-1-































All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from publisher.

BELUK GmbH

-2-

$'.7-)OD*5EJQPICW)GTOCP[
Taubenstr. 1 Phone +49 8861 2332-0 Fax +49 8861 2332-51

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA




%QORGPUCVKQPQH4GCEVKXG2QYGT

:'FKVKQP,CPWCT[



 *QY'NGEVTKECN4GCEVKXG2QYGT1TKIKPCVGU 
 4GEQTFKPIVJG4GUWNVCPV'NGEVTKE4GCEVKXG2QYGT
 %CNEWNCVKQPQH%CRCEKVQT$CPM5K\G
 5GNGEVKQPQH5YKVEJKPI2TQITCOOGCPF4GNC[6[RGU 
4GURQPUG8CNWG
%M8CNWG
'EQPQO[QT5VGRDCEM5YKVEJKPI2TQITCOOGU 
4QVCVKQPCN5YKVEJKPI2TQITCOOG 
 (WPEVKQPQHVJG'NGEVTQPKE2QYGT(CEVQT%QPVTQN4GNC[UQH%5GTKGU
5VTWEVWTGCPF/QFGQH1RGTCVKQP
0Q8QNV4GNGCUG(GCVWTG 
6CTIGV2QYGT(CEVQT5GVVKPICPF5VCTVKPI%WTTGPV 
*CPF#WVQOCVKE5YKVEJKPI 
6GEJPKECN&CVCQP$.4%#
%UGTKGU 
%QPPGEVKQP&KCITCOQH$'.7-2QYGT(CEVQT%QPVTQN4GNC[U 
&GVGTOKPIVJG4GSWKTGF%WTTGPV6TCPUHQTOGT 
 'ZRNCPCVQT[0QVGUQPVJG%QORGPUCVKQP2TQEGFWTGKP)GPGTCN 
4GNCVKQPUJKRDGVYGGP4GURQPUG8CNWG
%M8CNWGCPFEQUUGVVKPI
2QYGT(CEVQT%QPVTQN4GNC[UYKVJ#WVQOCVKE%M#FLWUVOGPV
%UGTKGU
 4GCEVKXG2QYGT%QORGPUCVKQPKPVJG(QWT.QCF3WCFTCPVU


6GEJPKECN%QPUKFGTCVKQP

%QOOGTEKCN%QPUKFGTCVKQP 
4GCEVKXG2QYGT%QORGPUCVKQPYKVJ/KZGF/GCUWTGOGPV
%CNEWNCVKQPQH%M8CNWGKPECUGKH/KZGF/GCUWTGOGPV 
 4GCEVKXG2QYGT%QORGPUCVKQPYKVJOQTGVJCPQPG+PEQOKPI5WRRN[ 
%GPVTCN%QORGPUCVKQPD[OGCPUQH5WOOCVKQP/GCUWTGOGPV 
+PFKXKFWCN%QORGPUCVKQPQH'CEJ+PEQOKPI5WRRN[ 
 *QYVQ6TCEG2QUUKDNG/KUVCMGUYJGPEQPPGEVKPI2QYGT(CEVQT%QPVTQN4GNC[UQHVJG5GTKGU%


+PFKTGEV%CRCEKVQT%QPVTQN
\QP$'.7-2QYGT(CEVQT%QPVTQN4GNC[U6[RG%# 

-3-

1. How Electrical Reactive Power Originates


#NN GNGEVTKECN NQCFU YJKEJ QRGTCVG D[ OGCPU QH OCIPGVKE HKGNFU
OQVQTUKPFWEVQTUVTCPUHQTOGTU
KPFWEVKXGJGCVGTUCTGEJCTCEVGTK\GFVQCITGCVGTQTNGUUGTGZVGPVD[GNGEVTKECNKPGTVKC6JGEQTTGEV
GNGEVTKECNGPIKPGGTKPIVGTOHQTVJKUKPGTVKCKUKPFWEVCPEG
6CMKPI CP GZCORNG HTQO VJG HKGNF QH OGEJCPKEU D[ YC[ QH EQORCTKUQP EQPUKFGT C ECT YKVJ C
URGEKHKEOCUUYJKEJKUUGVKPVQOQVKQPCUCTGUWNVQHHQTEGCPFICVJGTUMKPGVKEGPGTI[+HVJGHQTEGKU
UWFFGPN[ CRRNKGF KP VJG QRRQUKVG FKTGEVKQP VJG ECT FQGU PQV UKORN[ EJCPIG KVU FKTGEVKQP
KPUVCPVCPGQWUN[DWVRGTUKUVUHQTCEGTVCKPRGTKQFKPKVURTGXKQWUFKTGEVKQPQHOQVKQPKUFGEGNGTCVGF
EQOGUVQCUVCPFUVKNNCPFWNVKOCVGN[OQXGUKPVJGUCOGFKTGEVKQPCUVJGPGYCRRNKGFHQTEG
+HYGKOCIKPGVJGHQTEGCUCUKPGYCXGXCTKCVKQPVJGECTYKNNCNYC[UOQXGYKVJCVKOGFGNC[6JKU
OGCPUVJCVVJGHQTEG
XQNVCIGCPFVJGOQVKQP
EWTTGPVCTGPGXGTU[PEJTQPQWU
0CVWTCNN[VJGCDQXGGZCORNGQEEWTUCPCNQIQWUN[KPCPGNGEVTKECNUGPUGKPQWTYKFGURTGCFOQPQ
CPF RQN[RJCUG #% XQNVCIG PGVYQTMU 6JG FKCITCO DGNQY KU KPVGPFGF VQ KNNWUVTCVG YJCV JCU DGGP
GZRNCKPGFCDQXG



(KIWTG6GORQTCNEQWTUGQHXQNVCIGEWTTGPVCPFRQYGT

-4-

#VVKOGVVJGXQNVCIG
HQTEGCPFEWTTGPVFKTGEVKQP
FKTGEVKQPQHOQVKQPUVKNNEQKPEKFG#VVVJGTGKU
PQXQNVCIG
HQTEG

*QYGXGTVJGKPGTVKCQHVJGKPFWEVKXGNQCFUOCKPVCKPUVJGRQUKVKXGEWTTGPVFKTGEVKQPHQTVKOGV
V  RJCUG UJKHV CPING  GXGP VJQWIJ VJG PGICVKXG XQNVCIG KU CNTGCF[CVVGORVKPIVQOQXG KP VJG
QRRQUKVGFKTGEVKQP6JGHQTEGCPFFKTGEVKQPQHOQVKQPFQPQVTGXGTVVQVJGUCOGFKTGEVKQPWPVKN
VKOG V #V VKOG V VJG[ TGCEJ C OCZKOWO RQYGT NGXGN CPF UVCTV VQ OQXG KP QRRQUKVG FKTGEVKQPU
CICKPCVVKOGV
6JKURGTKQF V  V KFGPVKECN VQ VV TGRTGUGPVUVJGVKOGFGNC[QHEWTTGPVEQORCTGFVQXQNVCIG
OCTMGFD[VJGRJCUGFGXKCVKQPCPING

+POQUV#%XQNVCIGPGVYQTMUVJKUE[ENGKUTGRGCVGFHKHV[VKOGURGTUGEQPF+HYGEQPUKFGTRGTKQFV
VQ V CPF V VQ V YG ECP TGEQIPK\G VJCV VJG QRRQUKVG RQNCTKVKGU QH EWTTGPV CPF XQNVCIG TGUWNV KP C
PGICVKXGRQYGTQTGPGTI[6JKUOGCPUVJCVKPEWTTGPVHCEVVJGHQNNQYKPISWCPVKV[QHGPGTI[



7+[
VV 
VV GVE]

KURWUJGFDCEMKPVQVJGRWDNKEUWRRN[PGVYQTM#VVJGPGZVOQOGPVKGCVVKOGUVCPFVGVE
VJGUCOGSWCPVKV[QHGPGTI[KUTGSWKTGFCICKPKPQTFGTVQUGVWRVJGOCIPGVKEHKGNFUKPVJGKPFWEVKXG
NQCFU
EQORCTGMKPGVKEGPGTI[KPVJGECUGQHVJGECT
6JWUYGECPUGGYJ[KVKUPGEGUUCT[VQUVQTGVJKUOCIPGVKETGXGTUCNGPGTI[
TGHGTTGFVQKPVJG
NCPIWCIGQHURGEKCNKUVUCUTGCEVKXGGPGTI[DTKGHN[KPECRCEKVQTUVQGNKOKPCVGVJGPGGFHQTHGGFKPI
TGCEVKXGGPGTI[CNQPIRQYGTNKPGUCPFECDNGU
(QTVJKURWTRQUGCWVQOCVKETGCEVKXGRQYGTEQORGPUCVKQPU[UVGOUCTGKPUVCNNGFHQTNCTIGEQPUWOGTU
UWEJ CU HCEVQTKGU 6JGUG U[UVGOU EQPUKUV QH C ITQWR QH KPFKXKFWCNN[ UYKVEJCDNG ECRCEKVQT WPKVU
EQPVTQNNGFD[OGCPUQHCRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[












-5-

2. Recording the Resultant Electric Reactive Power


$GHQTGVJGTCVKPIUCPFFKOGPUKQPUQHCEQORGPUCVKQPU[UVGOCTGUVKRWNCVGFVJGTGSWKTGFGNGEVTKECN
TGCEVKXGRQYGTOWUVDGOGCUWTGF6JGOQUVTGNKCDNGOGVJQFQHFQKPIVJKUKUVQWUGYCVVOGVGTUCPF
M8#4JOGVGTUQPVJGDCUKUQHYJKEJVJGRQYGTUWRRN[EQORCPKGUECNEWNCVGVJGKTEJCTIGU

0CVWTCNN[UGXGTCNOGCUWTGOGPVUOWUVDGEQPFWEVGFCVXCTKQWUUKIPKHKECPVVKOGUFWTKPIVJGFC[CPF
PKIJV
GIKPVJGECUGQHHCEVQTKGUQRGTCVKPIQPCUJKHVU[UVGOKPQTFGTVQDGCDNGVQOGCUWTGVJG
OCZKOWOTGCEVKXGRQYGTRGCMU

+VKUCNUQTGEQOOGPFGFVQVCMGKPVQEQPUKFGTCVKQPCP[CXCKNCDNGGNGEVTKEKV[DKNNUURGEKH[KPICEVKXG
RQYGT CPF TGCEVKXG RQYGT # FKTGEV KPSWKT[ QH VJG TGCEVKXG RQYGT TGURQPUG EQWNF DG TGCNK\GFD[
OGCPUQHUQECNNGFKPVGITCVGF'PGTI[/CPCIGOGPV5[UVGOU

9JGPRNCPPKPICPGYRNCPVVJGCRRTQZKOCVGSWCPVKV[QHTGCEVKXGRQYGTJCUVQDGGUVKOCVGFQPVJG
DCUKUQHVJGDKIEQPUWOGTU FCVC
ECNEWNCVKQPXKCPQOKPCNEQUHQTGZCORNG
'ZCORNG
#M9CU[PEJTQPQWUOQVQTYKVJCPQOKPCNEQUEQPUWOGUCTGCEVKXGRQYGT
EQUVCP
32VCPM8#T

6JKU TGCEVKXG RQYGT KU PGEGUUCT[ HQT OCIPGVK\KPI VJG KTQP XQNWOGU QH OQVQTU
IGPGTCVQTU
VTCPUHQTOGTUGVECPFKUCEQPUVCPVCOQWPVQHM8#TYKVJUOCNNFGXKCVKQPUECWUGFD[J[UVGTGUKU5Q
VJGTGKUPGCTN[PQFKHHGTGPEGQXGTNQCFURGEVTWOGIKHCPCU[PEJTQPQWUOQVQT
IGPGTCVQTTWPUCV
KFNGJCNHNQCFQTHWNNNQCF
# VQVCNN[ FKHHGTGPV UKVWCVKQP KU IKXGPYKVJVJGRQYGTHCEVQTEQU+VTGRTGUGPVUVJGTCVKQDGVYGGP
CEVKXGCPFCRRCTGPVRQYGT+VFQGUPQVUC[CP[VJKPIGNUGCDQWVVJGCOQWPVQHTGCEVKXGRQYGT6JG
RQYGTHCEVQTFGRGPFUQPVJGXCTKCVKQPUQHCEVKXGRQYGT6JCVBUYJ[EQU3CPFXKEGXGTUC

