

hair in the
their

on

much

the

and

they

The

to bear

of

Hittite
which

Carchemish

In

like

were

town.

conquering

merely

the

governing

smaller

and

smaller

their

in

disappear
It
in
in
in

ancient
else

or

among

there

once

Hittite

in

Normans

in

tended

Syria

formed

they

they

into

bourhood
neighwere

Hittites

removed

absorbed

are

Arameans

class,which

Italy, they
be

to

Kadesh

the

In

at

upper

the

Semitic

north

everywhere

further

Like

have

became
from

were

the

Sicily or
gradually

the

to

subject race.

that they survived

only in their primitive homes
their originalstrength and
purity, and though even
Kappadokia they lost their old languages, adopting
place of them first Aramaic, then Greek, and lastly

was

Turkish,

we

may
in

Even

range.

descendants
Sir Charles
found
the

the

originalseats.

Etruscans

and

tion.
popula-

and
title,

and

short,the

race

likely

language.

was

as

race,

more

native

stamp.

Hittites

Aramean

an

the

further

Pethor

Semitic

Judah

Semitic

them

toes.

the

Semitic

the

quite

the

into

mingled together, and

and

with

occur

display a

of

upturned

last its Semitic

which

names

characterises

Southern

the

to

They arranged

advanced

they

yellow

were

monuments

mixed

probably spoke

and

several

with

absorbed

Hittites

continued
the

Egyptian

doubtless

become

to

were

names,

the

south

further

black.

were

their snow-shoes

Syria they

skins

which
pig-tail,'

and

own

as

In

'

of

form

their

moreover,

hair

and

their eyes

and

HITTITES.

in

some

still observe

the
in
may

districts

still be

Wilson,

'

features

inhabitants

modern
certain

their

which

met

of

with.

is not

of

and
the

acteristic
charTaurus

Kappadokia
'

The

beautiful

their

type,' says
one,

is still

parts of Kappadokia, especiallyamongst

people living

in

the

extraordinary

subterranean

HITTITE

THE

which

towns

of

discovered

Nigdeh.'

The

acquired,

seem

careful

when

that

the

Eastern

of

Palestine.

ancient
Asia

almost

CITIES

beneath

RACE.

the

characteristics
indelible

observations

can

Hittite

Minor,

AND

race

but

even

it

and

be

made,

still
in

plain

great
of

103

when

race,
is

it

once

possible
will

survives,
the

west
north-

southern

not

be

that,
found

only
regions

in

CHAPTER

HITTITE

LUCIAN,
his

of

of

doubt

the

little

stood,

City.'

which

who

'

in

brilliant
the

Holy

provided

with

but

the

building,

the

Jewish

of
a

the

was

an

of

contained

its

walls

gold.

Its

doors

being

it would

by

was

the

cone-like

goddess

large

altar

image

of

of
'

or

of

brass.

Semiramis,'

and

his

Holy

not

than

left

far

within

gilded,

the
of

On
of

was

not

was

from

the

panions
com-

more

also

fertility,and
To

Holies,

ceiling

veil.

Holy
inner

of

shrine

column

'

temple

were

the

curtain

the

of

and

separated
like

mish.
Carche-

an

The

innermost

seem,

of

platform,

or

or

older

those

the

it, differed

Holy

gods.'

mound

all

and

and

the

Holies

the

court

and

doors,

entrance

symbol

court

with

temple,

outer

nearest

in

centre

very

high-priest

height,

of

the

an

artificial

an

feet

were

the

were

on

in

again

by

only

erected

of

consisted

sanctuary,
entered

told,

of

temple

to

reason

with

on

the

was

little

Mabog,

great

century

seen,

is

carried

were

pagan

are

we

It

twelve

that

the

of

the

second

have

we

there

temple

pagan

from

as

the

usurped

of

account

in

and

has

who

writer

existed

ART.

minute

Mabog,

era.

ceremonies

and

It

it

as

Greek

us

Carchemish

that

but

left

Mabog

successor

AND

other

has

Christian

the

rites

RELIGION

some

name,

of

temple

or

VI.

of

rest

Holies
either

in
side

height,

great
in

the

outer

of

the

latter

off

great

HITTITE

'sea'

the

to

deities
the

entering

throne

of the

Moon

alone

lions

and

eagles,bears,
On

of

who

At

times, it

others

When

it led

from

them

until

the

it answered

Greek

the

on

sceptre and

Like

Keui.

them,

lions, while her consort

recognise the
we
may
advancing
the

In

and

the

called

Egyptian
king

Sutekh,
In

Astarata.

chemish

was

to

the
later
known

be

its

of the
the

priests,began
in their hands,
the

to

of

and

golden

Derketo.

Semiramis,

Boghaz
In

on

him

Keui

is

goddess.

treaty between
supreme

mural

supported

by bulls.
at
Boghaz

Hittite

in her

or

of

goddesses
was

The

bore

turreted

the

between

dove.

golden

Ramses

Hittite
or

days, however, the goddess

the
Athar-'Ati, which
as

the mother

forward.

the

were

other,

it questions,

its bearers

goddess being Antarata,

Atargatis

own

the

that

who

god

supreme

text

carried

was

Kadesh,

of

into

transformed
fabled

the

meet

to

of

identifies with

she

moreover,

of

prophecies.

precious stones,
head

to

image

figure standing

rested

and

various

it,asked

Lucian

her

on

of

and

it

before

distinguishes the

which

crown

with

blazed

Sun

dedicated

temple

by driving

of which

head

who

gcddess,
hand

priests took

Zeus, another

and

Hera

them,

by

once

deities,whom

of two

being

as

the

moved

image
at

horses,

his left the

on

statues

objectsof worship,however,

central

images

saw

oracles

part of the

one

court,

wonder-working

high-priest,standing

which
The

the

the

the

to deliver

lifted up

Oxen,

within.

were

said, the

if not

105

image, since
no
images

no

the

in

visitor

had

gods
however,

was

perspire.

to

the

but

believed

was

accord, and

temple

the

divinities,among

god

worshipped

ART.

fish.

kept

were

Sun-god,

Beyond,

them.

AND

Make,' containing sacred

or

sacred

RELIGION

god

perhaps
of

Car-

Greeks

Derketo
in whom

is

was

Greek

106

legend

Carchemish

dove

the

the

dove
in the

The

temple

More

than

when

Lucian

and

divine

took

300
the

wore

Hittite

skull-capwhich
The

prerogative of gods

the

festival

of

the

priestswere

priestsof

Baal

knives

with

who

the

of

third

priests.
the

on

dressed

find

in

day

v/hite,

depicted

who

eunuchs,

the

on

carried

Such

actions

on

after

blood

days

themselves

remind

themselves

the

on

scourged

lancets,till the

and

image

an

of

sacrifices

we

and

cut

The

sculpturesindicate was
kings. Prominent
among

or

arms

head

name

the

and

of their deities.

honour

known.

high-priest alone

Galli

their

cut

was

priestswere

loftytiara,which

the

another

multitude

the

in

The

monuments.

his head

by

part

it.

saw

therefore, but

Mabog.

served

was

whom

explains why
the

Canaan,

but

goddess

this

triad of

in

was

among

was,

above

placed

was

Ashtoreth

rather

or

her, and

Semiramis

Arameans,

great Asiatic
to

but

Derketo

Semiramis,

sacred

was

image

of

which

under

the

by

built.

was

form

another

Athar

or

queen

Istar, called

goddess

Atthar

and

Assyrian

an

saw

really the

of

HITTITES.

THE

of those

us

their

gushed

in

manner

out

upon

them.'
Twice
small

chasm

alleged,the
up, and

water

this

pit

that

when

he

the

supreme

demon

lived.
the

in the
waters

from

the

Melito, a
that

says

god

sea

the

Hadad,

But

in Lucian's

writer

the

agrees

sea

time

account
so

put

of

writer

Simi,

goddess

end

an

water

the

the

closelywith

It is to

the

daughter

of

the

attacks

of

pit in

which

he

regarded

as

was

deluge given
that

Syria, alludes

to

demon

of the

it.

into

poured

was

Christian

with
by filling

deluge,and

Greek

procession took place to

rock under
the temple, where, it was
swallowed
been
of the deluge had
solemn

year

which

we

to

the
read

HITTITE

in Genesis
the

by

It is
much

called

'

the

of

the

according

Pilgrims

were

called
the

The

usually
;

being

the

to

the

children

which,
of

the

Arabia, Palestine,

"

They

arrived

once

Goats

whose

eaten

of

house

of the

to

entrance

their

by
in

skins

the

in

were

as

being

there

Even

this way,

they

to

among

animal

killed

that

also

After

temple.

told

and

swine

was

parents

sheep

forbidden

was

temple the
offerer,and
it

however,

were

were

unclean.

the

quired
re-

there

oxen

the

was

court

were

and

flesh

as

deluge.

sleep on the ground.

offerings which
they

to

and

besides

was

put

by

to

being

children
after
were

first
'not

oxen.'

but

Different
the

up

parts

sacrifices.

or

sometimes,

tied

of

of the

India.

regarded

the

sacrificed

were

as

hand

at

out

subsidence

the

animal

was

in

from

thrown

in

is known

close

victims, though

only

it

led

which

the

place

Mabog

all

were

offer

sacrificed

dedicated

of

festivals at

even

shrine,

common

Jews,

death

rich

to

upon

either

deluge

name

waters

only, and

water

the

to

offered.

the

Babylonia,

drink

most

the

belief, the

the

it from

to

and

brought

other

many

flocked

Numerous

of

Oven,'

or

imported

found

and
'

commemorated

Kappadokia,
to

hero

of

was

forth.

there

that which

itself

of the

Noah/

Tannur

borrowed

Scriptures.

tradition

modification

Prophet

been

Hebrew

the

Mohammedan

to

gushed

But

the

107

originallybeen

all events

the

termed

spring

had

it had

Major Conder
neighbourhood of Kadesh

Ark

flood

that

ART.

while

Noah,

close

be

At

Sisythes, a

Chaldaean
the

it clear

standing, and

Babylonia.

was

AND

priestsof Hierapolisfrom
probable,however, that the
older

from

make

to

as

RELIGION

stories

temple.

current

There

were
were

some

as

to

who

the

foundation
affirmed

of
that

108

THE

Sisythes
where
the

of the

the waters
earth.

originallybelieved
had

been

closely connected

flood

the

deluge

had

been

possible that this

before
in Mabog

is

It

Carchemish

it after

built

had

HITTITES.

transferred

with

the

to

the

over

swallowed
the

was

the

it.

It

spot
up

legend

traditions
to

seems

by
of
be

local

of the site.
peculiarities
The
other legends had doubtless
had
their origin in the
older Hierapolis. According to one
of them, the temple
had
been
founded
in honour
of her
by Semiramis
mother
and half fish,to whom
the
Derketo, half woman
fish in the neighbouring lake were
Another
sacred.
made
account
Attys its founder, and the goddess to whom
it was
dedicated
the divinitycalled Rhea
by the Greeks.
Derketo
but different names
and Rhea, however, are
of the same
known
as
Kybele or Kybebe
deity,who was
the title of 'the Great
in Phrygia, and
with
honoured
Mother.'
covered
Her
with
breasts, to
images were
but
symbolise that she was
mother-earth, from whom
mankind
were

derived

borrowed

Ashtoreth
that

from

of
of

their

Canaan

even

of

the
the

life.