(QT HWTVJGT RQUUKDNG GZRCPUKQPU KV KU TGEQOOGPFGF VQ CNNQY HQT C   TGUGTXG +V UJQWNF
HWTVJGTOQTG DG GPUWTGF VJCV VJG OGVGTKPI RQKPV HQT CEVKXG CPF TGCEVKXG GPGTI[ KU KFGPVKECN VQ VJG
OGCUWTKPIRQKPVKGVJGNQECVKQPQHVJG%6HQTVJGRQYGTHCEVQTTGIWNCVQT+PECUGQHOGVGTKPIKP
OGFKWOXQNVCIGU[UVGOUCPFTGIWNCVKQPKPNQYXQNVCIGU[UVGOUVJGTGCEVKXGRQYGTFGOCPFQHVJG
HGGFKPIVTCPUHQTOGT
UJCUVQDGVCMGPKPVQCEEQWPV


-6-

3. Calculation of Capacitor Bank Size


.GVWUVCMGQPGGZCORNG

#OGFKWOUK\GFGPVGTRTKUGJCUEQPUWOGFM9JCPFM8#TJKPQPGOQPVJ6JKUTGUWNVU
KPVJGHQNNQYKPICXGTCIGRQYGTHCEVQTEQU


tan =

5900k varh
=0.72
TGCEVKXGGPGTI[KUQHCEVKXG
8200kWh

u

EQU

6JKUKUCPCXGTCIGXCNWGKPUVCPVCPGQWUXCNWGUECPFKHHGTYKFGN[

6JG TGURQPUKDNGRQYGTUWRRN[EQORCP[JQYGXGTURGEKHKGUCOKPKOWORQYGTHCEVQTQHEQU
 KPF (QT TGCUQPU QH UCHGV[ KV YKNN DG PGEGUUCT[ VQ FGUKIP VJG RTQRQUGF U[UVGO HQT C VCTIGV
RQYGT HCEVQT QH CV NGCUV  VQ  KPF (WTVJGTOQTGKVOWUVCNUQDGCPVKEKRCVGFVJCVGXGPNGUU
HCXQWTCDNGRQYGTHCEVQTUQHCRRTQZYKNNQEEWTVGORQTCTKN[UKPEGVJGXCNWGECNEWNCVGFCDQXGKU
QPN[CPCXGTCIGXCNWGCPFUQYGOWUVCUUWOGCEQUKORTQXGOGPVHTQOVQKPF

+HTGCEVKXGGPGTI[KUOGVGTGFQPVJGOGFKWOXQNVCIGNGXGNKVKUGUUGPVKCNVQVCMGKPVQCEEQWPVCNUQ
VJG TGCEVKXG RQYGT FGOCPF QH VJG VTCPUHQTOGT
U +P VJKU ECUG VJG VCTIGV RQYGT HCEVQT UJQWNF DG
KPETGCUGFVQKPFWEVKXGQPVJGNQYXQNVCIGUKFG+VKUTGEQOOGPFGFCVHKTUVVQQDUGTXG
VJGGPGTI[OGVGTU

/GCUWTGOGPVUWUKPIOGVGTUJCXGTGUWNVGFKPRQYGTRGCMUQHWRVQM96JKUXCNWGOWUVCNUQDG
KPENWFGF KP EQPUKFGTCVKQP EQPEGTPKPI FKOGPUKQPKPI QH VJG EQORGPUCVKQP GSWKROGPV DGECWUG VJG
DCPMQHECRCEKVQTUOWUVDGCFGSWCVGGXGPKPVJGGXGPVQHRQYGTRGCMU
6JWUQPVJGDCUKUQHXCNWGQHVJGM9YGECPECNEWNCVGVJGHQNNQYKPIVQVCNTGCEVKXGRQYGTKPVJG
ECUGQHCRQQTEQUHCEVQTQH

VCP32

32VCP

EQU

u

VCP


6QVCNTGCEVKXGRQYGT

3M9M8#T

*QYGXGTCUOGPVKQPGFCDQXGVJKUTGCEVKXGRQYGTPGGFUPQVDGHWNN[EQORGPUCVGFDGECWUGQPN[C
VCTIGV RQYGT HCEVQTQHEQU  KPFKUTGSWKTGF%QPUGSWGPVN[VJGHQNNQYKPITGCEVKXG RQYGT
ECPTGOCKPWPEQORGPUCVGF



-7-

EQUQ

Qu 

VCPQ


7PEQORGPUCVGFTGCEVKXGRQYGT
3Q2VCPQM9
3QM8#T

6JWU QPN[
     MXCT QH VJG VQVCN QH  MXCT PGGF VQ DG EQORGPUCVGF #
EQTTGURQPFKPI EQOOGTEKCNN[ CXCKNCDNGU[UVGOYKVJCTCVKPIQHMXCTYQWNFDGUWKVCDNG HQT VJG
CDQXGOGPVKQPGFKPUVCNNCVKQP
HQTECRCEKVQTUVGRUK\GUCPFVJGKTECNEWNCVKQPUGGEJCRVGT




(KIWTG2CTVKCNEQORGPUCVKQP

-8-

#PQVJGTKORQTVCPVCURGEVVJCVOWUVDGEQPUKFGTGFKUVJCVHCKNWTGVQHWNN[EQORGPUCVGHQTTGCEVKXG
NQCF NQUUGU YKNN TGUWNV KP WPPGEGUUCT[ MKNQYCVV JQWTU DGKPI EQPUWOGF KP VJG RQYGT FKUVTKDWVKQP
ECDNGU6JGUGNQUUGUCTGQHEQPUKFGTCDNGUKIPKHKECPEGKPCPGPGTI[UCXKPIUEJGOGCUKUKPFKECVGFKP
(KIDGNQY6JKUFKCITCOUJQYUVJG[GCTN[CFFKVKQPCNM9JNQUURGTOGVTGQHECDNGCUUWOKPI
QTOOECDNGHQTGZCORNG

'PGTI[%QUV5VWF[















6QVCN GPGTI[ NQUU QXGT  JTU  CPPWO

KPM9JRGTCPPWOCPFORJCUGECDNG


(KIWTG#FFKVKQPCN'PGTI[.QUUGUKP&KUVTKDWVKQPECDNGU

'PGTI[ UCXKPI EQUVUCTGPQVQPN[NKOKVGFVQTGCEVKXGRQYGTEQORGPUCVKQP+ORQTVCPVUCXKPIUECP
CNUQ DG OCFG D[ TGFWEKPI VJG RQYGT NQUU KP FKUVTKDWVKQP ECDNKPI +P QTFGT VQ CEJKGXG VJGUG
CFFKVKQPCNUCXKPIUKVKUQHEQWTUGPGEGUUCT[HQTVJGECRCEKVQTUVQDGNQECVGFCFLCEGPVVQVJGUQWTEGQH
VJGKPFWEVKXGNQCF


-9-

4. Selection of Switching Programme and Relay Types



5QOGEQPUKFGTCVKQPCDQWVJQYVQUVCIIGTVJGECNEWNCVGFEQORGPUCVKQPRQYGTKUTGSWKTGFCPFCP
GZRGTVUJQWNFDGEQPUWNVGFHQTVJKURWTRQUG1PGHKTUVDCUKESWGUVKQPKUYJGVJGTEQPVTQNUJQWNFDG
ECTTKGFQWVKPEQCTUGQTHKPGUVGRU6JKUYKNNRTKOCTKN[FGRGPFQPVJGUK\GQHVJGKPFWEVKXGNQCFU+H
OCEJKPGT[YKVJCTGNCVKXGN[JKIJEQPPGEVGFNQCFKUKPUVCNNGFGIM9CUKPVJGGZCORNGKP
5GEVKQPCDQXGKVYKNNDGUWHHKEKGPVVQFKXKFGVJGFGVGTOKPGFMXCTKPVQHQWTUVGRUQHMXCT

+VQHVGPQEEWTUJQYGXGTVJCVCHCEVQT[YKNNQRGTCVGYKVJCNCTIGPWODGTQHOCEJKPGUJCXKPICNQY
EQPPGEVGFNQCF+PUWEJECUGUKVKU RTCEVKECN VQ RTQXKFG UVGRUYJKEJ CTGCUHKPGCURQUUKDNG(KPG
UVGRRKPIQHCEQORGPUCVKQPU[UVGOKUJQYGXGTUWDLGEVVQCVGEJPKECNNKOKV6JKUNKOKVKUVJG%M
XCNWG YJKEJ ECP UVKNN DG UGV QPVJGTGNC[
OKPO#TGCEVKXGYKVJEWTTGPVRCVJ#O#
TGCEVKXGYKVJEWTTGPVRCVJ#OGCPKPIQHVJGPQOKPCNEWTTGPVYKVJTGHGTGPEGVQUGEQPFCT[
EQKNQH%6

6JG RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[U QH VJG %UGTKGU
$.4%#%$ CPF %% YKVJ VJGKT UQ ECNNGF
CWVQOCVKE %MCFLWUVOGPV CTG DCUKECNN[CNUQUWDLGEVVQVJKUVGEJPKECNNKOKV+HCXCNWGHCNNUDGNQY
VJKUNKOKVVJGEQORGPUCVKQPGHHGEVKUVQQNQYCPFVJGTGNC[FQGUPQVUJQYCP[TGURQPUG

+H HKZGF UYKVEJKPI RTQITCOOGU CTGTGSWKTGFGIKPECUGQHCHKNVGT QT EQODKHKNVGTEQORGPUCVKQP
U[UVGOVJGPVJGUGCRRNKECVKQPUCTGCRRNKECDNGQPN[YKVJVJGRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[UV[RG$.4
%/

4.1 Response Value (C/k-Value)

+PIGPGTCNVJG%MXCNWGKUECNEWNCVGFCEEQTFKPIVQVJGHQNNQYKPIHQTOWNC
% M

    

3%
 7 M

%M 6JTGUJQNFNGXGN4GNC[UVCTVKPIEWTTGPVXCNWG
#ORTGCEVKXG
3%

 %CRCEKVQT RQYGT UVGR

M8#T EQPUKFGT VJG UOCNNGUV UK\G KH
ECRCEKVQTUJCXGFKHHGTGPVUK\GU

7

/CKPUXQNVCIG
M8

M

%WTTGPVVTCPUHQTOGTTCVKQ
GIM##


+H VJG ECNEWNCVGF %MXCNWG ECP PQ NQPIGT DG UGV QP VJG TGNC[ VJG HCEVQT QH  OC[ DG XCTKGF
DGVYGGPCPF

(QT VJG RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[VJKU%MXCNWGKUCETWEKCNEQPVTQNNGFSWCPVKV[%QPVTQN KU PQV
KPKVKCVGF WPVKN VJKU TGURQPUG XCNWG KU TGCEJGF 1YKPI VQ UVCIIGTKPI QH VJG ECRCEKVQTU C ECRCEKVQT
UJQWNFPQVTGURQPFKOOGFKCVGN[VQVJGUNKIJVGUVKPFWEVKXGNQCFDWVQPN[YJGPCOKPKOWOQH
  QH VJG RQYGT QH C ECRCEKVQT UVGR KU RTGUGPV CU CP KPFWEVKXG NQCF #V VJG RTGXKQWU TGCEVKXG
RQYGT EQPVTQN TGNC[U $.4/%/3
/UGTKGU VJG TGURQPUG UGPUKVKXKV[ KU XCTKCDNG YKVJKP C
TGCEVKXGTCPIGQH#TGCEVKXG

- 10 -

2QYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[U QH VJG %#%$%%%& UGTKGU YKVJ HWNN[ CWVQOCVKE %MCFCRVKQP
EQPUKFGTVJGVJTGUJQWNFNGXGNQHCWVQOCVKECNN[