Her

attributes

Babylonian Istar,the
form

assigned

to

her

learn from
a
Babylonian Istar, as we
bas-relief discovered
she is repreat Carchemish, where
sented
as
naked, a loftytiara alone excepted, with the
hands
the breasts
and a wing risingbehind
each
upon
shoulder.
She was, in fact,a strikingillustration of the
influence
exerted
the Hittites,and
through them
upon
the people of Asia
Minor, by Babylonian religion
upon
and
in Lydia a stone
has been
found
worship. Even
which
her image is carved
in a rude
on
styleof art, but
similar in form
to the
representations of her in the basrelief of Carchemish
and
the
cylinders of ancient
was

Chaldaea.

the

those
;

of

means

HITTITE

of
to

have

to

and

have

of

it

was

the

the

cence
reminis-

said

was

for his

Lydian, Mopsos,

goddess Derketo
have
here, it may

when

days

the

by

Derketo

We

under

against Egypt

Sipylos,

Kayster

had

drowned

the

Mount
westward

hero

there

hand

109

preserved

of Ashkelon.

be, recollections
marched

carried

was

Lydian

other

lake

sacred

in the

the

on

believed

was

The

ART.

figure on

tradition

Syria,

to

gone

bride, while
who

fact.

the

cult

Later

armies.

Hittite

AND

seated

her

that

witness

the

stone, like

This
is

RELIGION

soldiers

Lydian

leadership of

Hittite

the name
and the character
princes,and learnt to know
of Athar-'Ati, the goddess of Carchemish.
The
Babylonian Istar was
accompanied by her son
and

untimely

story of whose
on

the

the

precinctsof

the
each

In

and

resurrection
he

Syria

god Rimmon,
At

or

adored

under

the

bright stars/
through

them

doubtless

the

Keui

appears

the
The

The

myth

slightchange

back

among

young
behind
of

people

of

of

form

the

was

'

who

of his death

among

on

the

of the

known

shepherd

the

told

zeal.

with

Minor

Asia

the

tribes of Asia

the

god

Attys,

his

valley of Megiddo.
he

also

which

of

fanatic

(xii.11) speaks

throughout

name

of

festival

identified

and

in the

Aleppo

within

days together

with

observed

Hadad,

Dadi, while

Hadad

on

and

Hierapolis

for
the

cities

for Hadad-Rimmon

mourning

of Tammuz

itself ; and

Zechariah

that

so

death

were

called

was

deep impression
saw
Jerusalem Ezekiel

in

Phoenician

the

youthful Sun-god,
made

the

temple

the

the

in

year

death

for

weeping

women

death

Even

mind.

popular

the

Tammuz,

bridegroom

the

he

was

of the
went
under-

Hittites,and

Minor.

rocks

as

of

He

Boghaz

mother-goddess, riding like

panther or
Mabog did

is

her

lion.
not

forget that

their

temple

THE

IIO

but the

was

had

of

successor

been

once

HITTITES.

legends, therefore, which

the

sanctuary

formerly existed, but

The
to

origin of
certain

But

is

the

foundation

relate

to

had

long

temple

visited

merely

Phoenician

Ashtoreth
A

Kombabos,

who

building of

took

strange legend
shrine.

the

decay.

ascribed

was

Assyrian king.'

marks

of

the

the

place

was

told

of

when

the

earlier

youthful

take

to

but

was

some

time

of the

Babylon

Kombabos

of

had

into

transformation

from

sent

was

fallen

of the

The

which

one

Lucian

by

Greek

to

since

epithetof 'Ashtoreth,'and

Athar-'Ati.

the

Syria.

to

Stratonike, the wife

Stratonike

Semitic
the

'

the

Northern

referred

said

were

that Carchemish

and

one,

Holy City' of

'

the

older

an

part in

Tammuz

just as Stratonike was

Istar,and
the legend is chiefly interesting as
testifying to the
exercised
by the Babylonians
religiousinfluence once
the Hittite people.
upon

under

another

Semiramis
of

the

name,

goddess

inhabitants

of

accounting

for

have

turn

may

been

daughter

the

or

the

old
But

who

the

Aramean
of
difficulty

Derketo
with

was

the
fish-

in

Cyprus.

the

distant

symbol

West

the objects found

by
early period. Among
of Mykenae
Schliemann
in the
prehistorictombs
of which
represented a
figures in gold-leaf,two

Dr.
were

naked
doves
on

dove

carried

to

an

goddess with
above
her, while

the

been

her

dove, like the

the

worshipped

was

would

names

by making

myths
while

two

name

The

at

had

Hittite

the

case

the

associated

was

Aphrodite
of the

of

the

by

this

In

existence
in

been

Athar-'Ati

Derketo.

goddess, Semiramis
Ashtoreth

called

Hierapolis.

solved
of

to have

out

two

Considering

the

pinnacles
how

hands

the third
of

which

upon
has
are

the

the form
seated

breasts

of

two

intimately the prehistoricart

and

temple,
doves.

of

My-

HITTITE

kense

it is

Minor,
of the
the
of

hardly
had

dove

The

of

not

it

male

Hadad

mother

it

; the

Greek

author

regarded
the

honours
at

whose

king,'and

who

name

is the

dedicated

the

of

by

marriage

share

to

the

most

minent
pro-

of

the

while

Attys,

son

'the

Tarku,

or

Lucian, advances

of

been

that

is

Tar

read

the

been

have

her

the

have

must

procession

his

whom

deity

must

Attys
in

stood

Here, too, the

be

If

right of

in

gods

or

It

protection,

explains why

was

Zeus

treaty

divine

Zeus

was

it

male

The

her.

may

foundation

priests.

other

is followed

who

the

under

eunuch

Keui.

the

in

Mother-goddess,
god,

that

with

to

symbol

picture

divinity,which

by

Boghaz

figure
the

agreed

only.

paid

see

about

the

identified

the

pinnacled temple

Lucian

by

of

images

of Asia

^Egean through

may

worshipped there, it

admitted

as

also

same

female

sufferance

on

in the

Holy City' was

served

was

was

temple

in

'

that

the

we

that

Kappadokia.

or

all

Ill

with

across

that

Lydia

The

ART.

suppose

doves,

Mabog

but of

that

was

or

its way

in

of

temple

goddess.

to

legends reported by

of the
to

much

too

its two

temple

AND

connected

Hittites,and

with

Mykenae,

been

made

of the

help

Hittite

have

to

seems

RELIGION

to

meet

to

have

her.
In

been
'

Baal

Cilicia
known
of

head

Lydia

as

Sandan.

Tarsos,'
and

of grapes

engraved

and

the

on

the

of

corn.

rock

of

Ibreez.

pointed

Hittite

hang
Sandan

ends.

On

from

his

was

the
his

cap,

short
wrists

god

seems

called

is

in

carries

stalk

ribbons, besides

upturned

He
he

and

latter

this

We

his

hand

may

see

Here

he

tunic
are

his

boots

and

bunch

figure
his

on

wears

with

ornamented

the

coins

on

like
horn-

with

bracelets, and

rings
ear-

ears.

identified

with

the

Sun,

and

hence

it

HITTITES.

THE

112

when

that

happened

in Cilicia he

transformed

was

transformation

same

the

had
of

cities

Hittite

Semitic

language
into

taken

supreme

prevail

Baal.

The

before

place centuries

Beside

Syria.

to

came

in

the

Syrian goddess
is represented as
a
lion, like
Kes, who
standing upon
the great goddess of Carchemish, the Egyptian
ments
monuin the same
tell us of Sutekh, who
relation
stands
to

his Hittite

worshippers
populations of Canaan.

the

Hittite

but

god,

every

city

or

there

was

Sutekh

The

manifold,

were

the

national

same

It would

to

the

usurp

this

that
At

of the

later
the

days

that
of

the

as

at

In the
the

name

His

well

of
Baal

worshipped
Sutekh,

same

the

Cities'

Holy

taken

Mabog,

possible

influence.

at

the

at

appears

treaty with

placewas
at

as

'

It is

Assyrian
who

to

goddess began

god.

and

began

Ramses,
paid

was

in
to

by the goddess
Boghaz Keui as

Komana.

Kappadokian
of

She

Ma.
whole

The

the

place

of

high-priest. We
Boghaz Keui give

or

also

that the

and

cult of the

the
priestesses,

was

Thus

and

Sutekh

of

power

in the

states

chief

as

in

Sutekh

was

the

was

it is Sutekh

Hittite

Carchemish

well

the

Ramses,

Mother-goddess.

at

it

held by
place once
due to Babylonian

was

lived.

Tyre
he

which

supreme

god.

rate, whereas

any

head

under

to

localised

was

and
of

stood

the

Hittites

Baal

everywhere

seem

after the age

wane

he

the

Baal

was

Carchemish

was

forms
but

time

same

of

there

as

Semitic

Sutekh

which

in

state

Kadesh, just
of Tarsos.

the

at

the

as

the

case

Komana
was

the
served

goddess
by

6000

went

under

priests and

to her service.
citybeing dedicated
occupied by the Abakles
king was
have
the sculptures of
that
seen
us

in

reason

Pteria;

to
we

believe
know

that
that

it

the
was

same
so

in

HITTITE

other

Cities'

'Holy

Phrygia,

where

goddess,

the

under

the

the

on

whole

entire

an

of the

We

At

the

were

Keui

worship,

priest;

and

be

which

Here,
form

the

absorb

to

of

'a

the

in the

worshipper

Pessinus, she

meteoric

of the

life of

described

was

at

as

Greek

in

was

'which

stone

these

'

Holy Cities,'
placed

protection of a goddess and wholly devoted

of the
as
peculiarly characteristic
Their

her

the

heaven.'

regard

may

beside

spite of the
there,the worship

Ephesos,

city

or

in

priestesses
in her honour, were
the sole population

it still could

as

under

Gallos

armour

continued
that

Pessinus

the Amazonian

its way

great goddess.'

fallen from

chief

constitute

to

found

St. Paul

worshipped
had

Greeks

had

Mother-goddess
inhabitants,so
of

was

in

113

At

Minor.

Sea

danced

ART.

panthers stood
given up to

of the

country.

colony which

time

and

of the Black

Kybele, who
imagined by the

AND

Asia

city

command

shores

of

lions

of

of

RELIGION

the

under
her

to

Hittite

ship,
worrace.

southern

and
Carchemish,
capitals,Kadesh
cities of this kind, and
their stronghold at Boghaz
place. Their
was
presumably also a consecrated
two

characterised
was
by the
through Asia Minor
rise of priestlycities and
the growth of a class of armed
in Kappadokia, and
Ephesos on
priestesses. Komana
the shores
of the yEgean, are
typical examples of such
progress

holy

The

towns.

divinityto

whom

entire
the

population

deity stood in its centre,

wielded
by a high-priest.

he came
priest,
subordinate
position.
These
'Holy Cities'

side of the

Refuge.

The

homicide

in

If

of

also

could

the

'

escape

chief

authority
king existed by the
time to filla merely
the

and

course

were

to

dedicated, the sanctuary

city was

of the
was

ministered

Asyla'
to

or

Cities

of

and

be

them,

THE

114

safe
the

from

his

injured
slain

another

asylum' from
refugee
of asylum was
the

of

only

who

could

The

could

thus

the

in

an

institution

an

the

tical
poli-

the

right

criminals

intended

to

lawlessness

of

and

worked

whole

the

on

had

claim

and

were

age

be

not

who

man

debtor

which

regulations

unfortunate

while

the

precincts of

hood,
strengthened the power of the priestit curbed
injusticeand restrained violence.
the institution of Cities of Refuge did not exist

well,and,
Now

accident

deity,he

only

not

was

the

equally safe. Doubtless

frequently abused, and real

were

But

revenge.

it

its

his enemies.

advantage

protect

But

by

'

took

protectionof

slain.

or

within

Once

pursuers.

the

city and

HITTITES.

in Asia

Hittites.

it

Minor

It

and

existed

in the

also

in

region occupied by

Palestine, and

it

the

seems

unlikely that it was

adopted by the great Hebrew
lawgiver,acting under divine guidance, from the older
The
Hebrew
cities of refuge
population of the country.
not

six

were

in

number.

Galilee,'whose
'

the

was

Hittites

by

refuge

the

on

by Jacob
xlviii. 22) ; and
Amorite
these

such

Closely
art.

'

out

the

had

other

Jordan,

for the
connected
and

Hebron,

of

of the

in the

region

was

with
have

another

tempted

had

so

all

long
to ask

been

'asyla' or
enjoined by God

conquerors

Hittite
been

been

(Gen.
the

on

held

by

whether
of

cities
make

to

of Palestine.

religion was
often

city of

third

Amorite'

were

occupied

Jordan,

cities

Israelitish

art

the

in

been

once

three

already

Moses

the

hand

therefore

are

not

before

Religion

of the

Kedesh

have

it to

Shechem,

side

western

tribes. We

refuge long
them

Amorites.

side of the

cities

of

'

was

Orontes, while

the

on

sanctuary

and

taken

eastern

Kadesh

ancient

them

declares

name

very

Holy City,'like

of

Gne

Hittite

intertwined

to-

HITTITE

RELIGION

AND

ART.

115

in the

gether

often
history of the world, and we
can
infer the religionof a people from
its art, as
in the case
of the sculptures of Boghaz
Keui.
Hittite art was
a
modification
of that of Babylonia, and
bears testimony
to
the same
Babylonian influence as the worship of
the
Chaldaean
culture is
Mother-goddess.' The same
'

both.

presupposed by
But

while

in

Babylonian
hands

the

of the

made

origin,it
Hittite

ride

to

the

on

long rows

and

there

face

of

face

to

workmanship
purely native.

and

disk

in

can

the

lion,which

he

is treated
from
other

The

deities,
indeed, were
of animals, as upon
lonian
Babyof the palaces were
adorned

in

the

Babylonian

tendency to
style; but

sculpture

mistaken.

have

to

animals

nevertheless
into

it

Hittite

artist

forms,
of

wearied

and

art, the

sculptured image
confuse
god, can never
of another

conception
Those

originalmanner.

race.

daily experience

of

The
of the

Hittite

it with

been

has

the

worked

is

who

warrior
artistic

peaked shoes, the

were
strange protrusive profile,

thick

rounded

copied from
%

the

designing,
sharply off
of any

figure,
from
in

out

have

celled
ex-

but

derived

once
or

seen

Hittite

productions

figure is clearlydrawn
life.
sculptor'sown

its

were

winged solar
special character

animal

general conception

the

the

The

never

Assyria,

arrange

like

representation of
seems

and

introduced

symbol

Hittite

the

with

in Chaldaea

details
a

in the

it
peculiar way which marks
the sculptured lions either of Babylonia or
So, too, in the case of the human
country.

though
new

the

be

never

in

walls

Even

assumes

which

backs

same

essentially

was

profoundly modified

was

heraldic

in

Hittites

bas-reliefs,
as

the

was

the

artists.

cylinders,the
with

of

art

from
The

the
dress

form,

the

the costume

Il6

and

of his

appearance

which

that

and

fellow-countrymen,
find

we

the

on

have

faithfullyhe must
short, of Babylonian

how

proves

in

Hittite, but

the

the

and

the

striking
representationof them
Egyptian monuments

his

between

that exists

agreement

of

HITTITES.

THE

art

worked.

and

ments,
ele-

in the

present

are

treatment

The

selection

art

his

are

own.

It is in his selection

that

he

half

human,

but

it

exhibits

The

to

the

plant

so-called

Babylonian

Hittite
human

but

head

on

double-headed

the

lions.

twice

or

once

it became

of

column

occurs

art, like

Hittite

invent

to

rope-pattern

gems,

of

elements

clearly his originality. Monsters,

known
to the Babylonians,
bestial,
were

left to

eagle,or

of these

most

half

was

combination

and

on

acteristic
distinguishing charof

employment

the

heads

only of animals instead of their entire forms.

of animals
face
So, again, the heraldic arrangement
to face,or
more
rarelyback to back, had its first home
in Chaldaea, but
raised
it into
it was
the Hittites who
We
art.
a principleof
perhaps trace their doing
may
to

so

The

their love

of animal

influence

of

Babylonian

itself first felt in

dynasty,

when

the

the

Syrian plains.

much

for

of

age

tribes
It may

the

on

earlier

the

may

of

the other

have
One

have

made

eighteenth Egyptian
Tel

no

el-Amarna

southward

descending

as

epoch. We
deciding the question.

there

culture

tablets

cuneiform

represent the Hittite

the

forms.

hand

materials

back

go
at

fact,however,

into
to

present

is clear

profoundly
affected
art.
by Babylonian civilisation,religion and
have
Before
this could
have
been
the case
they must
been
already settled in Syria.
It is more
the Hittite
to fix the
period when
easy
was

time

when

Hittites

were

HITTITE

sculptor

received

which

produced

image

on

of Ramses

and

the

our

era.

but

it

in

the

the

Syria,

whence

it

already

advanced

to

the

is at

in

the
In

was

the

seded
super-

sculptures
figure of

British
it is

the

Museum

is

that

possible
be

may

Babylonian

of

rather

Assyrian

goddess

the

of

evidently

derived

Istar

art

of

Hittite

art

the

of

tribes

was

be

the Taurus,

and

it

looked
from
It

is

infantile

most

sculptors of Eyuk

The

found.

must

made

Kappadokia.

its rudest

that

has

Perrot

slopes of

also

we

an

god

of

and
a

with

animal.

were

Nothing

in the

Louvre,

pointed tiara, standing

the
care,

zoological species
to

of

execution

barbarous.

Though
with

discovery

The

figure now
a

modelled

is intended

the

owe

manufacture.

Hittite

rudeness

been

what
him

Professor

conventional

once

back

supports

of

Perrot

represents

to

Hittites

in skill.

figuresof

tell

the

winged

southern

to

been

Professor

which

of

character,and

be,

the

Syria

exceed

later

The

now

and

spread

have

can

before

transitory,

influence

existence

beginnings

attempts

of them

but

the

Egypt

century

was

The

models.

may

on

Northern

bronze

the

source.

this

for in

To

been

nude.

However
that

fourteenth

Assyria.

images

same

represented

has

of

style

from

seated

between

wars

Egypt

the

have

only

can

Babylonian

of Carchemish

draped

on

date

Babylonian

other

in

of

and

art

hieroglyphic writing.

that

Assyrian

clear

of

betray

goddess

the

Egyptian

it, in all probability,that

far later

of

It

uj

from

Eyuk

of the great

influence

idea

Carchemish

of

sphinxes

princes in

to

by

ART.

inspiration

II.,and

was

AND

Sipylos.

The

than

the

Hittite

the

At

that

Mount

age

owed

RELIGION

the

belong.

face of the
it is

impossible

animal
Almost

god

which

equally

Il8

THE

far removed

from

which

in the

is also

efforts of

different

of

of

bull

be

to

few

are

the

been

have

image

regarded as the highest

metallurgic work, it is not to be regretted

they

with

bronze

Louvre.
are

Hittite

that

is the

nature

bronzes

If these

HITTITES.

engraved
Hittite

number.

in

But

which

gems

it is

we

quite
know

now

workmanship.

Many of them
are
exceedingly fine ; a haematite cylinder,for instance,
which
discovered
is equal to the
at Kappadokia,
was
best
The
and
art.
products of Babylonian
gems
to

for the

cylinders were
seals,and
out

of

and

sometimes

of

some

derived

its

Another

in

design

with

art,

inspiration
the

one

or

from

elaborate

an

in the

found

at

they

must

central

have

larger

been

which

of

field

the

which

the

gems,

engraved
circle

or
are

figures,
usually

two

gems

have

so

much

alike,that

the

been

same

been

artist.

containing

On

in

engraved

circle

be

Hittites.

the

characters

of

to

circles,each

Thus

work

runs

of

four,

on

art

the
of

many

Kappadokia,
the

the

as

cut

seem

of ornaments

series

inscriptionhas

an

round

number

in

Yuzghat,

in

inner

field.

of

that

concentric

more

handles

handles

least

at

or

used

having designs

These

characters, though

even

centre,

Hittite

enclosing

containing

the

itself

peculiaritynoticeable

consists

placed

seal

be

to

with

provided

are

five faces.

on

peculiarityof

or

them

the stone, the

part intended

most

the

large

of

beautifully-executedfigures. The
winged
solar disk rests upon
the symbol of
kingship/ on either
kneels
side of which
half bull.
and
a
figure,half man
the right and
On
left is the figureof a standing priest,
'

behind
seems
a

whom
to

tree, two

we

be

the

arrows

see

stump
and

the

on

of
a

left

adoring

man

tree, while

on

the

what

right are

quiver, a basket, a stag'shead,

HITTITE

and
two

has

by

the

other

the

the

is

bird.

picture of

earth

containing

rings, one

two

hand

119

which

"

the

"

rests, like the

smaller
encircled

of ornaments,

row

those

figures as

same

The

boot

symbol of royalty. The

inscription in the centre,

different

ART.

the

disk,on

solar

winged

whose

be, of the

it may

symbol,

AND

separated by

are

groups

seal

deity,above

seated

RELIGION

engraved

and

the

on

of the
larger seal,excepting only that the arrangement
figures has been changed, and a tree introduced
among
is curious, however, is that a gem
What
has
them.
found

been

A id in, far

at

of

extremity

Asia

Minor, containing

identical

almost

that

of

figureswhich

the

seal,though

with

the

towards

away

western

central

tion
inscrip-

smaller

the

surround

it

Yuzghat
the

not

are

same.

circular

These

of

characteristic

The

Greece.

of

Dr.

Schliemann

the

chatons

of

them

an

elaborate

designs

at

two

are

on

rows

the
a

These

Mykenae

heads
gems
have

style of
heads

reminds

the

on

other

persons,

dress

that

background

gold, on
we

On

art.

It

flounced

by

in what

Minor.

two

the

of

of the

us

the

to

discovered

engraved

are

Hittite

tree, facing

^Egean

rings

two

were

Asia

upturned boots and

.Hittite
sculptures,while
the

objects

of animals'

the

with

the

the

of

gems

as

the

across

picture,which

under

woman

traced

designs
as

as

Assyria.

Mykenae

of which

only

not

product of
nothing resembling

also

with

meet

Among

recognise

now

may

be

can

gems

shores

or

regarded

art, but

We

Babylonia

in

be

must

Hittite

invention.

Hittite
them

seals

one

other

elaborate

represents
who

wear

find

in

is filled

in

ruins

of

we

of animals.
are

not

afforded

the

only
that

indication
Hittite

the

influence

was

THE

120

the

spread beyond
been

already
the

and

; another

of

Hittite

she

'

the

before

fronting
of

gate

each

ancient

have

Mykenae

in

Kiimbet,

at

but

position in
feature

had

from

the

as

from

Egypt

point

to

of

Minor

be

right

Homer

"

that

Mykenae

the
shown

in

lions

of

piece

of

that

seen

of

discovered

vicinity of

the

the

Hittite
heraldic

peculiar

of

The

their

While

the

Mr.

of

Greece,
derived

were

And

the

which
culture

Gladstone, therefore,

Hittites
told

certain

others

are

source.

of

in

the

the

Keteians

held
Lydian dynasty which
the buckle, with
the help of

Greek

German

fastened

scholar

to

his

imply

of

legendary glories

the

Even

has

tradition

elsewhere,
there

Mykenae

the civilisation

prehistoricculture
and

who

them

research.

Hittite.

seeing

rulers

Minor.

the

as

Homer

prehistoric

by

Asia

to

was

and

possession.

that

modern

Minor

Asia

been

represented was

are

Phoenicia,

and

Asia

may

of

of

Mykenae

at

The

great

inspired it was

near

just

the

oldest

has

Lydia, bringing with

by
belonging

revealed

the

affirmed

treasures

elements

in

stand

art.

confirmed

been

bas-relief

lions

the

tradition

come

and

which

which

art

have

we

of Hittite

Greek

the

Phrygia,

; and

monuments

above

the

as

most

of Hittite

lions which

stone,

on

the

migration

known

similar

had

in the famous

been

long

origin.