+PVJGGZCORNGOGPVKQPGFKP5GEVKQPCDQXGVJGM8#TRGTUVGRUJQWNFDGFGVGTOKPGF+PXKGYQH
UWDUGSWGPV GZRCPUKQP C  # M   EWTTGPV VTCPUHQTOGT JCU DGGP KPUVCNNGF KP VJG UWRRN[
DWUDCTU6JGEWUVQOGTTGSWKTGUCEQPVTQNU[UVGOVJCVKUCUHKPGN[UVGRRGFCURQUUKDNG6JGQRGTCVKPI
XQNVCIGKU8

6JG6CDNGQH%MXCNWGUNKUVGFKP(KIWTGTGSWKTGUCOKPKOWORQYGTUVGRQHM8#TEQPVTQNNGF
D[ OGCPU QH CP UVGR TGNC[ HQT GZCORNG $.4/%  6JWU VJG ECNEWNCVGF  M8#T EQWNF DG
FKUVTKDWVGFVQVKOGUM8#TCPFEQPVTQNNGFD[CPGKIJVUVGRRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[GI$.4
%#

6JKU FKXKUKQP KU XGT[ TCTGN[ CRRNKGF D[ VJG ECRCEKVQT OCPWHCEVWTGTU DGECWUG KV KU VQQ GZRGPUKXG
/QTGQHVGPVJCPPQVOQTGHCXQWTCDN[RTKEGFWPKVUCTGCXCKNCDNGYKVJCUQECNNGFGEQPQO[QTUVGR
DCEMUYKVEJKPIRTQITCOU




(KIWTG6CDNGUQH%MXCNWGUHQTEWTTGPVRCVJZ##CPFZ##

+V UJQWNF DG EQPUKFGTGF VJCV VJTGUJQNF NGXGNU DGNQY  OGCPKPI # TGCEVKXG CV #EWTTGPV
RCVJCPF#TGCEVKXGCV#EWTTGPVRCVJCTGPQVRTGUGVVCDNGOCPWCNN[KPTGIWNCVQTUTGSWGUVKPI
C%MUGVVKPICPFYQWNFPQVDGTGEQIPK\GFCNUQKPTGIWNCVQTUQHVJG%UGTKGU

- 11 -

4.2 Economy or Step-back Switching Programmes

2TGUGVVCDNGCVTGIWNCVQTUQH%/QTCVRTGXKQWU/%/3UGTKGUQPN[
6JGHQWTOQUVEQOOQPUYKVEJKPIRTQITCOOGU555CPF5CTGFGRKEVGFDGNQYKPVJG
HQTOQHHWPEVKQPFKCITCOU

6JG[JCXGVJGHQNNQYKPIOGCPKPIU
2TQITCOOG5
%QPVTQNQHCOCZKOWOQHECRCEKVQTUYKVJCRQYGTTCVKQQH

UYKVEJKPIKPUVCIGU
2TQITCOOG5 %QPVTQNQHCOCZKOWOQHECRCEKVQTUYKVJCRQYGTTCVKQQH


UYKVEJKPIKPUVCIGU
2TQITCOOG5 %QPVTQNQHCOCZKOWOQHECRCEKVQTUYKVJCRQYGTTCVKQQH


UYKVEJKPIKPUVCIGU
2TQITCOOG5 %QPVTQNQHCOCZKOWOQHECRCEKVQTUYKVJCRQYGTTCVKQ


UYKVEJKPIKPUVCIGU


- 12 -



6JG FGRKEVGF UYKVEJKPI RTQITCOOGU JCXG DGGP RTQXKFGFYKVJCFFKVKQPCNEQFGNGVVGTU-QT5
YJKEJ UJQY KH EKTEWNCT UYKVEJKPI
- QT UVCPFCTF UYKVEJKPI
5 CRRNKGU 2TQITCOOG - HQT
GZCORNG OGCPU VJCV CNN FQWDNGUK\GF
 ECRCEKVQTU CTG UYKVEJGF WPFGT TQVCVKQPCN UYKVEJKPI KP
EQPVTCUVVQRTQITCOOG5YJKEJCEVWCVGUECRCEKVQTUUGSWGPVKCNN[KPUVCPFCTFUYKVEJKPIOQFG

#EQODKPCVKQPQHECRCEKVQTUYKVJTCVKPIUQHCPFM8#T
VQVCNQHM8#TUYKVEJKPIKPC
TCVKQQHYQWNFDGUWKVCDNGHQTVJGGZCORNGU[UVGOOGPVKQPGFCDQXG1DXKQWUN[VJGUGVJTGG
ECRCEKVQTUYKNNDGNGUUGZRGPUKXGVJCPUKPINGECRCEKVQTUQHM8#TGCEJ


- 13 -

6JG RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[U $.4%# %$ CPF %% QH VJG %UGTKGU CTG RTQXKFGF YKVJ CP
CWVQOCVKEUGNHCFLWUVOGPVHGCVWTGVQCP[ECRCEKVQTUVGRXCNWGCPFFQPQVHQNNQYCHKZGFUYKVEJKPI
RTQITCOOGCP[NQPIGT6JKUOGCPUVJCVVJGTGNC[CWVQOCVKECNN[UGNGEVUVJGECRCEKVQTYJKEJJCUVJG
EQTTGEVUK\GCEEQTFKPIVQVJGOGCUWTGFTGCEVKXGRQYGT
+P ECUGU YJGTG VJG UGNGEVGF ECRCEKVQT JCU CNTGCF[ DGGP CEVKXCVGF  YJGTG VJGTG CTG WPGSWCN
ECRCEKVQTUVGRUVJGTGNC[UGNGEVUVJGPGZVUK\GWRECRCEKVQTCPFUYKVEJGUQHHVJGECRCEKVQTVJCVJCF
DGGPUGNGEVGFHKTUV

+HCPGZRCPUKQPKURNCPPGFKVKUTGEQOOGPFGFVQWUGC$.4%$CUVJG[ECPDGNKOKVGFHTQO
VQEQPVTQNGZKVU


4.3 Rotational Switching Programme

9KVJ GSWCN ECRCEKVQT UK\GU VJG YGNNVTKGF TQVCVKQPCN UYKVEJKPI RTQITCOOG KU WVKNK\GF YKVJ QWT
RQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[V[RGU$.4%#%$CPF%%
%UGTKGU+PVJKUUYKVEJKPIRTQITCOOG
VJG UGSWGPEG QH ECRCEKVQT UYKVEJKPI KU KFGPVKECN DQVJ HQT EQPPGEVKQP CPF FKUEQPPGEVKQP HQT
GZCORNGUVGRUVQCTGCEVKXCVGFCPFYJGPFGCEVKXCVKPIUVGRUHQTKPUVCPEGVJKUCNUQVCMGURNCEG
KP VJG UCOG UGSWGPEG KG ECRCEKVQTU  VQ CTGFKUEQPPGEVGFHTQOVJGOCKPU+PCPQTOCNTGNC[
UVGRUVQYQWNFDGFGCEVKXCVGFVJCVKUVQUC[KPVJGQRRQUKVGUYKVEJKPIUGSWGPEG



(KIWTG6JGEKTENGFKCITCOUJQYUTCPFQOQRGTCVKPIE[ENGU

- 14 -

6JGEQPVTQNTGNC[VJWUDGIKPUVQEQPPGEVUVGRUKPENQEMYKUGTQVCVKQP(WTVJGTOQTGKPVJGTQVCVKQPCN
UYKVEJKPIRTQITCOOGVJGTGKUCHKZGFURGEKHKGFHKTUVUYKVEJKPIUVGRQPN[CHVGTCPQXQNVTGNGCUGQT
QP KPKVKCN EQOOKUUKQPKPI +H CNN ECRCEKVQT UVGRU CTG FKUEQPPGEVGF FWTKPI C UYKVEJKPI QRGTCVKQP
TGEQPPGEVKQPECPVCMGRNCEGCVCP[RQKPVVJKUKUCNYC[UCVVJGECRCEKVQTUVGRVJCVYCUUYKVEJGFQHH
VJG NQPIGUV 9JGP ECRCEKVQTU CTG CFFGF VQ VJG EKTEWKV VJG ECUECFG QH UVGRU ITQYU NQPIGT YJKNG
FKUEQPPGEVKPIVCMGURNCEGCVVJGUVCTVKPIRQKPVQHVJKUECUECFGCPFKPVJGUCOGUYKVEJKPIUGSWGPEG

6JKUGPUWTGUVJCVVJGUYKVEJKPIE[ENGUQHCECRCEKVQTU[UVGOCTGWPKHQTON[FKUVTKDWVGFQXGTCNNUVGRU
CPFCTGPQVEJKGHN[TGUVTKEVGFVQRCTVKEWNCTUVGRU6JKUVGEJPKSWGJCUCNUQOCFGKVRQUUKDNGVQTGFWEG
VJGUVGRUYKVEJKPIVKOGFQYPVQUGEUCRRTQZKOCVGN[6JKUKU DGECWUGCECRCEKVQTUVGRVJCVJCU
LWUVDGGPFKUEQPPGEVGFECPPQVDGKOOGFKCVGN[TGEQPPGEVGF

9KVJ VJG TGNC[U QH VJG %UGTKGU CP CFFKVKQPCN NQEMQWV VKOG
 UD[UVCPFCTFVCMGUGHHGEVYJGP
EJCPIKPIUYKVEJKPIFKTGEVKQPHTQOWRVQFQYPCPFXKEGXGTUC
9JGP WUKPI VJKU UYKVEJKPI RTQITCOOG ECRCEKVQTU CTG WUWCNN[ EQPVTQNNGF YKVJ C RQYGT TCVKQ QH
YJKEJKUPQVDKPFKPIJQYGXGT



- 15 -

5. Function of the Electronic Power Factor Control Relays of C-Series


5.1 Structure and Mode of Operation

$'.7-RQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[UJCXGCUKPINGRJCUGGNGEVTQPKEOGCUWTKPIEKTEWKV

4GCEVKXG RQYGT YKNN DG UGPUGF HTQO EWTTGPV + CPF XQNVCIG 7
FGNVC FKIKVCNN[ 6JG TGIWNCVQT
ECNEWNCVGUVJGFGXKCVKQPQHTGCEVKXGRQYGTYKVJTGHGTGPEGVQVJGRTGUGVRQYGTHCEVQTVCTIGVCPFVJGP
UGNGEVUVJGEQTTGEVCPFCXCKNCDNGUK\GQHECRCEKVQTCWVQOCVKECNN[HQTUYKVEJKPIKPQTQWVFGRGPFKPI
QPEWTTGPVRQYGTHCEVQT

5.2 Operating and Signalling Elements on BLR-CA

&GVCKNGFFGUETKRVKQPKPEJCRVGT





5YKVEJQXGTHCEKNKV[##

#NCTO1P1HH

(WPEVKQP5YKVEJ

 $WVVQP

5VCIG+PFKECVQT
.'&

66.+PVGTHCEG

&KURNC[







(KIWTG








- 16 -

5.3 No-Volt Release Feature


#U UVCPFCTF $'.7- RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[U CTG HKVVGF YKVJ CP CWVQOCVKE PQXQNV TGNGCUG
HGCVWTG VJCV FKUEQPPGEVU CNN ECRCEKVQTU KP VJG GXGPV QH OCKPU HCKNWTG GZEGGFKPI  OUGEU 6JKU
UGTXGU VQ RTQVGEV ECRCEKVQTUCICKPUVQRRQUKPI XQNVCIGUYJGPVJGRQYGTKUTGUVQTGFCHVGTUQECNNGF
DTKGH KPVGTTWRVKQPU KP RWDNKE UWRRN[ PGVYQTMU 6JKU KU CP KORQTVCPV RQKPV VQ DG URGEKHKGF YJGP
RWTEJCUKPICRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[