Sipylos,as
changed her

Peloponnesian city.

sculpturein Europe,
Hittite

westward

likeness

cliff of

tempest

other, carved

the

us

Perhaps, however,

of the

found

goddess
pinnacles of her

the

on

has

Hittite

gold gives

seated

Niobe.'

be

to

thin

Allusion

the

the

on

rain and

strikingillustration

Minor.

figuresof

figurein

weeping

influence,is

Asia

rested

goddess

appeared

into

the

to

that

doves

of

coasts

made

temple
the

HITTITES.

cloak,
an

has

it in
which
been

arrangement

RELIGION

HITTITE

of

the

such

dress

For
of

of

us

the

of

but

of

Hittite
the

on

grey

the
their

dawn

of

European
themselves

mission

appointed

them

to

them

history.
;

was

fulfilled.

with

of

Pass

the

the

Minor.

Karabel,

of

kind.
man-

civilisations
of

boundary
in

West

the

they

that

the

passed

never

conquest
work

the

of

education

to

But

were

Asia

furthest

over

ancient

culture

time-worn

the

the
Our

symbols

the

the

accomplished,

was

Greek

are

in

race

Egypt
handed

boundary

the

of

from

the

Asia,

because

them.

to

of

guard

carried

Hittites

there

still

on

which

received
of

not

us

ancestress

debt

conquerors

of

by

the

owes

beginnings

to

alone

not

the

have

we

threshold

and

of

oblivion

exercised

once

and

Europe

who

occupied

and

David

Hittite

warriors

Babylonia

Asia,

first
the

The
of

of

of

appeal

People,

own

the

very

position

Hittite

resurrection

sleep

they

account

on

our

from

derived

wife

the

long
They

Chosen

inheritance

and

Greece,

The

the

is

their

influence

the

also

civilisation
culture

from

the

the

was

Christ,

the

on

therefore,

interest.

of

fortunes
Hittite

world,

double

because

the

12,1

represented

see

modern

people

alone

the

Hittite

possesses

we

ART.

Ibreez.

of

monument

as

AND

of
had

Lydia
been

AN

INSCRIPTION

AT

FOUND

CHAPTER
THE

HOW
records
to

the

can

know

it may

be

they

have

anything

VII.

INSCRIPTIONS.

history of

question

left behind
about

will have

Though

pages.

ciphered, though
there
of

the

are

other

race,

and

asked, except

lost

people

through

them

the

fragmentary inscriptionsare
this

(uOW destroyed).

CARCHEMISH

Hittites

furnished

the

How

help
can

The

by

the

the

Hittite, inscriptions are

the

number

of them

materials

for

these

materials

now

of

we

the

come

few

answer

and
to

preceding
still unde-

is still very

reconstructing
have

recovered,

until their

deciphered

been

be

the
found

small,

history
their

THE

interpreter.The
left behind

of

papyri
fabric

an

influence

Hittite

the

in the

along
that

to

us

the

The

Hittite

texts

With
that

incised, and
from

and

the

should

read.

of

writing

and

since

Egyptians,
Greeks

did

neighbours
Another

Asia

also

the

exception,

an

right.

The

alternate

This

adopted

by

who

made

use

characteristic

employment

of

the

of the
of

right

being
to

which

left
the

in which

they
mode

either

Phoenicians,
whether

arises

in such

fashion

the

from

Hittite

Hittite

heads

of

inscriptions,

Assyrians, the question

write

teristics.
charac-

Greek

or

to

sure

Hamath.

boustrophedon

or

was

not

feel

hieroglyphs

in

direction

early

characterises

armies

two

the

direction

the

determines

learn

city of

alternatelyfrom

it

not

to

in relief instead

carved

are

have

Hittite

in the

these

which

and

Minor,

of the

and

similarlybeen

distinguished by

lines read

left to
look

the

the

proved

It has

of

reigned

hardly

characters
be

of

are

them

compose

Karabel,

characters

march

princes once

Hittite

of

origin.

the

trace

high-roads

Hittite

altogether

accompany

Sipylos, that

of Hittite

inscriptionscontaining
enabled

so

together

which

Pass

Mount

on

be

sculpturesto

been

not

connect

hieroglyphs

warrior

sitting goddess

the

dominion, and to prove

of Hittite origin.
they display was

peculiar art

figureof

afresh

up

of Hittite

monuments

the

was

to

they

found
proof the civilised world.

inscriptionshave

helped

cities

exercised

once

the destinies

on

build

to

which

the

have

preserved in the Old

of Assyria, and in the

tablets

all served

have

They

the

of them

have

Hittite

the Hittites

they engraved,

mighty empire

the

scattered

It

Egypt,
a

useless.

seals

memorials

of

But

that

the

in the cuneiform

Testament,

123

sculpturedmonuments

them,

inhabited, the

INSCRIPTIONS.

of

script.
writing is
animals

the

and

quent
fremen.

It is very
drawn

rarely that

; the

But

show

from

short

that

the

could

Hittites
The

characters

the

denotes

mountain
therefore

Kappadokia,

or

Canaan.

place

after

their

consequent

of

and

the

times.
the

seen

devise

an

books

elaborate

is

writing
most

seen,

terly
ut-

are

and

the

indicate

the

tribes,while
a

them

common

snow-boot

is

enough

the

picture

graph
ideoof

the

plateau. It would
invented
system of writing was
in the southern
regions of Syria

of

that

the

with

North

in

the

white

mode

of

the

Hittites

have

Indian

of

the

Hittite

occurrences

Cheroki

of

have

we

acquaintance

script. Similar

glyphs
hiero-

Kappadokian

not

contact

of

the

gather, however,

may

is

This

borrowed

forms

'country'

the

that

seem

in

We

of the

peaks

have

Two

as

of

ancestry
which

animal

Hittite

the characters
not

represent

fingerlessglove, which,
northern

an

sufficient.

off the

two

entirelydistinct.

Hittite

of

considered

was

Egypt.
inspection of

Egyptians.

and

body

of

very

the

whole

itself mark

of

those

from

the

alone

head

peculiarity would

to

HITTITES.

THE

124

man,

writing

the

invention

took

with

Egypt, and
Egyptian form

happened in modern
had
America, who
led thereby to
was
for his

men,
country-

own

for the Vei

syllabary invented
of their tribe originated in the same
by one
negroes
manner.
So, too, we may
imagine that the sight of the
hieroglyphs of Egypt, and the knowledge that thoughts
Hittite
could be conveyed by them, suggested to some
of intercommunicati
genius the idea of inventing a similar means
for his own
people.
and

At

any
are

to

the

rate, it is pretty clear that

used

express

curious

like the

Egyptian,

ideas, sometimes

the

sometimes

Hittite
as

phonetically to

ters
charac-

ideographs
represent

THE

INSCRIPTIONS.

syllables and
they

the

case

At

the

II.
used

in

Hittites

which

to

that

word

to

exist, though almost

At

that

than

present
fresh

every

of

age

Ramses

of separate characters

far less

was

scribes.

Egyptian

in the

writing

the number

time

same

the

not

employed

200

known

are

inscription adds

to

list.

the

oldest

The

of

plates
of

the

metal,

behind.
II.

Ramses

and

him.

usual

central

This

circular

of

band

what

us

rectangular shape,

it could

be

Noferu-Ra,

the

discovered, it is possiblethat
be

treaty may
At

found

ments
monu-

like.

at

the

wall.

If

top
ever

of

wife

Hittite

with

Egyptian

plate was

Hittite

It

by

was

which

the tomb
is

Ramses,

of the famous

copy

its contents.

among

all events, it is clear

surrounded

accordance

in

The

ring
the

from

suspended

Ur-Maa

silver
a

this

centre

art.

with

copy

in

engraved

was

figures,was

the

characters

Hittite

ornamentation,

Hittite

style of

show

line

short

the

The

their

were

being occupied
Sutekh
embracing the
of hieroglyphs running

king,

round

the

with

Hittites

of which

plate of silver,its
representationof the god
on

Hittite

with

from

the

of

surface

the

on

out

treaty

manner

with

material

writing

hammered

were

of

belongs

probable, moreover,

Egyptian

by

of

the word

to

racters
expressed by multiplying the chaexpressed the whole or part of it,just as

the

by

It is

determinatives

as

often

was

which
was

which

to

attached.

are

sound

or

class

the

denote

sometimes

sounds,

25

that

already

at

this

period

the

compounded

Egyptian records
literarypeople. The
is
of a certain
name
Khilip-sira,whose
with
of
that
Aleppo, and
Khilip or

describe

as

Hittites

make

Like

were

mention

the

him

'

writer

of

Egyptian Pharaoh,

books
the

of

the

Hittite

vile

monarch

Kheta.'
was

126

THE

accompanied
'

or

of

battle

to

libraries

origin, the

like the

we

stored

in the

described

of

out

that

The
in

relics

of

the

Western

sanctuary,'

library was
further

north,

Dapur

town,
ancient

an

which

is

tioned
men-

it is

possible that
library may
yet be

in the

of

northward

shown

'

in

medium

common

Asia

that

of

days

they

came

(Judg.v. 14).
at Tel

the
of

Deborah,
'

Megiddo,

of the writer

pen

have

the

up.

lonia.
Baby-

inscriptionsrecentlydiscovered

Exodus

the

Orontes,

forgetthat

not

Zebulon,'

Egypt

'the

dug

the libraries of
or

the

on

Amorite

an

must

handle

that

Debir

Kadesh

as

the
We

Debir,

was

possessed

yet be

may

were

Hebron,

since this was

Egyptian inscriptions
; and
of the Amorites, while
Kirjath-sepher is

land

found.

which

conclude

another

too

would

called

There

the

here

have

temple, as

in the

also

Hittites

in its chief

vicinityof

Kirjath-sepher

of

also

was

If

neighbourhood

therefore

may

his scribes.

Assyrians,

Kirjath-sepher was
and

by

the

in

Book-town/

Hittite

in

HITTITES.

el-Amarna
before

century

the

literaryintercourse

in

language and cuneiform

scriptof
Babylonia. It was
subsequently to this that the Hittites
forced
their way
their
southward, bringing with them
own
peculiar system of hieroglyphic writing. But the
cuneiform
Hittite
been
old

characters

cuneiform

at

has

Dr. Humann

the

ancient

to

which

used

in

tablets

the

have

from

come

some

is still

site of which

known,
un-

a
latelydiscovered
long
the
Hittite
sculptures of

If the

Komagene.

deciphered, it will probably

of the cuneiform

be

Cuneiform

world.

inscription among

in
Sinjirli
ever

the

still continued

Kaisariyeh
Kappadokia, the

purchased
and

of

region

library of

are

the

was

be

Hittite

through

texts

the

help

script.

beginning has already been

made.

Within

month

THE

after

Paper

my

Biblical
of

of Asia

art
across

Minor

This

the

BILINGUAL

many
a

showed

years

is

to

be

or

dirk, round

round

well-known

stood

warrior

erect,

pressing
in

the

Tarkon-

interpretation

it to the

silver
the

in

Oriental

tunic, over

Dr. A.

of

of which
the

and

new
a

which

ran

his

head

of

style
the

breast.

fringed cloak

Mordt-

found

it,and

field,
was

unknown
in

D.

cuneiform

central

spear

against

the

chased
pur-

Constantinople,

scholar
copy

was

Alexander

M.

by
of

plate,probably

rim

It

one.

Smyrna

made

holding
left

TARKONDEMOS.

numismatist

Within, occupying
of

cuneiform

King

the

to

strange

at

ago

Dr. Mordtmann

mann.

OF

BOSS

story of the boss

Jovanoff,

found

of

fallen

I had

and

Hittite

curious

texts.

THE

who

Carchemish,

of

discovery

of the

silver boss

the

only key yet

Hittite

The

of

Society

the

connection

that

on

was

the

announced

the

with

before

read

which

and

empire

characters.

of the

been

127

bilingual inscription in

demos,

had

Archaeology,

Hittite

INSCRIPTIONS.

dagger

tion.
inscripthe

of

it

figure

art.