#FKUEJCTIGVKOGQHCRRTQZUGEKUCNNQYGFHQTVJGECRCEKVQTU


5.4 Target Power Factor Setting and Starting Current

#UOGPVKQPGF VJG TGIWNCVQTU QH %UGTKGU ECNEWNCVGVJG%MXCNWGCWVQOCVKECNN[YKVJTGICTFVQVJG
UQECNNGF EQORGPUCVKQPGHHGEV QH GCEJ ECRCEKVQT #P[ UYKVEJKPI QRGTCVKQP YKNN UVCTV KH  QH
ECRCEKVQT UK\G JCU DGGP GZEGGFGF EQORCTGF YKVJ VJG UGPUGF FGXKCVKQP QH TGCEVKXG RQYGT HTQO
RTGUGVRQYGTHCEVQTVCTIGV
#P[FCPIGTQHJWPVKPICUVGRECWUGFD[CPKPEQTTGEVN[RTGUGV%MXCNWGQPRTGXKQWUTGIWNCVQTU
QH/%/3UGTKGUKUCDUQNWVGN[PQVRQUUKDNGKPTGIWNCVQTUQHVJG%UGTKGU
(WTVJGTOQTG VJGTG KU C UVGCF[ QDUGTXCVKQP QH VJG ECNEWNCVGF %MXCNWG 6JKU KU GUUGPVKCN KP
ECRCEKVQTDCPMUQRGTCVKPIGKVJGTKPRCTCNNGNQTKPFKXKFWCNOQFGCVRNCPVUYKVJOQTGVJCPQPGHGGFKP
VTCPUHQTOGT
UGGEJCRVGT
6JGTGSWGUVGFRQYGTHCEVQTVCTIGVKUUGNGEVCDNGFKIKVCNN[YKVJKPVJGTCPIGQHNCIIKPIVQ
NGCFKPI

5.5 Hand / Automatic Switching
#NN $'.7- RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[U QHHGT VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH UYKVEJKPI QXGT VQ OCPWCN
QRGTCVKQP

+PVJGTGNC[UQHVJG%UGTKGU
UGG(KIWTGOCPWCNUYKVEJKPIECPDGCEJKGXGFD[RWVVKPIHWPEVKQP
UYKVEJ
 KP RQUKVKQP *':  #HVGT VJG UYKVEJKPI VKOG FGNC[
 U D[ UVCPFCTF YJKEJ KU
CFLWUVCDNGKPRQUKVKQPVJGECRCEKVQTUECPDGUYKVEJGFKPQTQWVD[OGCPUQHVJG DWVVQPU

9JGPKPVJGOCPWCNOQFGCWVQOCVKEOQFGQHEQPVTQNKUQHEQWTUGPQVCXCKNCDNG6JKUOC[ECWUG
VJGFCPIGTQHPQPQDUGTXCPEGYKVJTGICTFVQVJGRTGUGVRQYGTHCEVQTVCTIGVCPFRQVGPVKCNHGGUHQT
WPEQORGPUCVGFTGCEVKXGGPGTI[
#P[UGNGEVKQPQHOCPWCNOQFGUJQWNFDGVCMGPQPN[HQTOCKPVGPCPEGRWTRQUGUGIVQEJGEMVJG
EQPVCEVQTUGVE


- 17 -

5.6 Technical Data on BLR-CA (C-series)


/GCUWTGOGPV5[UVGO

5KPINGRJCUGGNGEVTQPKEOGCUWTGOGPVU[UVGOHQTEQPPGEVKQPVQRJCUGRJCUGXQNVCIG8
1RGTCVKPIHTGSWGPE[QTZRUVQDGUVCVGFQPQTFGT8QNVCIGUWRRN[DWTFGP8#OCZCEEQTFKPIVQ
PWODGTQHUVGRUUYKVEJGFKP
HCEKNKV[HQTEQPPGEVKPIVQYKFGTCPIGQHQVJGTXQNVCIGUCXCKNCDNG
%WTTGPVVTCPUHQTOGTQWVRWV#QT#%NCUUVQ
DWTFGP8#/GCUWTGOGPVU[UVGOQRGTCVGUKPCNNHQWT
SWCFTCPVUCPFCPCN[UGUPQPUKPWUQKFCNXQNVCIGCPFEWTTGPVYCXGHQTOU
5YKVEJ4CVKPI

8#RGTEQPVCEV8#%
GPGTIK\KPI8#8
JQNF8CXCKNCDNGQPTGSWGUV
6CTIGV2QYGT(CEVQT4CPIG NCINGCFUJQYPQPFKIKVCNFKURNC[
HWPEVKQPUYKVEJRQUKVKQP
5VGR5YKVEJKPI6KOG
#FLWUVCDNGHTQOUGE
HWPEVKQPUYKVEJRQUKVKQP
0Q8QNV4GNGCUG

#WVQOCVKEFKUEQPPGEVKQPQHCNNECRCEKVQTUHQNNQYKPIXQNVCIGHCKNWTGCHVGTQPN[OUGE



#WVQOCVKEUYKVEJKPIYKNNTGEQOOGPEGUGEQPFUCHVGTTGUVQTCVKQPQHUWRRN[
*CPF1RGTCVKQP

$[OGCPUQH RWUJDWVVQPU
HWPEVKQPUYKVEJRQUKVKQPUGGFGVCKNUCDQXGKPECVCNQIWG
#ODKGPV6GORGTCVWTG
u% u%
/CPWHCEVWTKPI5RGEKHKECVKQPU +PUWNCVKQPRTQVGEVKQPKPCEEQTFCPEGYKVJ8&'ETGGRCIGCKTRCVJUKPCEEQTFCPEGYKVJ8&'



ITQWR%V[RGVGUVGF'/8IWKFGNKPGU''%%'KFGPVKHKECVKQPOCTM''%7.CPFE7.
%CUKPI


+PUVTWOGPVECUKPIZOO6QVCNFGRVJKPENWFKPIRNWIOOHNCOGTGVCTFCPVVQ8
/QWPVKPI2QUKVKQP 
#UTGSWKTF
2TQVGEVKQP 

+2
9GKIJV


MI
%QPPGEVKQPU

2NWIKPVGTOKPCNDNQEM
EQU+PFKECVKQP

1PN[YJGPKPCWVQOCVKEQRGTCVKQP
HWPEVKQPUYKVEJRQUKVKQPCUUGVQPFGNKXGT[HTQOHCEVQT[
%WTTGPV2CVJ

##UYKVEJUGNGEVCDNG

126+10#.('#674'5
5KPING2JCUG/GCUWTGOGPV
G (QTUKPINGRJCUGU[UVGOUXGTUKQPGKUCXCKNCDNGHQTOGCUWTGOGPVDGVYGGPRJCUGCPFPGWVTCN
6JKUTGNC[GI$.4%#GECPQHEQWTUGCNUQDGKPUVCNNGFQPVJTGGRJCUGHQWTYKTGU[UVGOU
(CWNV5KIPCNNKPI4GNC[
\
#UCEQORNKOGPVCT[HGCVWTGVQVJGCNCTOUKIPCNKPVJGFKIKVCNFKURNC[*#HQTJCTOQPKEQXGTNQCFCNCTO
FWFV
CUYKVEJKPITGNC[
\KUCXCKNCDNGHQTTGOQVGKPFKECVKQPQHVJKUCNCTO8QNVHTGGEQPVCEVU



8#8#%
(CWNV5KIPCNNKPI4GNC[
O
1RGTCVGUYJGPVJGFKIKVCNFKURNC[CNCTO
#.KUHWPEVKQPKPI+PVJGGXGPVQHCHCWNVKPVJGTGNC[VJGEQPVCEV
/4
YKNNENQUGGIVCTIGVRQYGTHCEVQTPQVQDVCKPGF8QNVHTGGEQPVCEVU8#8#%
2%/QPKVQT

9JGPWUGFYKVJCUGRCTCVGN[UWRRNKGFKPVGTHCEGVJGTGNC[ECPDGEQPPGEVGFVQCUVCPFCTF2%
8)#ITCRJKEU
UVCPFCTF
6CTIGV2QYGT(CEVQT4CPIG 6CTIGVRQYGTHCEVQTUGVVKPIQPNQYVCTKHH
06KPRQUKVKQP#KPFKECVGFFKIKVCNN[HTQONCINGCF


5.7 Connection Diagram of BELUK Power Factor Control Relays

9JGPOGCUWTKPITGCEVKXGRQYGTCXQNVCIGOWUVCNYC[UDGOGCUWTGFYJKEJJCUCuRJCUGUJKHV
YKVJ TGURGEV VQ VJG EWTTGPV XGEVQT
QJOKE NQCF 6JKU RTKPEKRNG QH EQPPGEVKQP KU CNTGCF[ MPQYP
HTQO VJG HKGNF QH TGCEVKXG XQNVCORGTGJQWT OGVGTU 1WT $.4%# CPF %$ TGNC[U ECP DG WUGF KP
UKPINGRJCUGPGVYQTMUD[OGCPUQHKPVGTPCNRJCUGTQVCVKQPKFGPVKHKGFD[VJGCFFKVKQPCNNGVVGTG

GI$.4%$GQT$.4%#G

2NGCUGEQPUKFGTVJQWIJVJCVVJKURJCUGUJKHVKPICRRNKGUGZENWUKXGN[HQTVJG$.4%$CPF
$.4%#V[RGU

6JG NCVVGT OQFG QH EQPPGEVKQP CNUQ TGPFGTU C EJGEM QH VJG TQVCT[ HKGNF UWRGTHNWQWU (WTVJGTOQTG
LWUVQPGRJCUGOWUVDGHWUGF







- 18 -


(KIWTG%QPPGEVKQP&KCITCOO

5.8 Determining the Required Current Transformer
+VKUCEQOOQPHGCVWTGQHEQPVTQNFGXKEGUVQDGFGRGPFGPVQPVJGVTCPUOKVVGTQHOGCUWTGFXCNWGU
YJGTG VJGKT CEEWTCE[ KU EQPEGTPGF +P QWT ECUG VJKU KU VJG EWTTGPV VTCPUHQTOGT
%6$'.7-
RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQNNGTU CNUQ VCMG KPVQ CEEQWPV VJG YCXG HQTO QH EWTTGPVU C UKOWNVCPGQWU
VTCPUOKUUKQPKUVJGRTGEQPFKVKQP%6 UFQVJQWIJQPN[IWCTCPVGGVJKUYKVJKPVJGURGEKHKGFNQCF
9KVJ TGICTF VQ VJG NQCF KP ECUG QH  # EV U OCKPN[ VJG GORNQ[GF VTCPUFWEGT EQPFWEVQTU UJQY
VJGKTKORCEV

9JGPECNEWNCVKPIVJGNQUUQHRQYGTKPVJG%6NKPGUVJGDCUKUKUCNYC[UVJGPQOKPCNEWTTGPVGI
#+PECUGQHCPQXGTNQCFQH
#NQUUGUKPETGCUGD[CTCVGQH
6JGHQNNQYKPIRTKPEKRCNHQTOWNCKUGORNQ[GFHQTFGVGTOKPIVTCPUOKUUKQPNQUUGU

2.,4.
4.

+

#

N

.GPIVJQHEQPFWEVQTKPO
VQCPFHTQO

4GUKUVKXKV[KPRGTOKHEQRRGTUGEVKQP
#KUOO

4 .

.KPGTGUKUVCPEGKP

2 .

6TCPUOKUUKQPNQUUGUKPVJGEVEQPFWEVQTKP9CVVU

#

%QRRGTUGEVKQP
OOw

- 19 -

'ZCORNG
9G YCPV VJG VTCPUOKUUKQP NQUU YKVJ C O NQPI
UKORNG NGPIVJ %6 EQPFWEVQT YKVJ C EQRRGT
UGEVKQPQHOOwCPFPQOKPCNEWTTGPV#KPVJGVTCPUHQTOGT




2., 4.

4.