He

right hand,

and

He
was

was

clothed
thrown

128

THE

close-fitting
cap
ends

bare, while
of the

side

each

on

side

dirk

in the

larger than

of

series

the

boots

and

with

turned
up-

part of the legs being

upper

being the same,

'symbols' were

upper

'symbols'

head,

fastened

was

figure was

side

the

feet,the

the

the

on

was

on

HITTITES.

belt.

On

either

the

series

symbols/

'

that

except

the

on

and

smaller,

corresponding

right
lower

the

ones

the

on

left side.
In

article

an

published

some

inscriptionsof Van,
boss,

and

it

of it which

centre

that

the

figure

determined
'

which

copy

which

not

at

appears

in

Dr.

Mordtmann's

It
was

in

Hanover,

now

ever

The

been

A
boss

sale, but

of

being a forgery.
electrotypehad been
was

now

sent

to

to

had

Before
taken

that

given
Journal

at

Leipzig,
of the

characters.
far the

copy

originalwere
the

offered

nothing

like

therefore

was

him

by

copy

from

been

once

some
trouble-

meant

the

came

its

Hittite

had

and

The

just
bols
'sym-

be

he

how

whether

it

the

to

long

Hittite

rejected,as
and

had

once

rightin believing

was

know

reply soon

before,

seen

be

to

ascertain

to

still in existence.

for

that

necessary

appeared

1862.

in

the

art

'Numismatic

had

in
at

publication

all,and

'symbols'

correct, and

Museum

the

the

saw

out

to

that

After

1863, not

figure

of

turn

in the

in it showed

became

Museum.

at

the

stated

Hanover.'
that

of

guessed

it would

1863

in

Journal

contained

form
cunei-

referred

style

Hittite,and

I found

boss

the

in

the

on

attention.

my

Dr. Mordtmann
boss

be

must

of the

not

description

accompanied

search
was

Dr. Mordtmann

arrested

be

to

hieroglyphs.
a

his

was

later

years

British
the

to

it had

suspected

rejection,however,

of it,an

impression of

an

which

me.

Shortly afterwards

came

another

communication

from

THE

M.

Francois

Lenormant,

brilliant Oriental
had

129

of

one

scholars

the

of the

most

learned

and

present

century.

He

original at Constantinople some

previously,and

years

he

the

seen

INSCRIPTIONS.

forwarded

to

had

there
The

me.

made

cast

of

the

electrotype

and

cast

twenty

it,which

agreed exactly together.

There

could

had
accordingly be no doubt that we
before us, if not the originalitself,
a
perfectfacsimile of
it. The
became
importance of this fact soon
manifest,
for the original boss
disappeared after M. Jovanoffs
be
death, and in spite of all enquiriesno trace of it can
discovered.
of

It may

be recovered

Constantinopleor

in

present there

; at

in the bazaars

private house

some

is

hereafter

at

clue whatever

no

St. Petersburg
its actual

to

possessor.

The

reading of the cuneiform

difficulty.It gives us the name
whose
figure is engraved within

that

Cilician

may

ruled
of

we

in

can

it

the

king
king

Tarqu-dimme

called

of

was

by

Arima

the

under
;

much

the

classical

the

version

of

name

Minor

been

and

would

of

range

writers,
of

monuments

Tarkondemos

subject

The

Lord.
Asia

as

Tarkon-

or

have

Hittite

case

same

distinctivelyHittite
which
Tarqu-dimme

may

twice-repeatedHittite
been

our

over

It

the

the

Tarkondimatos

of

be

to

lay close under

In this
Bulgar Dagh.
Cilician king.
been
a

evidently

and

guess.

which

legend has

"

parts of

other

district

only

mountains

The

title of the

Tarkondemos

prince

Tarkondas

consider
Where

type.

with
of

forms

the
we

met

'

it

lived in the time

dimotos, who
is also

and

is

Tarqu-dimme

name

of the

little

of Erme.'

of the country
The

offers but

legend

the

the
have

cuneiform

discussion.

The

THE

130

arrangement

of the

of

the

fillingup

H1TTITES.

characters,due

vacant

requirements of their
one
interpretation of
one

by

two

other

it were,
to

his

express

king

tiara

'

likeness

the

of

Kappadokian

We

thus

of

by

reading
head

are

monarchs
of

the

in

Mordtmann

the

of

rock

tures,
sculp-

land.

mountainous

'country'
shafts

Hittite

had
which

rise

becomes
in

now

king
the

the

whose

names

that

British

never

with

learn
the

of his father

and

the

ruins

brought

something

Museum
in

an

these,

can

about

are

the

-me-Tarku,

Carchemish,

to

England,

of

Merash,

and

four

attack
It

Carchemish
of

who

and

grandfather.

two

them.

monuments

inscriptioncopied by
of

we

inscriptions from

ends

name

belonged
among

Armed

texts, and
clear

of

out

plateau.

characters.
other

In

already

bilingualboss accordingly furnishes us with

important ideographs, and the phonetic values of
the

of

the

The

other

the

Er-me,'
the

ideographs
represented by the royal

'

and

and

king,

the

being denoted

other

made,

are

obtain
of

in

'country';

the

country

picture

of

mouth

On

halves

two

position

'four,'while

country

the

by

into

characters

the

the

numeral

the

ideograph
a

of
me

by gods

and

seen

name.

and

and

worn

the

from

facts

reading.

'

first two

than

two

were

true

and

the

to

more

signify king' and

to

king

and

goat

of

their

to

form

the

issue

to

syllablestarku
'

But

key

hand,

'Tarku-dimme

them.

them

show

texts

the

thus

order, allowed
there

necessity

than

natural

whose

characters

Hittite

as

boss

hand, the inscriptionis divided

the

on

the

furnished

which

the

on

space

to the

more

To
Mr.

records

the

father
grand-

Boscawen

but

unfortunately
probably long since

destroyed.
On

the

lion

moreover,

king similarly

INSCRIPTIONS.

THE

his

records

The

ancestors.

of

that

as

the
may
are

along

name

father

his victorious

will doubtless

come

LION

OF

Meanwhile

know

whether

when

we

of another
of

Tarkondemos

must

or

be

far to

Hamath
in

there, and
of

we

Hamath
who

monarch
the

The

south.

MERASH.

mysterious characters

shall then

boss

thus

arms

at

mentioned

sovereign

from
inscriptionsthat come
perhaps infer that the monuments
of
memorials
the
a
Komagenian

THE

these

is found

other

carried

time

the

of

immediate

of his two

those

with

king's name

same

the

J31

we

without
not

our

content

shall be

able

to

read

and
difficulty,

inference
to

await

is correct.
the

The
bilingualtext.
legend on
is not
long enough to carry
I 2

we

covery
disthe
us

HITTITES.

THE

32

far

the

through

much

that

that

other

yet be

may

confident

it must

the

of the

empire
the

has

probable

culture

the

the

barbarous

founded

the

Hittite

which

of Asia

the
Minor

abundant

late

as

as

the

from

to

the

the

Hittite

required

that

it

but

was

throughout

do

to
a

It

sounds
in

branch

large part

of the

yet

how

the

lips.

own

writing

behind

it.

Hittites

carried

to

became

implanted
too

Hittite

be

may

writing

used

Great

that
in

did
the

Cyprus
derived

was

fitted
singularly un-

was

Greek

Minor,

we

think

to

language,

Cyprus, and it has

of a syllabary once
of Asia

will

of

system

the

hieroglyphs.
the

express

was

of Alexander

age

their

fruit,so

knowledge of the
is reason
not
perishutterly. There
curious
to
syllabarywhich continued
that

believe

in

preserved, not

influence

its

live

learn

and

an

existed,

stones

shall

fact
is

may

enemies, but from

art

bore

and

found

We

mute

we

leaving

nations

them

among

and

that

that

without

As

the

But

been

light.

the

was

of their

away

supplemented

kind.

same

to

that

Hittites

annals

It is not

passed

brought

speak, and

to

be

before

bilingual inscriptions have

expectation

taught

from

decipherment

bilingual inscription

earnest

be

made

inscriptionof

one

and

be

can

progress

another

by

of Hittite

mazes

it

as

shown

been

employed

the very

country

written
engraved their own
It seems
monuments.
likely,therefore,that the Hittite
character
each
became
characters
a
syllabaryin which
in this form
and survived
represented a separate syllable,
which

in

to

the

late age.
is

It
letters

possible that

also

of

even

by
the

Hittites

the

Phoenicians

the

the

Phoenician

hieroglyphs
borrowed

the

of

the

assigned
alphabet were

to

the

When

names

letters

Hittites.
of

the

enced
influ-

Egyptian

INSCRIPTIONS.

THE

alphabet they
language with
A
'

ox'

an

forefathers

our

Phoenician

alphabet
archer

the

at

because
also

sounds, but
the

instances

Hittite

letters in

that the
from

Syrians

Here

the

too

resemble

an

of

head

Hittite

ox,

words

are

still words

find

kaph

and

became

has
which

the

to

on

become
has

daily use

their

names

of the

of

aleph.

in

alpha
the

part

passed
is thus

among

viction
con-

any way
likeness
to the

Greek

English jot, it
in

Hittite

prominent place

handed

was

two

resist the

not

the

Phoenician

case

close

very

occupies

long

the

in the

same

have

them

the

for

to

the appearance

with

turn

received

letter does

it bears

The

'hand,'

we

with

ycd

some

yod,

among
in

encased

in

and

therefore,to
difficult,

yod,
the

If

identical

alphabet

iota into

kaph

signify

we

familiar

Aleph

Like

letters

clear.

means

hand.

hand,

Phoenician
but

no

called

It is the

alphabet

word

heritage.
there

the

were

old

the

to

Now

names.

by

human

letters

texts.

the

Greek

is

letters

bull,which

Phoenician
in

their
the

by

which

characters.

Hittite

assigned

resemblance

It is

who

an

was

fancied

almost

shape.

'

of

the

are

that

his

because

representations of
which

learn

corresponding

hieroglyphs,however,

glove,

made

with

the

to

but

was

commenced

of

little likeness

It

'

hand

they

of

both

example,

the

would

taught

been

resemblance

forms

earliest

child

was

have

objects denoted

the

the

he

aleph

frog.'

must

names

only

not

shot

who

But

quickly if

more

k.

with

letter.

principle which

same

that

'

33

own

word

kaph

was

began

of the

believe

each

Phoenician

sound, k

that

early application

an

the

their

in

represented by

because

with
in

kaph

beginning

names

sound

aleph

began

because

to

the

called

was

them

gave

in the

when

Greeks,
of

our

the
and
own

through

the

possible

that

ourselves

which

traced, if

be

can

Egyptian

and

belong

the

to

the

of

Hittites

was

all

at

have

we

preserved

names

proper

makes

inscriptionsfurther
suffixes.

of

large use

it made

language,

show
that
Assyrian monuments
Semitic
family of speech, and an

Hittite

of the

Hittite

script.

the

But

learn.

the

to

language

the

What

not

Hittite

the

to

events

to

HITTITES.

THE

134

But

the

on

it did

not

analysis

it evident
be

must

we

yet

that

on

our

uniform
guard against supposing that the language was
the Hittite population
throughout the district in which
Different tribes doubtless
lived.
spoke different dialects,
of these dialects probably differed widely from
and some
But they all belonged to the same
other.
each
general
class of

type and

spoken

language,

of

of

dialects

various

English. Indeed,
the

be

may

Vannic,

that

have

In

the

the

up

south

in the

last
a

Semitic

of

to

the

question

language

if we

may

trust

cast

are

kingdom

of Ararat

with

met

of

far

as

it

Ararat, and

so-called

the
itself,

same

as

soon

as

the

Hittite

texts

their secrets.
of

Palestine

Carchemish

god

the

as

Assyrian inscriptions.

the

Hittites

old

king

of

type

same

was

bears

worshipped

that

non-Semitic
at

have

must

have
adopted
language and
Semitic
neighbours at an early period.
longer in coming
Syria the change was

their

tively
collec-

collectively termed

Kappadokia,

ancient

be

family of speech. As
this language is
inscriptions in which
shall be able
been
now
deciphered,we

the

determine

also render

of

language

belong

may

embodied
to

of the

the

cuneiform

the

find

we

therefore

language, just

are

distinctivelyHittite

frontiers

the

Hittite

recorded

names

proper
of
Names

may

England

far eastward

extending

as

the

as

and

Aleppo,

of

lost
their

Northern

In

about.
name,

and

The
but

Kadesh

THE

the

on

occupation

short

time

only.

monuments

the

as

of

name

his

David

the

kaonia,'

of

the

of

all Asia

in

these

modern

that
of

the

last

echoes

of

Hittite

days
We

south.

chemish
still

worn

may

it

the

even

on

the

cold

see

or

son

is

came

which

name

and

the

St.

of

Ly-

Kappadokia
the

Aramaic

the

downfall

language

common

has

Paul

of

speech

before

the

Hittite

of

days

But

change

may

them

been

superseded

perish,
The

slow

are

have
the

down
in

and

remain.

speech

poured

still

bears

language

still inhabits

race

It

Turkish.

by

Hittite

and

origin.

'the

Greek

its turn

Semitic

us';

to

whose

the

was

acquired,

Karabel

of

warriors

In

Assyrian

the

however,

spoke

Greek

for

lexicon.

In

Greek,

spoken
once

ancient

Taurus,

however,

race,

the

ago,

the

by

times

have

Toi,

Aramaic.

empire
Minor.

or

Semitic

become

Roman

Semitic

official

has

Ahab,

alliance,

still

the

on

of

dying.

the

supplanted

Languages,
races

in

lasted

belongs

the

Lystra

since

itself

was

of

of

although

long

Tou

from

slow
of

of

moon-god

offer

have

to

appears

equally

an

were

people

had

'the

fastnesses

dialects

who

The

sanctuary.

seems

contemporary

explained
the

In

king,

whether

with

be

can

Its

were

doubtful

to

Hamath

35

Semitic

of

Irkhulena,

successors

more

in

remained

Orontes

Hittite

INSCRIPTIONS.

snow-shoe

uplands

the

the

and

of

from
cities

lineaments

sculptured

Though
centuries

away

region

princes

which
of

the

of

the

of

fingerless glove

Kappadokia.

the

istics
character-

alter.

died

upon

it all

the

to

but

Carare

VIII.

CHAPTER

Hittites

THE
in
a

the
of

system

of

nations
others
the

the

only

of

the

that

the

Hittites

of

slippery

the

fortified

the

could

blocks

palaces
of

built

were

and

quarrying

Bulgar

Dagh

skill

mining

in

The
on

same

the

are

and

metallurgic
Hittite
race,

was

the

equally
metallurgic
of

fame

territory,
spread

the

and

through

the

with

slabs

great

its

sides
like

respect,
the

of

they
The

stone.

clear

derstood
un-

besieged
The

captured.

was

well

Eyuk

They

which

city, to

how

fashioning
an

even

and

this

in

wall

outer

prove

Keui

Keui,

Boghaz

sculptured

and

from
but

use

fortification

masterpiece

the

when

they

architects.
of

art

of

borrow

to

Boghaz

mean

within

citadels

retire

well-cut

is

stone,

of

no

walls

the

outside

the

itself.

ruins

were

of

most

content

characters

written

thoroughly
moat

been

the

among

communicating

words

by

invented

intellectual

few

of

means

as

peace

they

their

but

to

of

arts

that

for

highly

than

writing

from

know

fact

very

devise

have

world

the

in

granted

otherwise

conception
We

been
to

the

not

The

speaks

has

thoughts

much

as

war.

mankind

of

their

of

writing
It

capacities.
races

shone

arts

INDUSTRY.

AND

TRADE

HITTITE

which
knew

their
the

art

of

the

mines
of

indication

their

work.

Khalybes,
may

the

have
Greek

who

bordered

belonged
world.

to

the

They

had

the

iron

into

the

Greeks

reputation of
steel.

Silver

and

most

among

the

of

bronze

and

the
also

silver

iron

yet

that

by
Asia

Western
the

In

the

of

ruins

of

ingots

to

and

cups

into

the

whence

tin

from

the

for
the

Carchemish

in

place

was

purpose
distant

most

that

evidence

Hittites

this

of

of Dr. Schliemann

afforded

by

medium

as

received

have

use

in tribute.

of

municated
com-

nations

of

Minor.

so-called

calcined

its

them

used

the excavations

Troy

figure

changed

was

From

the

learn.

alike

were

also

iron

into

tin.

of the
been

have

moulded
copper

to

employed

was

to

offered

Assyrian king

ruins

and

money,

the
with

have

we

The

evidence

the

Hittites

were

copper

250 talents of iron ; and

among

the

.animals, and

and

exchange.

from

appear,

mixed

harden

to

all events,, that

at

request, though gold and

by being

Silver

how

37

art.

objects which

procured

was

them,

Assyrian monuments,

in

gold

discovering

from

was

copper

and

metals

images

first

acquired the

Egyptian

The

It

INDUSTRY.

AND

TRADE

HITTITE

of Priam,' disinterred

'treasure

of

Hissarlik

silver,about

or

Troy,

six

are

among

like
blade-

eight inches
Barclay Head
or

seven

in

has
in breadth.
Mr.
length and two
pointed out that each of these ingots weighs the third
or
mina, and further that
part of a Babylonian maneh
of 8656 grains Troy, was
this particularmaneh
once
for weighing bullion
employed throughout Asia Minor
of weight and
from
the standard
silver.
It differed
used

value
in

the

maneh

in

later

Phoenicia,Assyria,
Greek

of Carchemish

tablets,which
the

conquest

But

age.
'

it

mentioned

continued

of Carchemish

to

and

Asia

Minor

corresponded
in

the

hold

its

by Sargon.

with

Assyrian
own

The

even

maneh

itself

\the
tract
con-

after
of

138

HITTITES.

THE

Carchemish

had,

Babylonia, like

capitalas

Hittite

show

can

held

thoroughly

so

called

be

to

Hittite
home

at

after its

culture,
in

the

Nothing

name.

clearlythan this the leading position

Hittites in general,and the city of Carchemish

particular,in regard

in

of

from

more

the

by

Carchemish

to

Asia.

and

commerce

fact,the

in

was,

Western

in

trade

itself

originallyderived

elements

of the

most

made

it had

but

it is true, been

industry.

of the

centre

It commanded

the

overland

high-road

products of Phoenicia and the West

to the civilised populations of Assyria and
Babylon. It
this which
its possession so
made
was
greatly coveted
to Sargon
by the Assyrian kings. Its capture assured
which

the

brought

of the Mediterranean

command

which

the

to

Assyrian

had

flowed

Hittite

hands
in

to

of the
the

the

coast, and

wealth

and

commerce

ference
trans-

of

merchant-princes

the

city.

The

furniture

sumptuous

in

which

by Assur-natsir-pal.
of Israel,they reclined on

mentioned
monarchs

ivory,of

they indulged

Like

luxurious

the

couches

is

inlaid with

the inventors.
possible that they were
all events, elephants were
still hunted
At
by
I.,in the neighbourhood of Carchemish,
Tiglath-pileser
III. four centuries earlier,
as
they had been by Thothmes
the tribute
and
elephants' tusks were
paid by
among
be that the
the Hittites to the Assyrian kings. It may
of the elephant in this part of Asia
extinction
due
was
Hittite

to

The

which

huntsmen.

ivory

employed

at

or

the

the

among

it is

meals,
Greeks

Egyptians,

chairs

were

of

couches

the

provided

as

Carchemish, however,

they
and

have
of

Romans

Hittites
with

would

sat

backs

when
as

well

were

been

in

later

day.

Assyria

eating, and
as

with

not

Like
their

curiously-

The

legged tables,which
At

times,

sounds

of music.

instruments
which

Several

at

39

the

on

with

banquet

different

represented

are

was

themselves

entertained

Merash, they
the

we

as

food

INDUSTRY.

placed on low crossresembled

a
camp-stool in shape.
bas-relief
at
a
gather from
may

footstools.

formed

AND

TRADE

HITTITE

kinds

of musical

monuments,

among

lyre,a trumpet, and a sort

of guitar. It is evident
that they were
fond
of music,
and
had cultivated
the art, as befitted a people to whom
we

wealth

had

where

his shoulders.

peaceful

and

for animals

Hittites

down

swooped
began to

the

learn

chariots

from

the

princes, the

Israelites

trade.

they

the

But

north,

The

horsemen
with

Egypt

was

and

in

tells
the

Tul-Garimmi
situated
Kadesh

two,

in

Tyre

drawn
sometimes

by

for

of the
two

three

horses
the

'

Hittite
in

that

with

the

from

the

horses,

they

horses

been

Hittite

men.

and

for themselves.

has

In

one

horses

Assyrian

Komagene.

soon

world.

that

obtained

Togarmah
the

they

ancient

(xxvii.14)

us

first

become

to

them

The

they

intermediaries

as

bred

portion

when

and

Egypt

fairs of

of

the

taste

south.

Syria, but

Kings

have

have

mules,' and

chariots, each

sometimes

'

of

of the

from

also

Ezekiel

distant

people

of

serving

perhaps

traded
and

the

which

in

and

prophet

Togarmah

Books

must

gratifiedthe

of peace

peoples

exported

were

the

plains

arts

of the great mercantile

We

of

reveal,by importing

warlike

the

upon

have

from

monkey

cultivate

indication

monuments

doubtless

were

in

life would

the

like the

curious

sculptureat Eyuk,
is depicted carrying a monkey
on
only who
enjoyed the quiet of a

wealthy
which

animal

an

Those

be found

is to

ease

attendant

an

leisure.

given

leisured

same

recognise

may

of

and

identified

inscriptions,
wars

army
and

The

between

fought
holding
chariots

HITT1TES.

THE

140

light make, and rested on two wheels, usuallyfurnished with six spokes.
The
and well-arranged. Its
was
well-disciplined
army
formed
of native-born
nucleus was
Hittites,who occupied
the centre
and the posts of danger.
Around
them
were
ranged their allies and mercenaries, under the command
of special generals. The
native
infantry and cavalry
also obeyed separate captains, but the whole
host was
led by a singlecommander-in-chief.
have
We
acquainted with the details
yet to be made
of their domestic
architecture.
The
ground-plan of their
palaces has been given us at Boghaz Keui and Eyuk, at
Carchemish
know
and we
that they were
and Sinjirli,
built
of quadrangular form.
round
We
know
court
a central
that the entrance
like that to an
too
to the palace was,
Egyptian temple, flanked by massive blocks of stone on
either side,and
of sculptured
approached by an avenue
We
have
slabs.
that the palace was
learned, moreover,
erected
raised terraces
mounds
on
or
; but beyond this
of

were

know

we

little except

without

base, which

Babylonia,
About

Apart

the

the
from

that
had

use

been

primitive home
Hittite

the

dress

snow-shoes

was

made

have
or

originallyderived

of columnar
we

of

pillar
from

architecture.

fuller information.

mocassins

which

have

have
remains, we
identifytheir monumental
found
the Hittites wearing on
kinds
their heads
of
two
a
covering, one
close-fitting
skull-cap,the other a lofty
rounded
at the
tiara,generally pointed, but sometimes
ribbons.
top or ornamented, as at Ibreez, with horn-like
The
with
adorned
pointed tiara was
perpendicular lines
of embroidery.
At
the goddesses have
Boghaz Keui
what
has been
the mural
termed
resembling as it
crown,

helped

does

the

to

fortified wall

of

town.