2 8m 0.0178mm 2
= 0.114 
2,5mm 2
m





2.# 8#

9KVJCPQXGTNQCFQH#VJGVTCPUOKUUKQPNQUUCNTGCF[CEEQWPVUHQT

V




#  8#
A

6JKUOCMGURNCKPYJ[CEQTTGEV%6TCVKPIKUKPFKURGPUKDNG6JGVYQFKCITCOUDGNQYKNNWUVTCVGVJG
EQTTGNCVKQPQHNGPIVJQHNKPGCPFRQYGTNQUUWUKPIWRRGTUGEVKQPUCURCTCOGVGTU+P$'.7-2QYGT
(CEVQT %QPVTQN 4GNC[ V[RGU $.4%# CPF %$ VJG EWTTGPV RCVJ  # QT  # ECP DG UGNGEVGF
KPFKXKFWCNN[D[OGCPUQH&+2UYKVEJ




(KIWTG6TCPUOKUUKQPNQUUGUKPVJG%6EQPFWEVQTU

- 20 -

6. Explanatory Notes on the Compensation Procedure in General

$CUGFQP(KIWTG

#NNRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[UOWUVDGUGVVQVJGEQTTGURQPFKPIEQORGPUCVKQPU[UVGOUKPYJKEJ
VJG[CTGKPUVCNNGF6QFQVJKUVYQXCNWGUOWUVDGMPQYP


C6JGTGSWKTGFVCTIGVRQYGTHCEVQTEQU

D%6TCVKQQPN[KP$.4%/TGNC[U

+PTGICTFUVQCKVKUTGEQOOGPFGFVQUGVVJGFGUKTGFPQOKPCNRQYGTHCEVQTEQUUNKIJVN[CDQXG
VJGXCNWGFGOCPFGFD[VJGRQYGTUWRRN[EQORCP[6JKUVCTIGVXCNWGECPQPN[DGTGURGEVGFCVVJG
OGCUWTKPIRQKPV+HTGCEVKXGGPGTI[KUOGVGTGFQPVJGOGFKWOXQNVCIGNGXGNKVKUGUUGPVKCNVQVCMG
KPVQCEEQWPVCNUQVJGTGCEVKXGRQYGTFGOCPFQHVJGVTCPUHQTOGT
U
UGGCNUQEJCRVGT+PECUG
QHTGCEVKXGRQYGTEQORGPUCVKQPKPCNNHQWTNQCFSWCFTCPVU
UGGEJCRVGTCPFEQUJCU
VQDGUGVVQWPKV[


6JG RQYGT UWRRN[ EQORCP[ CNNQYU VJG EQPUWOGT HTGG TGCEVKXG GPGTI[ WR VQ CP CEJKGXGF RQYGT
HCEVQT YJKEJ KU GSWCN VQ EQU    KPFWEVKXG 6Q RTGXGPV KP CNN ECUGU VJG EWTTGPV EQU  XCNWG
HTQO FTQRRKPI DGNQY VJG TGSWKTGF XCNWG KV JCU DGGP RTQXGP CFXCPVCIGQWU KP RTCEVKEG VQ UGV VJG
PQOKPCN EQU  VQ CRRTQZKOCVGN[  VQ  KPFWEVKXG FGRGPFKPI QP VJG KPUVCNNGF ECRCEKVQT
TCVKPIU

+PHKIWTGVJGUGVPQOKPCNEQUKPFWEVKXGKUKPFKECVGFD[VJGFCUJGFCPFFQVVGFNKPG

CVCPCPINGQHVQVJGTGCNCZKU
CEVKXGEWTTGPVXGTVKECNCZKU

+P TGICTFU VQ D $'.7- 2QYGT (CEVQT %QPVTQN 4GNC[U QH VJG V[RGU %# %$ %% CPF %&
FGVGTOKPG VJG %MXCNWG CWVQOCVKECNN[ 6JG[ EQPVTQN VJG EQORGPUCVKQP GHHGEV QH GCEJ ECRCEKVQT
6JGTGKUPQPGGFVQRTGUGVCP[%6TCVKQ

+PVJGECUGQHTGIWNCVQTUV[RG$.4%/VJG%6TCVKQOWUVDGRTGUGVVQGPUWTGEQTTGEVKPFKECVKQP
QHGPGTI[FCVCGI2QYGT%WTTGPV'PGTI[GVE

- 21 -

6.1 Relationship between Response Value (C/k-Value) and cos-

setting

9GYKNNWUGVJGGZCORNGQHTGCEVKXGEWTTGPVECNEWNCVGFKPKVGOCUCPGUUGPVKCNVGEJPKECNXCNWGVQ
IGVCDGVVGTWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHVJGEQJGTGPEGUWRVQHKIWTG

+PHKIWTGVJKUTGURQPUGXCNWGKUUJQYPCUCDCPFYKVJVJGYKFVJQH%MCPFVJGPQOKPCNEQU
UNQRG 6JKUDCPFU[ODQNK\GUVJGUQECNNGFFGCFTCPIGQHVJGTGNC[6JGU[UVGOKUEQORGPUCVGF
EQORNGVGN[YJGPCNQCFHCEVQTKUEQXGTGFHWNN[D[VJKUDCPF

6JKUKUPQVENGCTN[CRRCTGPVYKVJTGNC[UQHVJG%UGTKGU#UNQPICUVJGPQOKPCNEQU
UJQYPKPVJG
FKURNC[ KU PQV KFGPVKECN VQ VJG VCTIGV EQU 
FKIKVCN VGEJPKSWG VJG TGNC[ UGCTEJGU HQT VJG TKIJV
ECRCEKVQT#UOCNNFGEKOCNRQKPVHNCUJGUQXGTVJGU[ODQNU QT6JGHCEVQTQPN[CRRNKGU
YJGPVJGTGNC[KUKPUGCTEJQHVJGTKIJVECRCEKVQTVJCVOGCPUVJCVQPCEEQWPVQHVJGFGXKCVKQPQHVJG
PQOKPCNEQUHTQOVJGVCTIGVEQUVJGTGUWNVKPITGCEVKXGRQYGTOKIJVDGNGUUVJCPQHVJG
UOCNNGUVECRCEKVQTUK\G6JWUVJGTGNC[FQGUPQVCEVKXCVGCP[UVGR

6JGTGCEVKXGRQYGTKUCNYC[UVJGFGEKFKPIHCEVQTHQTVJGTGIWNCVKPIEKTEWKVCPF
PGXGTLWUVVJGRQYGTHCEVQTEQU


/CVJGOCVKECNN[YTKVVGP

37+UKP


6JGRJCUGFKURNCEGOGPVCPINGVJWUKULWUVCRCTVKCNHCEVQT

+PHKIWTGVJGHQNNQYKPIFCVCJCXGDGGPCUUWOGF
GZCORNG
0QOKPCNXQNVCIG

8*\





%WTTGPVVTCPUHQTOGT

#M

%CRCEKVQTRQYGTUVGR

M8#T
TCVKQ

- 22 -

(KIWTG6CTIGV2QYGT(CEVQT5GVVKPI





- 23 -

6JGNQCFEQPFKVKQPRNQVVGFQPVJGFKCITCOYKVJ#CVCEQUKPFWEVKXGOWUVDG
KORTQXGFVQPQOKPCNEQU#UECPDGUGGPVJGEWTTGPVXGEVQTNKGUCYC[DG[QPFVJG%M
DCPF

#HVGTVJGHKTUVECRCEKVQTUVCIGJCUDGGPEQPPGEVGFTGNCVKXGN[SWKEMN[VJGEQUXCNWGKORTQXGUVQ
 DWV VJKU UVKNN FQGU PQV UWHHKEG 6JG UGEQPF ECRCEKVQT UVCIG YKVJ  MXCT
 # TGCEVKXG
HQNNQYUCPFVJGPGYEQUKU

6JGTGUWNVKPIEWTTGPVXGEVQTUVKNNNKGUQWVUKFGQHVJG%MDCPF%QORGPUCVKQPKUPQVEQORNGVGFWPVKN
VJGVJKTFECRCEKVQTUVCIGKUEQPPGEVGF#V#CPFEQUVJGEQORGPUCVGFNQCFXGEVQT
NKGU EQORNGVGN[ YKVJKP VJG %M DCPF 9G ECP UGG HTQO VJKU VJCV UVGR EQORGPUCVKQP U[UVGOU CTG
UGNFQOECRCDNGQHCEJKGXKPIVJGPQOKPCNEQUGZCEVN[DWVCOQPVJN[CXGTCIGQHOWUVCRRGCT
KPVJGGNGEVTKEKV[DKNNRTQXKFGFVJCVOGCUWTKPICPFOGVGTKPIRQKPVCTGKFGPVKECN
PQVKPECUGQHJKIJ
XQNVCIGOGVGTKPI

0CVWTCNN[VJGRQYGTHCEVQTOC[FGXKCVGITGCVN[HTQOVJGTGSWKTGFRQYGTHCEVQTKHVJGNQCFXCNWGU
CTGNGUU6JGNQCFECUGKPFKECVGFQPHKIWTG0QYKVJXCNWGUQH#CPFEQUUVKNNLWUV
FQGUPQVUWHHKEGHQTEQPVTQNVQVCMGRNCEG

(QTEQORCTKUQPEQORGPUCVKQPVQEQUJCUDGGPRNQVVGFQP(KIWTGKPVJGHQTOQHCDTQMGP
NKPG$CUKECNN[CECRCEKVQTTCVKPIQHM8#TKUTGSWKTGF6JGEWTTGPVXGEVQTKUTGFWEGFD[#VQ
#CVEQUECRCEKVKXG

7PNGUUVJGRQYGTUWRRN[EQORCP[GZRTGUUN[FGOCPFUCRQYGTHCEVQTQHVJGFGEKUKQPKUNGHVYKVJ
VJG EWUVQOGT YJGVJGT JG YKUJGU VQ KPUVCNN VJKU TGNCVKXGN[ JKIJ CPF GZRGPUKXG ECRCEKVQT TCVKPI KP
QTFGTVQTGFWEGVJGEWTTGPVD[TGNCVKXGN[UNKIJVCOQWPVU

(QT GPGTI[UCXKPI OGCUWTGU VJG GPGTI[ EQUV UVWF[ CU FGVCKNGF KPEJCRVGTUJQWNFDGVCMGPKPVQ
CEEQWPV





- 24 -

6.2 Power Factor Control Relays with Automatic C/k-Adjustment (C-series)


5QOGOCPWHCEVWTGTUQHRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[UJCXGFGRCTVGFHTQOFKTGEV%MXCNWGUGVVKPI#U
KUKPFKECVGFKPEJCRVGTVJKUXCNWGFGVGTOKPGUVJGTGURQPUGUGPUKVKXKV[YJKEJKUCEQORQPGPVQH
TGCEVKXGRQYGTUQVJCVVJGUOCNNGUVECRCEKVQTKUCEVWCVGFQPN[YJGPCOKPKOWOQHQHVJG
ECRCEKVQTUVGRRQYGTKURTGUGPVCUCPKPFWEVKXGNQCF

6JG OKETQRTQEGUUQT DCUGF EQPVTQN YJKEJ KU XGT[ EQOOQP KP VJG HKGNF QH CWVQOCVKE EQPVTQN
GPIKPGGTKPIOCMGUKVRQUUKDNGVQUGPUGVJGEQORGPUCVKPIGHHGEVQHGCEJECRCEKVQTCPFVJWUVQUVQTG
CNNECRCEKVQTUK\GUKPVJGEQWTUGQHVJGEQPVTQNRTQEGUU

6JG RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[ V[RGU $.4%# $.4%$ CPF $.4%% QH VJG %UGTKGU FQ PQV
TGSWKTG CP[ RTGUGVVKPI GKVJGT QH VJG EWTTGPV VTCPUHQTOGT TCVKQ PQT QH ECRCEKVQT UK\GU 6JGUG TGNC[U
OGCUWTG VJG ECRCEKVQTU  UK\G CWVQOCVKECNN[ KP VJG FCKN[ EQPVTQN TQWVKPG KP VJG HQTO QH WPKVU QH
XCNWG CPF TGEVKH[ VJG TGIKUVGTGF XCNWGU EQPVKPWQWUN[ &GHGEVKXG ECRCEKVQT UVGRU CTG GNKOKPCVGF
HTQO VJG EQPVTQN RTQEGUU +V KU PQ NQPIGT PGEGUUCT[ VQ TWP VGUV TQWVKPGUVGUV UYKVEJKPIU HQT VJG
TGEQIKPKVKQP QH ECRCEKVQT UK\GU CUTGSWKTGFHTQOUQOGQVJGTOCPWHCEVWTGTUVJKUYC[WPPGEGUUCT[
UYKVEJKPIUECPDGCXQKFGFKPHCXQWTQHVJGEQPVCEVQTU TCVKPINKHG

(WTVJGTOQTG VJG[ PQ NQPIGTHQNNQYHKZGFUYKVEJKPIRTQITCOOGUCUFGUETKDGFKPEJCRVGTVJG
QPN[GZEGRVKQPDGKPIVJGECUGQHGSWCNN[UK\GFECRCEKVQTUYJKEJCTGUYKVEJGFYKVJVJGYGNNMPQYP
EKTEWNCT UYKVEJKPI RTQITCOOG
UGG EJCRVGT  1VJGTYKUG VJG TGNC[U QH VJG %UGTKGU CNYC[U
UGNGEV VJG CRRTQRTKCVG WPKV VQ OGGV VJG EJCPIKPI TGCEVKXG NQCF FGOCPF +P VJKU EQPPGEVKQP QH
EQWTUGVQNGTCPEGUQHVJGECRCEKVQTUECPJCXGCPGHHGEVCNUQ

+P URGEKCN ECUGU JQYGXGT KV KU GUUGPVKCN VQ HQNNQY HKZGF UYKVEJKPI RTQITCOOGU HQT GZCORNG KP
URGEKCNN[ EJQMGF RNCPVU +P VJKU ECUG VJG ENCUUKECN RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[ V[RGU $.4%/
RTQXKFGUHQTUGNGEVKPIHKZGFUYKVEJKPIRTQITCOOGU

6JGUGNHCFCRVKPIRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[UQHVJG%UGTKGUECPDGQRGTCVGFGCUKN[GXGPYKVJQWV
CP[QRGTCVKPIKPUVTWEVKQPUCPFUVCTVGFD[SWCNKHKGFRGTUQPPGNKHVJGTGNC[KUEQTTGEVN[EQPPGEVGF
6JGTGNC[UCTGRTGUGVCVVJGHCEVQT[VQCVCTIGVEQUCPFCUYKVEJKPIVKOGFGNC[QHUGERGT
UVGR



- 25 -

#UUJQYPKPVJGHKIWTGDGNQYQHVJG$.4%$TGNC[VJGOQUVKORQTVCPVQRGTCVKPIGNGOGPVU
CPFCTGNQECVGFDGJKPFVJGTGOQXCDNGPCOGRNCVG

1

Transformer switch-over 5A / 1A
(except BLR-CC)

Alarm ON/OFF

Function Switch

4/5 +/- Button

6

Stage indicator

TTL-Interface
(except BLR-CC and CD)

Display/ Cos Indication


(KIWTG8KGYQH$.4%$

$[OGCPUQHHWPEVKQPUYKVEJ
RQUKVKQPUUGNGEVCDNGD[UVCPFCTFCPFQRVKQPCNN[VJGOQUV
KORQTVCPV VCTIGV XCNWGU NKMG EQU UYKVEJKPIVKOGCPFNKOKVCVKQPQHUVGRUECPDGOQFKHKGFWUKPI
DWVVQPUCPF1PVJGFKURNC[
VJGTGCTGKPFKECVGFCPFEQPHKTOGFVJGUGNGEVGFXCNWGU(WTVJGT
HWPEVKQPU CTG CXCKNCDNG CU C UVCPFCTF HGCVWTG
GZEGRV $.4%%  GI OCPWCN QRGTCVKQP CPF
KPFKECVKQPQH
C &GHGEVKXGECRCEKVQTUVGRU
D 5YKVEJKPIQRGTCVKQPURGTUVGR
E 7PKVUQHXCNWGRGTECRCEKVQT

6JGKPFKECVGFXCNWGKULWUVRTQRQTVKQPCNVQVJGECRCEKVQT URQYGT

(WTVJGTFGVCKNUECPDGUGGPKPVJGKPUVCNNCVKQPCPFEQOOKUUKQPKPIKPUVTWEVKQPUUWRRNKGFYKVJGCEJ
TGNC[

#UVJGUGNHCFLWUVKPIRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[UFGRGPFQPVJGEQORGPUCVKQPGHHGEVQHGCEJUKPING
ECRCEKVQTVJG[FQPQVTGURQPFVQEQORGPUCVKQPQH
EQPVTQNNGFTGEVKHKGTUDGECWUGVJGECRCEKVQTU
FQPQVEQORGPUCVGTGCEVKXGGPGTI[DWVTCVJGTVTKEMNGEJCTIGVJGRWNUCVKPIEWTTGPVGURGEKCNN[KP
ECUGQHRWNUGTGEVKHKGTU
HWTVJGTFGVCKNUECPDGUGGPKP/T*QHOCPP UCTVKENG4GCEVKXGRQYGTFQGU
PQVCNYC[UOGCP4GCEVKXG2QYGT'6<


- 26 -

7. Reactive Power Compensation in the Four Load Quadrants

7.1.1 Technical Consideration


2NGCUG TGHGT VQ HKIWTG  HQT C DGVVGT WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG HQNNQYKPI VGZV +P GNGEVTKECN U[UVGOU
TGHGTTGFGZENWUKXGN[VQEQPUWOGFCEVKXGGPGTI[TGCEVKXGGPGTI[KUEQPVTQNNGFQPN[KPSWCFTCPVU+
CPF++QHVJGKNNWUVTCVGFEQQTFKPCVGU[UVGO

6JKUOGCPUVJCVVJGXGEVQT2
CEVKXGRQYGTECPQPN[JCXGCRQUKVKXGUKIP1PN[XGEVQT3ECPJCXG
DQVJ UKIPU PCOGN[   HQT KPFWEVKXG CPF  HQT ECRCEKVXG TGCEVKXG RQYGT +P VJG HQTOGT ECUG
TGCEVKXGGPGTI[KUGZVTCEVGFHTQOVJGPGVYQTMYJKNGKPVJGNCVVGTECUGTGCEVKXGGPGTI[KUTGVWTPGFVQ
VJGPGVYQTM



(KIWTG

- 27 -

6YQFKHHGTGPVVCTIGVRQYGTHCEVQTUGVVKPINKPGU
EQUUGVVKPIQPVJGTGCEVKXGRQYGTEQPVTQNTGNC[
PCOGN[EQUKPFWEVKXGCPFEQUCTGUJQYPKPVJGEQQTFKPCVGU[UVGO6JGDTQMGPNKPGU
QPGKVJGTUKFGQHVJGXGEVQTNKPGKPFKECVGVJGTGURQPUGVJTGUJQNFUUGVQPVJGEQPVTQNTGNC[6JWUVYQ
UVTKRUCTGRTQFWEGFYJQUGCTGCUU[ODQNK\GVJGFGCFTCPIGQTTCPIGQHKPUGPUKVKXKV[+HCNQCF
XGEVQTGI
HCNNUKPVQUWEJCUGVTCPIGVJGTGNC[JCUEQORGPUCVGFRTQRGTN[6JKUCRRNKGUVQNQCF
ECUG  YJKEJ EQORGPUCVGU YKVJ QPG ECRCEKVQT UVCIG VQ CRRTQZ KPFWEVKXG
CPFYKVJHQWT
ECRCEKVQT UVCIGU VQ CRRTQZ  ECRCEKVXG
 FGRGPFKPI QP VJG EQU  XCNWG UGV QP VJG EQPVTQN
TGNC[

+H JQYGXGT CEVKXG GPGTI[ KU HGF DCEM HTQO VJG U[UVGO EQPEGTPGF KPVQ VJG RWDNKE OCKPU D[ CP
GZKUVKPIIGPGTCVQTEQPVTQNKUFKURNCEGFVQSWCFTCPVU+++CPF+8QHVJGEQQTFKPCVGU[UVGO

#UHCTCUVJGCOQWPVUCTGEQPEGTPGF
CRRCTGPVEWTTGPVVJGUCOGNQCFECUGJCUDGGPEJQUGPHQTCP
GCUKGTWPFGTUVCPFKPIDWVTGHGTTGFVQIGPGTCVQTQRGTCVKQP
NQCFXGEVQT#VVJGUCOGVKOGKVECP
DGUGGPENGCTN[VJCVEQORGPUCVKQPKUU[OOGVTKECNYJGPEQUKUUGVQPVJGEQPVTQNTGNC[
KG
CNUQQPN[ECRCEKVQTUVCIGUUWHHKEGHQTEQORGPUCVKQP

6JG FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP OQVQT CPF IGPGTCVQT QRGTCVKQP FQGU PQV DGEQOG ENGCT WPVKN VJG VCTIGV
RQYGTUGVVKPIQPVJGEQPVTQNTGNC[FGXKCVGUHTQO+PIGPGTCVQTQRGTCVKQPCTGNC[UGVVQEQU
KPFWEVKXGEQORGPUCVGUVQEQUECRCEKVKXG
PGGFKPIECRCEKVQTUVCIGUVQFQVJKU

6JKUMPQYNGFIGKUKPFKURGPUCDNGKPQTFGTVQGPCDNGUGNGEVKQPQHVJGEQTTGURQPFKPITGCEVKXGRQYGT
EQPVTQNTGNC[(QTOKZGFQRGTCVKQP
IGPGTCVQTOQVQTVJGTGHQTGKVKUTGEQOOGPFGFVQUGVVJGEQU
VQ WPKV[ VQQDVCKPU[OOGVTKECNEQORGPUCVKQP9JGPUGVVKPIUFGXKCVGHTQOEQUVJGOKTTQT
KOCIGEQPVTQNTGURQPUGQPTGXGTUCNQHVJGCEVKXGNQCFOWUVDGVCMGPKPVQCEEQWPV+HCEQPVTQNTGNC[
KU VQ EQORGPUCVG VQ EQU    KPFWEVKXG KP IGPGTCVQT OQFG KV YKNN YCPV VQ EQORGPUCVG VQ 
ECRCEKVKXGKPOQVQTOQFGCPFXKEGXGTUC

+VKUWUGHWNVQUGVVCTIGVEQUPQVQPN[HQTVGEJPKECNDWVCNUQHQTEQOOGTEKCNTGCUQPU
UGGPGZV
EJCRVGT

4GHGTTKPI VQ VJG OGCUWTKPI RQKPV KPEQOKPI UWRRN[ (KIWTG 0Q  UJQYU UQOG WPWUWCN RQYGT
HCEVQTU VJCV EQWNF QEEWT YKVJ IGPGTCVQT QRGTCVKQP 6JG RTGUGPV RQYGT HCEVQT ECP UECVVGT QXGT CNN
HQWTSWCFTCPVUHTQOVQKPFWEVKXGCPFCICKPQXGT
HGGFDCEMVQECRCEKVKXG

#UOGPVKQPGFKPEJCRVGTRQYGTHCEVQTEQUKUPQVJGNRHWNVQICKPCPKPUKIJVKPVQVJGGZKUVKPI
SWCPVKV[QHTGCEVKXGRQYGT



- 28 -

Variation of Power Factor on Import and Export of Power



Case a): All power imported


PN
S


cos = 0,73



Q



Case b) Power partly supplied
by Generator(s)
PG

PV



PN
S

= 0,23

cos

Q



Case c) All Power supplied
by Generator(s) and
Power Export

PG



Q

S

cos
= 0,24


Measuring point: Current Transformer at Main Incomer or at Metering Point

(KIWTG2QYGT(CEVQTUKP(QWT3WCFTCPV1RGTCVKQP
+ORQTV'ZRQTVQH2QYGT

- 29 -

7.1.2 Commercial Consideration


#U KPFKECVGF KP  C VGEJPKECNN[ RTCEVKECN CPF UKORNG UQNWVKQP KU RQUUKDNG KP HQWTSWCFTCPV
QRGTCVKQPYKVJ$'.7-UVCPFCTFRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNNGTUD[CFLWUVKPIVJGVCTIGVRQYGTHCEVQTEQU
VQ

6JKU VGEJPKECN CTIWOGPVCVKQP KPHNWGPEGU CNUQ VJG EQOOGTEKCN FGEKUKQP /QUV RQYGT UWRRN[
EQORCPKGUFGOCPFCOKPKOWORQYGTHCEVQTEQUKPFWEVKXG

(KPCPEKCNN[VJKUOGCPUVJCVVJGEWUVQOGTYKNNPQVDGEJCTIGFHQTQHVJGEQPUWOGFCEVKXG
GPGTI[CUTGCEVKXGGPGTI[

9JCVYKNNJCRRGPVJQWIJKHVJGQYPGTQHCIGPGTCVQTOGVKEWNQWUN[CXQKFUTGEGKXKPICP[M9JQH
GPGTI[HTQOVJGUWRRNKGTQTGXGPHGGFUCEVKXGGPGTI[DCEMKPVQVJGPGVYQTM!