TRADE

HITTITE

The

robes

also

was

of the

the

other

priests,but
bare, and was
this

other

arms

slung

behind

island

the

to

of

Hittite
and

The

Tenedos.
of

tribes

Boscawen

; but

iron

there

once

contented

of

stone.

Near

have

never

been

sacrificial weapon,

from

the

known.

Like

witness

to

away.

the

or

Asia

Western
It

by

permits

the

of

seats

form

of stone

of stone

"

was

had

the

remarkable

fact,

the

gods

not

was

since

long

yet

passed

when

we

importance

of

Minor, which

exhibit
that

polished

dedicated

"

to

that

survival
the

other
found

different
and

in both

from

service

of this fact

stone

Arpad

an

of the

of

form

in

numerous

quite a

both

influence,and

implement

the

compare

implements
conclusion

neighbourhood

resemblance

The

Arpad.

of Hittite

were

of

service

in

religiousworship, it bore

from

myself

bears

manifest

weapons

axe-head

It was,

of metal

that

condition

Mr.

Arpad

axe-head, also of polished green-stone,

small

axe-head

becomes

in

tools

with

could, however,

use.

in the

working

survivals

social

and

Ephesos,

the

other

obtained

was

to

surviving

when

days

for actual

intended

the

that

beautiful

which

highly polished green-stone,

of the

of bronze,

were

site of

and

Greek

in the

themselves
the

large

carried

was

indications

are

was

Zeus, and

weapons

had

purchased

and

Karian

the

battle-axe

where

JEgean,

which

bow,

weapon,

these

All

dirk

double-headed

of the

symbol

knees

short

and

spear

of the

coast

weapons

of

back.

the

perhaps

or

the

it became

age

being

left the

by

stuck

was

of the

girdle.Over
walking left one
leg

in

distinctivelyHittite

them

by

girdle

carried

also

was

the

In

exposed.

cloak, which

This

garment

which

the waist

round

feet.

the

to

tunic

141

sleeved

long

wore

fastened

thrown

was

the

men

INDUSTRY.

descended

women

with

case

AND

in

shape.

Ephesos
the

same

earlier age

gods.

THE

143

The

of cloth

dresses

clothed

themselves

the

the patterns with

ornament

and

the

of General

Schliemann

at

in

in

Egypt,

the

in

Assyria,

of it has
in

or

from

with

earlier

Before
than

but

wonderful
of the

When

do

curious

of

sites

behind

them
have

learn
are

the

now

content

has

been

Western

have
been

Asia,

when

been

to

pressing
cast

old

the

upon

and

this and

of

has
a

read,

the Hittites

therewith

know

history has
present

cities

have

their

left

tions
inscrip-

questions

been

gained.

the

been

they

we

upon

age.

shall doubtless

we

in

far

been

the

other

page

of

cultured

Meanwhile

already
dark

monuments

many

Hittite

tribes

rude
of

of

long-forgotten

disinterred,and

for solution.

what

to

Hittite

deciphered and

answers

with

restoration

robe

of the

must

we

that

discoveries

the

thoroughly explored,

about

East

question

present

whose

race,

most

the

at

West

found
among

the

on

elements

of the

the

and

ancient

origin,adopted by
this

answer

we

other

population

can

we

more

one

the

it of barbarous

the

without

Alone

of the

nations

the

of Dr.

and

yet been

ever

as

since

Cyprus,

Babylonia.

civilised

Minor, along
was

known

famous

rock-sculptureof Ibreez displays it

a
Lykaonian priest. Was it an invention
the
to
people, communicated
by them
or
life,

square

Phrygian

usually

the

Asia

same

The

trace

no

of the

remains

the

so

of

That

study. Among

of the

symbol

become

colours,and

times
symbol recurs
pre-historic
pottery of Cyprus

but

Trojan plain;

of

are

di Cesnola

Troy.

the

on

curious

Hittites

designs.

tomb

the

on

has

excavations

rich

it is adorned

with

the

various

especiallyworthy

which

'swastika/

number

fringesand

which

is met

as

king Midas,
the

is

Ibreez

priestat

with

dyed

with

which

linen with

and

were

ornamented

were

HITTITES.

that

must

be

Light

the

history

of

sacred

record

of

TRADE

HITTITE

the

Old

forefront

of

influence

have

learnt

the

authority

an

has

that

truth.

its

of

on

in

reserved
discover

of

and

belonged

history

God's

trace

wisdom
it

out.

to

of

the
for

best

allies

of

David,

though

world,
our

witness

which

race

own

we

impugn

to

the

the

Abraham,

all
the

is

narrative

foes,

by

now

the

being

is

supposed

once

sacred

Solomon,

mark

indelible

to

the

At

Scripture

friends,

statement

friends

The

mother

been

of

by

now

the

of

deep

hitherto

name.

43

the

though

than

word

into

exercised

Israel,

more

every

scrutinised,

minutely

the

little

us

when

moment

very

to

to

of

advanced

who

fortunes

the

been

has

people

knowledge

modern

upon
had

they

and

Testament,

INDUSTRY.

AND

tion
genera-

left
it

INDEX.

Esau's

Adah,

Hittite

Hittite

Aleppo,
Amanus,

III.,

13.

Beeri

at, 62.

Biainas

wars

87

IV.,

Amenophis
founds

of

Amorite

capital,

new

heretic

of,

tablets

89

Hittite, 80,

Shishak,

possessions of,
of,

15

14

Hittites, 14

Boscawen,
Boss

tion
physical descripof,

descendants

16

89.

Ararat,

Hittite

the

of, suicide

king

Hittite,

Architecture,
I.

Argistis

the

Arisu
of

Arpad,

green-stone

Hittite,

Artemis,

maneh

from,

141.
ence
influ-

of, 79.

myth of, no.

Assur-natsir-pal, conquests
tribute

attacks

Azaz,

Hittites,
50

40

45

46

at, 94.

discovery

Hamah,

at

98
98

of,
97 ; identification
Smith,
George
by Mr.

; the

bought,

site

holy

decay

of, 43

of,

on

; rise

Hittite

Cities

city,

99 ; remains
of,
; battle

of,

Indian,
of Refuge,

of,

trade

104

of Amanus,

Hittite,

of,
100

situation

100

deities

forests

Cheroki

of,

site

; the

Chariots,

art,

of,

history of, 99

99

138.

to

of, 13.

strength of, 43 ; pays

to
Assur-natsir-pal,
46;
of, 46 ; fall of, 50 ; questions

; visited

100

117.

of,

47.

139.

syllabary of,

124.

Hittite, 113

Hebrew,

114.

Atargatis,
Athar-'Ati,

the

goddess,

the goddess

Cloth,

105.
of Carchemish,

prophet

Axe-heads,

Country,

in.

green-stone,

Tarsos,

Babylonian

141.
Cuneiform

in.

influence

on

Hittite

Esau's

Hittite

Noah,

the

on

Ark

of

the

107.

Hittite

hieroglyph

of

Libyans,

tablets,

from

senting,
repre-

17.

Kaisarlyeh,

126.

art,

Cylinders, Hittite, 118.

Cyprus, syllabary used

116.

Bashemath,

142.

Major,

81.

Cromlechs
of

Hittite,

Conder,

105.

Attys, the god,

Baal

120.

mines

to

Cedar,
of,

of monuments

influence

his

117.

as

47.

Assyria, testimony
45,

of,

Carchemish,

from

silver

sons

tribute

the, 107.

Ashtoreth,

exacts

Dagh,

Carchemish,

39.

Babylonian
;
Assyrian, 117.

worship

Bulgar

Canaan,

usurper,

head

axe

114

figures, Hittite,
origin of Greek,

56.

140

116

on,

Noah,

prophet

Hittite,

bilingual

127

129.

136.

Phoenician,

the

105.

of, 51.

on,

Buckle,

Burckhardt,

of, 52.

campaign

Army,
Art,

goddess,

141.

of Tarkondemos,

Bronze

of greenstone

purchase

his

Mr.,

inscription

history of, 17.

Anakim,
height of, 16.
Antarata,

at,

; texts

93

at, 94.

text

axe-head,
with

interlocked

position of,

wall-sculptures

sanctuary,

Hittite

16.

Amorites

Ark

89

at,

93-

Bor,

by

87

at,

palace

Boots,

covery
dis-

22.

taken

captives

king,

22

Keui,

at,

21.

13.

inscriptions in, 51.

tite
inscription at, 65 ; Hit-

Van,

or

remains

of, 78.
of, 21; marriage

of,

Hittite, daughter

the

Boghaz

of, 47.

forests

the, legend

Amenophis
of,

inscription

cedar

Amazons,

wife,

wife, 13.
K

in, 132.

146

INDEX.

Dados

86

Eyuk,

at

Boghaz Keui,

; at

Taurus, 94.
89
Damascus, rise of, 44.
of, with Syria,44.
David, wars

Davis, Rev.

J.,

E.

Amorite

an

town,

126.

Deities, Hittite, 104.

Deluge, the, fables concerning, 106.
Derketo, the myth of, 105, 108, no.
Dove, the symbol of, no.

Dress, Hittite,140,

Mr.,

Herodotos

Karabel

on

12

of

Hittites

and

of, 19 ;

of

monuments

Amorites,
with

wars

in, 39

the

invasions

at, 113
141.
the

Ephron
Esau's

wars

of

the

dess
Mother-god-

green-stone

axe-head

the

wives, 13.
of, 25, 38.

time

Eyuk, Hittite remains

at, 85 ; palace,
of lions, 85 ; sphinx at
85 ; avenue
eagle at, 85
85 ; double-headed
palace gate at, 86 ; dado
at, 86
sculptures at,

86

of,

date

height of plateau,87

; climate

87
of,87.

Galli

eunuchs

or

Gar-emeris,

Gargamis,
Gaza,
Gems,

see

at

Mabog,

106.

solar

21

Carchemish.

Hittite, 118.

Ghiaur-kalessi,sculpture at, 56.

Ghurun, Hittite inscriptions
at, 94.
Keteians
of
Gladstone,
Mr.,
Qn

worship of,

60.

of

treaty

with

war

to

Seti

Ramses

II., 24 ; at
treaty with him,

; make

empire

of, 50

Menuas,

51 ;

62

against

campaign

againstArgistis I.,52

of, 52

Karabel,
54
Hamah,
56 ;

sculptures of,
of,

remains

at
at

Ibreez, 61 ; at Aleppo,
Sipylos,69 ; position of

; at

at

of, 73 ; peculiarities
of,
racter
influence of, 75 ; chacivilising
of empire of, jj ; dress
of,
80 ; boots
of, 80 ; gloves of, 81 ;
of, at
etymology of, 81 ; remains
Eyuk, 85 ; at Boghaz Keui, 87 ;
monuments

74

at, 93

mines,

; at

95 ;

96
of

Southern,
of, with

of, 104
104

of

ignorance of history
97 ; Syrian conquest

of,

101

102

Semites,

ture
; mix-

religion

description of a temple of,

gods of, 104 ; holy cities
; cities of refuge, 113 ; art

; the

of, 113
of, 114

of

covery
sculpture of, 115 ; disbronze
figuresof, 117 ;

of, 118

gems

of,

94 ; silver
their supremacy,

Merash,

extent

; appearance

100

of, 45.

inscriptions
reallyHittite,

of, 23
;

19 ;
19 ;

catalogue of gods, 35 ; supremacy

of, 37 ; peacefulrelations with
Meneptah, 38 ; invade
Egypt, 39 ;
their empire broken
up, 40 ; decay
of, 40 ; Assyrian references to, 40 ;
I.,42 ;
conquered by Tiglath-pileser
tribute to Assur-natsir-pal,
46 ;
pay
II.,
confederacyagainst Shalmaneser
of, broken, 48 ; change
47 ; power
of meaning of name,
of
49 ; doom
29

109.

with David, 44.

Hadad-ezer, his war
Hamah,
discovery of Hittite remains
in, 56.
Hamath, once
Hittite city,44 ; last
a

Hamathite

26

of,

worship

I., 23

with

Kadesh,

of,

ruler

24

physical

tribute

; pay

; power

Ramses

I.,

text

120.