9JCV KU OQTG VJQUG   YQWNF PQV DG TGUVKVWVGF VQ JKO 5KPEG   QH  GSWCNU  IGPGTCVQT
QYPGTUCVVJCVCTGHQTEGFHTQOCEQOOGTEKCNRQKPVQHXKGYVQEQORNGVGN[EQORGPUCVGCP[COQWPV
QHTGCEVKXGGPGTI[

+VUJQWNFPQVDGHQTIQVVGPVJCVQHEQWTUGJGTGVQQVJGFGOCPFQHVJGIGPGTCVQTHQTTGCEVKXGGPGTI[
UJQYUKVUKORCEV

# ENQUKPITGOCTMVQVJKUUWDLGEV#P QRGTCVKQP QH IGPGTCVQTULWUVHQTCHGYJQWTUCUYQWNFHQT
GZCORNG DG VJGECUGKHCUVCPFD[UGVKUVGUVGFQPEGCOQPVJKUPQVVQDGTGICTFGFCUCIGPWKPG
HQWTSWCFTCPVQRGTCVKQPKGQPN[UWEJGSWKROGPVKUEQPEGTPGFYJGTGIGPGTCVQTUCTGKPEQPUVCPV
RCTCNNGNWUG


- 30 -

7.2 Reactive Power Compensation with Mixed Measurement


'PGTI[ NQCFU YKVJ C NCTIG TGSWKTGOGPV HTGSWGPVN[QDVCKPVJGKTEWTTGPVVJTQWIJVTCPUHQTOGTUHTQO
VJGOGFKWOXQNVCIGPGVYQTM
M8*GTGKVCRRGCTUCRRTQRTKCVGVQOGCUWTGVJGTGCEVKXGRQYGT
KP VJG JKIJ XQNVCIG U[UVGO 6JKU OGCPU VJCV C EWTTGPV VTCPUHQTOGT OWUV DG RTQXKFGF HQT VJKU
RWTRQUG*QYGXGTXQNVCIGVTCPUHQTOGTUCTGPQVCNYC[UCEEGUUKDNGKPVJGJKIJXQNVCIGU[UVGOYKVJ
VJGTGUWNVVJCVVJGXQNVCIGHQTOGCUWTGOGPVOWUVDGVCRRGFHTQOVJGNQYXQNVCIGU[UVGO


20 kV / 50 Hz

50 A / 5 A; k = 10 (Phase L2)
Transformator
1250 kVA
20 kV / 0,66 kV
Dd 6

660 V / 50 Hz

660 V / 400 V
(Phasen L3/L1)

Kompensation
12 x 60 kvar

BLR
CA-12


(KIWTG4GCEVKXG2QYGT%QORGPUCVKQPYKVJ/KZGF/GCUWTGOGPV

6JKU TGUWNVU KP C UQECNNGF OKZGF OGCUWTGOGPV DGECWUG VJG EWTTGPV HQT OGCUWTGOGPV QH VJG
TGCEVKXG RQYGT EQPVTQN TGNC[ U EWTTGPV RCVJ OWUV DG VCRRGF HTQO VJG JKIJ XQNVCIG UKFG CPF VJG
XQNVCIGOGCUWTGOGPVOWUVDGQDVCKPGFHTQOVJGNQYXQNVCIGUKFG

6JKUQHHGTUVJGCFXCPVCIGVJCVVJGEQPVTQNTGNC[CNUQTGIKUVGTUCPFEQORGPUCVGUVJGTGCEVKXGRQYGT
QHVJGOCKPVTCPUHQTOGT


- 31 -

6QGPUWTGVJCVVJGEQPVTQNTGNC[YKNNCEVWCNN[OGCUWTGTGCEVKXGRQYGTKVIQGUYKVJQWVUC[KPIVJCV
VJGRJCUGTQVCVKQPQHVJGOCKPVTCPUHQTOGTOWUVDGVCMGPKPVQCEEQWPVCUUJQYPDGNQY
(KI
#U KP VJG ECUG QH C TGCEVKXG RQYGT OGVGT CVVGPVKQP OWUV DG RCKF YKVJ QWT RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN
TGNC[U
GZEGRV V[RG G VQ VJG HCEV VJCVVJGOGCUWTGFXQNVCIG CNYC[UJCUCRJCUGUJKHVYKVJ
TGURGEVVQVJGEWTTGPVRCVJ

%QPPGEVKQP&KCITCOHQT/KZGF/GCUWTGOGPV

Current transformer in L1

Measuring voltage

(H.V.-side)

(L.V.-side)


(KIWTG4GCEVKXG2QYGT%QORGPUCVKQPYKVJ/KZGF/GCUWTGOGPV

+PXGEVQTITQWRU&[;\QT&[;\VJGTGCEVKXGRQYGTEQPVTQNTGNC[OWUVDGEQPPGEVGFVQ
VJGXQNVCIG.0QT0.8+PVJGECUGQHXGEVQTITQWRU&\CPF;[QWTUVCPFCTF
EQPVTQNTGNC[UHQT8OGCUWTGFXQNVCIGECPDGWUGF6JGNCVVGTXGEVQTIQWRUCTGJQYGXGT
WUGFQPN[KPURGEKCNECUGU


- 32 -

+V KU CNYC[U PGEGUUCT[ VQ CUUGUU KP GCEJ KPFKXKFWCN ECUG YJGP WUG ECP DG OCFG QH C OKZGF
OGCUWTGOGPV2CTVKEWNCTN[RQUKVKQPKPIQHVJGECRCEKVQTDCPMQTDCPMUOWUVDGRTKOCTKN[QTKGPVGF
VQVJGNQECVKQPQHVJGNQCFUEQPUWOKPIVJGTGCEVKXGRQYGTKPQTFGTVQVJWUTGFWEGVJGEWTTGPVKPVJG
.8FKUVTKDWVKQPU[UVGO
RNGCUGCNUQUGGEJCRVGT

7.2.1 Calculation of C/k-Value in case if Mixed Measurement

QPN[HQT4GNC[UYKVJOCPWCN%M8CNWGKPECUGQH/KZGF/GCUWTGOGPV

$GHQTGUVCTVKPIVJGFGVGTOKPCVKQPQHVJGTGURQPUG
%MXCNWGQHVJGRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNNGTRNGCUG
EQPUKFGT VJCV VJG EWTTGPV VTCPUHQTOGT OGCUWTGU QP CPQVJGT XQNVCIG NGXGN  KG QP VJG *8 UKFG
9JGP RGTHQTOKPI VJG %M ECNEWNCVKQP
UGG EJCRVGT  VJG CRRTQRTKCVG RTKOCT[ XQNVCIG OWUV DG
GPVGTGFKPVQVJGUVCPFCTFECNEWNCVKQPHQTOWNC

9KVJVJGJGNRQHVJGFCVCHTQO(KIWTG0QKVKUGCU[VQECNEWNCVGVJG%MXCNWGVQDGUGNGEVGFQP
VJGTGNC[

2TKOCT[XQNVCIG 
M8
%WTTGPVVTCPUHQTOGT

##M

%CRCEKVQTRQYGTUVGR

M8#T

C / k =0.6

60k var
20kV 3 10

0.10 Ar


%NGCTN[+HVJGTGCEVKXGEWTTGPVCOQWPVUWRGTEGFGU

#TM#T#T

QPVJGM8NGXGNVJKUEQTTGURQPFUVQCTGCEVKXGRQYGTQH



#TM8MXCT

- VJGRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNNGTYKNNUVCTVVQEQORGPUCVG

0CVWTCNN[VJKUTGRTGUGPVUPQGZEGRVKQPHTQOVJGDCUKETWNGKPTGCEVKXGRQYGTEQORGPUCVKQPVJCVCNN
TGCEVKXG RQYGT EQOKPI CHVGT VJG EWTTGPV VTCPUHQTOGT  KG CNUQ VJCV QH VJG OCKP VTCPUHQTOGT  KU
TGIKUVGTGFCPFOQPKVQTGF

6JGTGCEVKXGRQYGTTGSWKTGOGPVQHVJGVTCPUHQTOGTYJGTGPQVEQORGPUCVGFD[CHKZGFECRCEKVQT
OWUV DG VCMGP KPVQ CEEQWPV YJGP FKOGPUKQPKPI VJG EQORGPUCVKQP HQT VJG ECRCEKVQT RNCPV #P
CRRTQZKOCVGCOQWPVQHQHVJGTCVGFRQYGTQHVJGVTCPUHQTOGTOWUVDGCUUWOGFVQECNNHQT
EQORGPUCVKQP



- 33 -

8. Reactive Power Compensation with more than one Incoming Supply



8.1 Central Compensation by means of Summation Measurement

#PWODGTQHKPFWUVTKCNRNCPVUCTGUWRRNKGFD[VYQQTOQTGVTCPUHQTOGTUCPFYJGPRNCPPKPIVJGKT
EQORGPUCVKQPQPGOWUVHTGSWGPVN[RTQEGGFHTQOVJGCUUWORVKQPVJCVPQVCNYC[UCNNVTCPUHQTOGTU
CTGKPQRGTCVKQPCVCVKOG(TQOVJGRQKPVQHXKGYQHTGCEVKXGRQYGTEQORGPUCVKQPYKVJVJGRQYGT
HCEVQTEQPVTQNNGTKPXQNXGFVJGOCKPKORQTVCPVFGVCKNUVQMPQYDGHQTGJCPFCTGVJGPWODGTQH
OGCUWTKPIEV UCPFVJGKTVQVCNVTCPUHQTOCVKQPTCVKQRGTJCRUXKCUWOOCVKQPVTCPUHQTOGT2NGCUG
HKPFDGNQY(KIWTG0QYJKEJFKURNC[UCPGZCORNGQHCUWRRN[QRGTCVKPIXKCVJTGGKPEQOKPI
UWRRNKGUQHM8#GCEJQHYJKEJJ[RQVJGVKECNN[QPN[VYQCTGKPQRGTCVKQP6JQWIJVJKUFQGU
PQVGZCEVN[TGRTGUGPVCUVCPFCTFECUGNGVWUCUUWOGVJCVQPN[QPGEGPVTCNEQORGPUCVKQPYKVJQPG
RQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNNGTJCUDGGPKPUVCNNGF6JKUCTTCPIGOGPVKORNKGUVJCVVJGEQWRNKPIUYKVEJGU
OWUVQHPGEGUUKV[TGOCKPENQUGFVJTQWIJQWVVJGKTQRGTCVKQPVQGPUWTGCNNRCTVUQHVJGRNCPVCTGVQDG
FWN[CPFEQPUVCPVN[EQORGPUCVGF6JKUKUCFKUCFXCPVCIGYJGTGXGTCUJQTVEKTEWKVRQYGTOWUVDG
OCUVGTGF


(KIWTG%GPVTCN%QORGPUCVKQPD[OGCPUQH5WOOCVKQP/GCUWTGOGPV

- 34 -

6JGEQORGPUCVKQPJCUDGGPEQPPGEVGFPGCTVJGKPEQOKPIUWRRN[CVVTCPUHQTOGT0Q2QYGTKUHGF
KPXKCVTCPUHQTOGTU0QCPFCUCHQTGUCKFXKCVJGENQUGFEQWRNKPIUYKVEJGU