Glove, Hittite, 81.

Gods, Hittite,35, 104.
Great Mother, the, worship of, 108.
Hadad,

disk,

14 ;

Judaea,
Egyptians,

by

locked
; inter-

14

; of

Little,20
III., 20

district,14.

garrisoned by Egyptians, 38.

Homer,

and

ern,
North-

; descendants

Thothmes

dominions

Furniture, Hittite, 138.

testimony

13 ;

Amorites,

Kheta

with

of, 39.

Hittite,13.

Hittite

Exodus,

civil

Hittite, daughter of, 13.

Ephesos, worship
from,

23

15 ;
called
Great

; annals

14

Hittites,

confederacy against, 39
Elon

to

12

monuments,

of, 15
history of, 17

Eyuk, 85.

to,

Southern,

Egyptian

appearance

Egypt, testimony

sculptures,
54

Scripturereferences

with

at

chemish,
Car-

Heth, son of Canaan, 13.

Hittites, false criticisms about,

142.

Eagle, double-headed,

site of

buys

Syrians,82.

on

Dapur,

or

Hebrew

99.

tures,
sculp-

61.

Debir

of, 14;

refuge,114.

Henderson,

Ibreez

on

inhabitants

Hebron,

cityof

; in

120

reasons

extent

for

our

of

influence

interest in,

H\

INDEX.

in Galilee, a Hebrew
Kedesh
city of
; a literary
fluence
in126
refuge,
of,
114.
;
people, 125
Kes, the Syrian goddess, 112.
Phoenician
letters,
of, on
Kheta
Hittites, see Hittites.
or
architecture
132 ; language of, 134;
I.,
Kheta-sira, his treaty with Ramses
of, 136 ; metallurgy of, 136 ; their
I2i

of, 122
inscriptions
; libraries

means

of

of, 138
of, 139

exchange,
furniture

trade

137

of, 138

30-

music

and
chariots
of,
of, 140 ; dress of, 140,
of, 141 ; cloth and
weapons
their
tika,'
of, 142 ;
symbol swasof, confirms
142
; knowledge
horses

; army

139

142 ;
linen

the

'

of

truth

Scripture,143.

Holy cities,Hittite, 113.

Amorite

discovery
126.
inscription,

of

ser

town,

or

worship,
of,

Ibreez, sculpturesat, 61.

characteristics

of, 123 ;
of, 123 ; originality
rial,
of, 124 ; writing mateTel
126 ;
el-Amarna,

ofj 124

use

125 ; at

126

by Tiglath-pile-

Kybebe\

her

; Amazonian

108

13.

Language, Hittite, 134.

Latsa, capture of, 12.
M.
F.,
Lenormant,

Tarkondemos,

on

127.

109.

Linen,

of, 16 ; remains
Hittite, 142.

Lucian

temple

on

of

Jebusites,
originof, 14.

Luz, identification

Carchemish,
98.
of, 14.
Jessup,Mr., his discovery at Hamah,

Lydia, overthrow
Lydian mythology,

Jerablus,true site
Jerusalem, founders

of

57-

of

kondemos,
Tar-

57-

Joshua,

his

Palestine,

into

entrance

at,

Alexander,

his

purchase

106

sacrifices at, 107

boss, 127.

Judith,Esau's

Mabog,

104.

of, 12.
of, by Cyrus, 82.
109.

the

25-

Jovanoff,M.

of, 17.

goddess, worship of, 112.

see
Membij, temple of, 104 ;
Mabog,
the holy of holies, 104 ; the gods in,
sions
104 ; the priests of, 106 ; procesMa,

his discovery at Hamah,

Johnson, Mr.,

boss

on

129.

and

Istar,the goddess,

of

image and
priestesses

hieroglyphic,126 ;
Libyan confederacy againstEgypt, 39.
Kaisariyeh,126 ; from Sinjirli,
ants
of, 15 ; descendLibyans, appearance
boss of

cuneiform
from

attacked

I., 41.

Kybele*

Hittite, purpose
Inscriptions,

an

126.

Kirkesion, site of, 97.

the goddess of, 112.
Komana,
Kombabos,
legend of, no,
Krcesos, destroys city of Pteria, 82.
Kummukh

Horses, Hittite, 139.

his
Dr.,
Humann,
cuneiform

Khu-n-Aten,
see
Amenophis IV.
Kili-anteru, capture of, 42.
Book-town,
Kirjath-sepher or

pilgrims at, 107

ing,
; legends concern-

107.

Hittite wife, 13,

Malatiyeh attacked

by Tiglath-pileser

I,, 42.

Kabyles, descendants
Kadesh,
I.,24

of

Libyans, 16.

people of, 14 ; taken by Seti

II. before,
; bravery of Ramses

25 ; Hittite

Kadesh-barnea,

occupation of,
an

Amorite

town,

Maneh

of

Carchemish,

Maspero, Prof., on
on

the

Carchemish,

goddess Simi,

Membij, supposed

14.

the, 46, 137.

site of

97-

Melito,

100.

Kaisariyeh,tablets from, 126.

Kappadokia, Hittite descendants

site of

106.

Carchemish,

97-

in,

Meneptah,

his

peaceful relations

with

Karkar, Assyrian victoryat, 48.

of, 42.
Kaska, submission

Hittites, 38 ; with Phoenicia, 38.

Menuas,
campaigns of, 51 ; makes an
at Palu, 52.
inscription
Merash, Hittite inscriptionsat, 94.
Metallurgy, Hittite, 117, 136.
Monkeys imported by Hittites, 139.

Kayster, fable concerning, 78.

Mopsos, legend concerning,109.

102.

Karabel,

Pass

of, situation

sculptures of,

54

of, 54

descriptionof,

66.

148

INDEX.

Dr., on
demos,
127.
Music, Hittite, 139.

daughter of, given

Hittite

Saplel,a
at,

no

rings,

Ramses

Sargon,

phis

20

; Ameno-

daughter

III. marries

of

of, 21.
Necho, defeat of, at Carchemish,
Niobe, the weeping, 69.

king
100.

of, 50.

Seals, Hittite,118.
the goddess,
Semiramis,
mixture

with

Sesostris,memorials
Seti

I., wars

sacrifices to Hadad,

Patinians, submit

at, 52.

Assur-natsir-pal,

to

of, 47 ; insurrection
; overthrow
of, 49Pentaur, his epic on Ramses
II., 25.
Karabel
Perrot, Professor, on
tures,
sculp47

56

inscriptionat Boghaz
Keui, 65 ; his discovery of Hittite
bronze
figures,117.
Pessinus, worship of Ma at, 113.
into an Assyrian colony,
Pethor made
;

on

48.
Petrie,Mr.,on appearance
ISPhoenician
on,

of Amorites,

alphabet, Hittite

influence

132.

Pisiris,last king of Carchemish, 50.

Priam, treasure
of, 137.
Priests of Mabog, descriptionof, 106.

Qalb Luzeh,

or

Luz,

12.

I., his treaty with Hittites, 23.

with Hittites, 24 ;
II.,his wars
the Pharaoh
of the Exodus, 25 ; epic
his bravery at Kadesh,
on
25 ; makes
a
treaty with Hittites, 29 ; marries

Ramses

of Hittite

Sidon,

king, 37.

Sangara,

worship of, 109.

Mykenae, 119.

league

Canaan,

13.

liking for,

Sinjirli,
inscriptionat, 126.
Sipylos,sculptureat, 69.
Sisythes,the hero of the deluge, 107.
Skene, Mr., his discovery of site of
Carchemish, 98.
Smith, Mr. George, his visit
Carchemish,
98.
Solar disk, worship of, 21.
Sphinx at Eyuk, 85.
Strabo

on

White

site of

to

Syrians,82.

112.

Swastika,

Hittite

Syllabary used

death

symbol, 142.
Cyprus, 132.

Tannur,

the

spring, 107.

or

the

god,

silver

in.

boss

bilingual inscription on,

of, on
Tarqu-dimme, name

47

Thothmes

I.,wars

of,
129.
silver

discovery at,

at, 126.

by,

of

of, 109.

129.
Tel el-Amarna,

of, 42.

formed

in

explanation of, 12.

worship of, 109 ; myth

Tarku,
Tarkondemos,

108.

Sadi-anteru, submission
Sandan, the god, in.

new

inscription

Tahtim-hodshi,

Tammuz,
at

94 ; treatytablets, 95.
Simi, the goddess, fable of, 106.

Tar

found

of

son

Silver, Hittite

sculpture,55.
Rhea, the goddess,
Rings

48 ;
Patinians, 49

of

tory
vic-

of, 49.

Tammuz,

or

policyof, 47

48, 50 ; his
appoints a

Shechem, a Hebrew
cityof refuge,114.
Amorite
Shishak,
captives of, 16.

III., victories of, 39.

Religion of the Hittites, 104.
his discovery of Karabel
Renouard,
Ramses

Rimmon

Karkar,

at

king

no.

StratonikS, myth of, no.

Pasha
Subhi
at Hamah,
58.
Sun-god, the, 109.
Hittite god, 105,
Sutekh, the supreme

Ramses

daughter

at

Hittites, 102.
of, at Karabel, 54.

of, 24.
II., warlike

Shalmaneser

Palu, inscriptionof Menuas

of,

discoveries

Dr.,

Mykenae, no, 119.

Sculpture, Hittite, 115.

Semitic

Oven, the, spring, 107.

with

capture of, 78.

of

wars

Schliemann,
of,

situation

king, his treaty

I., 23.

Sardes, date

119 ; lions at, 120.

of the Hittites, 35, 104.

Mythology
Naharina,

Shalmaneser

to

II., 48.

found

remains

Mykenae,

of Tarkon-

boss

Mordtmann,

of, 20.

22

127

boss,

scription
; in-

INDEX.

Thothmes
20

of,

conquests

Thothmes

I.,

Tiglath-pileser

42

his

42

III.,

his

embassy

Tomkins,

to

Luz,

12

Treasure

of

Treaty

between

Hittite

Priam,

tacks
at-

Ur-maa

origin
-",

of,

Noferu-Ra,

of,

Hayes,

124.

of

16.

Sir

Hittite

94

II.

of,

and

29.

94.

at

Merash

descendants

by,
in

Kap-

102.

Worship

of

Wright,

Dr.

Hittite

of

discovery

Charles,

Hittite

padokia,

59.

141.

inscriptions
on

of,

discovery

Hittite,

Writing
Uriah,

42.

51.

syllabary

Dr.

Wilson,

44.

identification

at,

Lake,

Negro

Weapons,

137.

text

Van,
Vei,

139.

Ramses

Hittite

Tyana,

David,

translation

king,

Ward,
of,

Amorites,

on

41

50.

his

Mr.,

42.

of,

43.

identification

Togarmah,

of,

siege
submission

21.

Malatiyeh,

feats,

hunting

Tiglath-pileser

Toi,

of,

annals

Urrakhinas,
Uruma,

of,

Kummukh,

bute,
tri-

21.

campaign

IV.,

Hittite

receives

III.,

149

Hittites,

the

remains

material,

104.

his

Wm.,
at

discovery

Hamah,

Hittite,

of

57.
125.

13.

marriage

of,

37.

Yahu-bihdi,

last

ruler

of

Hamath,

45.

LIST

REFERENCES.

SCRIPTURE

OF

JOSHUA.
IS

x.

xi.

x.

28,

vii.

20

EZEKIEL.

xvi.

viii.

3,

SAMUEL.

19,

20
.

14

3,

9"

10
.

16

xxi.
xxiv.

ix

xxvii.

x.

126

14

DEUTERONOMY.

12

v.

KINGS.

26

iii.

12

29

16

22

JUDGES.
i.

KINGS.

45
14

13

...

...

139

44
44

ZECHARIAH.

16

15-22

...

12,
...

101

xii.

11

109

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