4GCEVKXG2QYGTKUOGCUWTGFQXGTQPGKPFKXKFWCNOCKPEV##HQTGCEJKPEQOKPI
UWRRN[KVKUUGNHGXKFGPVVJCVGCEJEVOWUVDGKPUVCNNGFKPVJGUCOGRJCUG.6JGTCVGFEWTTGPVU
QHGCEJQHVJGVJTGGVTCPUHQTOGTUCTGEQNNGEVGFXKCUWOOCVKQPVTCPUHQTOGT# # ##
0QEWTTGPVKUOGCUWTGFXKCVTCPUHQTOGT0Q0QVYKVJUVCPFKPIVJGHCEVVJCVVJGRNCPVKUKPUGTXKEG
VJGVQVCNVTCPUHQTOCVKQPTCVKQKUOGCUWTGFCUHQNNQYU


1200A + 1200A + 1200A 5A + 5A + 5A 3600A 15A

= 240 3 = 720 
5A + 5A + 5A
5A
15A
5A

M

6JGXCNWGQHVJKUVQVCNVTCPUHQTOCVKQPTCVKQKUVJGKPFKURGPUKDNGRTGTGSWKUKVGVQECNEWNCVGVJG
TGURQPUG
%MXCNWGHQTVJGRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[*GTGKVKUQHPQEQPEGTPCVCNNJQYOCP[
KPEQOKPIUWRRNKGUCTGKPQRGTCVKQP'XGPKHPQVTCPUHQTOGTKUUYKVEJGFKPEKTEWKVVJGVQVCN
VTCPUHQTOCVKQPTCVKQGZKUVUKVKUCHCEVQTTGNCVKPIOGTGN[VQVJGEQORGPUCVKQPRNCPV

6QFGVGTOKPGVJGFGHKPKVG%MXCNWGRNGCUGHQNNQYVJGEWUVQOCT[OQFGWUKPIVJGVQVCN
VTCPUHQTOGTEQPUVCPVMVJCV[QWJCXGLWUVDGHQTGECNEWNCVGF


%M

0.6 Pc
U 3 k

0.6 33.3 kvar

0.4 kV 3 720

= 0,04Ar 

#P[VGEJPKEKCPYQTMKPIYKVJTGCEVKXGRQYGTEQORGPUCVKQPRTCEVKECNN[YKNNHCEGRTQDNGOUYQTMKPI
YKVJVJGGZVTGOGN[NQYXCNWGQHO#
TGCEVKXGYJKEJKUDGNQYQHOKPKOWOUGPUKVKXKV[1H
EQWTUGJGTGVJGJKIJVTCPUHQTOCVKQPTCVKQQHMKUVJGTQQVQHVJGRTQDNGO

- 35 -

+PTGIWNCVQTUYKVJOCPWCNRTGUGV%MXCNWGU
/UGTKGUVJGTGKUCEWTGNGHVKPECUGQHVJKUURGEKCN
CRRNKECVKQP 6JGHCEVQTOC[DGKPETGCUGF2NGCUGTGHGTVQEJCRVGT4GURQPUGXCNWG
%M
XCNWGYJGTGYGJCXGGZRNCKPGFJQYVJGTGURQPUGXCNWGKUCVYJKEJCOQWPVQHRQYGTRGTUVGRKP
VJG TCPIG DGVYGGP  CPF  VJG RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[ UJQWNF UVCTV VQ EQORGPUCVG 6JKU
KORNKGU VJCV FWG VQ VJG CFLWUVCDKNKV[ QH VJG TGURQPUG XCNWG CV  #T OKPKOWO KV KU NKPGCTN[
KPETGCUGFKPRGTEGPVCIGVGTOUHQNNQYKPIVJGTWNGQHHQWT


0.60
x
0.05Ar

=
= 0,06
0.04Ar 0.05Ar
0.04Ar

Z

%QPUGSWGPVN[VJGRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[YKNNPQVTGURQPFDGHQTGQHVJGECRCEKVQT UUK\G
JCUDGGPTGCEJGF2TQEGGFKPIHTQOVJGCUUWORVKQPQHM8#TVJKUGSWCNUZM8#T
 M8#T 6JWU VJGTG OWUV DG CU OWEJ CU  M8#T QH TGCEVKXG RQYGT DGHQTG VJG RQYGT HCEVQT
EQPVTQNNGTUYKVEJGUUVGRUKPVQEKTEWKV+PRNCPVUCUNCTIGCUVJGGZCORNGFGUETKDGFCDQXG
M8#TQHTGCEVKXGRQYGTFQGUPQVKORQTVHTQOVJGRQKPVQHXKGYQHRQYGTHCEVQTEQORGPUCVKQP
YJGPEQPUKFGTKPIVJGKPUVCNNGFECRCEKVQTRQYGTQHZM8#M8#

$CUKECNN[COKPKOWOTGURQPUGXCNWGQHQHVJGPQOKPCNVTCPUHQTOGTEWTTGPVOWUVDGIKXGPCNUQ
HQT VJG RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQN TGNC[U QH VJG %UGTKGU YKVJ UGNH CFLWUVOGPV QH VJG %-XCNWG
1VJGTYKUGVJGTGNC[UQHVJG%UGTKGUFQPQVTGEQTFCP[EQORGPUCVKQPGHHGEVCPFFQPQVUYKVEJKP
CP[ECRCEKVQT6JKUJCUVQDGVCMGPKPVQCEEQWPVYJGPRNCPPKPICRNCPV


- 36 -

8.2 Individual Compensation of Each Incoming Supply


+PEQPVKPWKPIYKVJVJGCDQXGUWDLGEVKVOWUVDGUCKFVJCVVJGUVCPFCTFUQNWVKQPHQTUWEJNCTIGRNCPVU
KU VQ EQORGPUCVG GCEJ VTCPUHQTOGT UGRCTCVGN[ 0QVYKVJUVCPFKPI VJG RQUKVKQP QH VJG EQWRNKPI
UYKVEJGU EQORGPUCVKQP KU GPUWTGF (KIWTG 0Q  UJQYU JQY GCEJ RQYGT HCEVQT EQPVTQNNGT
OGCUWTGUXKCVJGEQTTGURQPFKPI%6*GTGQHEQWTUGVJGVQVCNVTCPUHQTOCVKQPTCVKQQHCNN%6U
KUPQNQPIGTKORQTVCPVDWVTCVJGTVJCVQHGCEJKPFKXKFWCNVTCPUHQTOGTKG

k=

1200A
= 240 
5A

1PN[QPGVJKTFQHVJGVTCPUOKUUKQPTCVKQECNEWNCVGFKPEJCRVGT
MKUNGHVJGTG

0,6 50kvar
%M
= 0.18Ar 
0.4kV 3 240

6JKUXCNWGKUCDQXGVJGTGSWGUVGFOKPKOWOUGPUKVKXKV[QH



(KIWTG+PFKXKFWCN%QORGPUCVKQPQHGCEJ+PEQOKPI5WRRN[

- 37 -

6QGPUWTGCUOQQVJRCTCNNGNQRGTCVKQPQHVJGRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNTGNC[UGURGEKCNN[YKVJENQUGF
EQWRNKPIUYKVEJGUCNNCFLWUVOGPVQHXCNWGURTKQTVQQRGTCVKQPQPVJGRQYGTHCEVQTEQPVTQNNGTUOWUV
DGFQPGYKVJWVOQUVECTGCPFRTGEKUKQP

C 6JGVCTIGVRQYGTHCEVQTCFLWUVGFOWUVDGVJGUCOGQPGCEJTGNC[
D 6JG RTGFGVGTOKPGF UYKVEJKPI VKOG DGVYGGP VJG UVGRU UJQWNF FKHHGT    UGE DGVYGGP
GCEJEQPVTQNNGT

(QNNQYKPIVJGTGEQOOGPFCVKQPUKPKVGOUCCPFDCDQXGCPCRRTQZKOCVGU[PEJTQPQWUQRGTCVKQP
KPUQECNNGF2CTCNNGNOQFGYKNNDGCEJKGXGF9GYQWNFEQPUKFGTVJCVKVKUCOCVVGTQHEJCPEGVJCV
CNNVJTGGTGIWNCVQTUJCXGVJGUCOGCOQWPVQH
FGCEVKXCVGFUVGRU*QYGXGTVJGQVJGTRQUUKDKNKV[
VJCVQPGTGIWNCVQTJCUCEVKXCVGFCNNQHKVUECRCEKVQTUCPFVJGPGZVQPGJCUPQPGOC[DGGZENWFGF

&WGVQVJG(WNN[5GNH#FLWUVKPIHGCVWTGQHVJG%TGIWNCVQTURQUKVKQPQHVJGEQWRNKPIUYKVEJPGGF
PQVDGVCMGPKPVQCEEQWPVCUPQVGFKPVJGHQNNQYKPIFGUETKRVKQP

+P+PFKXKFWCN/QFG
YKVJVJGEQWRNKPIUYKVEJGUENQUGFGCEJTGIWNCVQTKUCDNGVQUGPUGLWUVQH
KVUECRCEKVQTUK\GUCUVJGECRCEKVQTEWTTGPVYKNNDGFKUVTKDWVGFQXGTCNNVJTGGHGGFKPIVTCPUHQTOGTU
+HVJGOKPKOWOUGPUKVKXKV[QHCURTGXKQWUN[FGUETKDGFKUGPUWTGFVJGPRTQRGTEQPVTQNQHVJG
TGCEVKXG RQYGT YKNN DG IWCTCPVGGF D[ VJG (WNN[ 5GNH #FLWUVKPI HGCVWTG 6JKU ECRCDKNKV[ KU PQV
CXCKNCDNGKPTGIWNCVQTUYKVJOCPWCN%MUGVVKPI

+PRGTKQFUQHOCKPVGPCPEGUQOGVKOGUKVKUPGEGUUCT[VQUYKVEJQHHUC[QPGRQYGTVTCPUHQTOGT6JG
TGIWNCVQT QH VJG ECRCEKVQT DCPM DGNQPIKPI VQ VJKU VTCPUHQTOGT YKNN TGEGKXG PQ UKIPCN HTQO KVU
TGHGTGPEG%66JGEWTTGPVKUGSWCNVQ\GTQYJKEJYKNNDGKPFKECVGFKPTGIWNCVQTyUFKURNC[YKVJVJG
FKIKVCN U[ODQNU +  +H VJG FWTCVKQP QH VJKU EQPFKVKQP GZEGGFU OQTG VJCP  OKPWVGU VJGP VJG
TGIWNCVQTYKNNFKUEQPPGEVCNNCEVKXCVGFUVGRUCWVQOCVKECNN[KHCP[CTGGPGTIKUGF

+H VJKU FQGU PQV OGGV VJG EWUVQOGTyU KPVGPVKQP VJGTG KU VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ VQ CEVKXCVG CP[ PWODGT QH
UVGRUCUTGSWGUVGFXKCOCPWCNOQFG
UGGKPUVTWEVKQPU

#HVGT EQORNGVKPI VJG OCKPVGPCPEG RTQEGFWTG VJG TGNC[ UJQWNF DG EJCPIGF DCEM VQ CWVQOCVKE
OQFG

- 38 -

9. How to Trace Possible Mistakes when connecting Power Factor

Control Relays of the Series C



2NGCUGEJGEMVJGTQVCVKQPHKGNFQHDQVJVJGKPEQOKPIUWRRN[CPFVJGECRCEKVQTDCPMWPKHQTO
TKIJVJCPFTQVCVKQPHKGNFKUTGSWKTGF



2NGCUGHQNNQYVJGVTCPUHQTOGTYKTKPID[VJGG[G6JGVTCPUHQTOGTOWUVTGEQTFKPRJCUG.KP
VJGKPEQOKPIUWRRN[VJGVQVCNEWTTGPVQHCNNQHVJGNQCFVQDGEQTTGEVGFKPENWFKPIVJGECRCEKVQT
DCPM
5JQWNFKVDGVQQEQORNKECVGFVQHQNNQYVJGVTCPUHQTOGTYKTKPIKVKUCNUQRQUUKDNGVQVTCEGVJG
EWTTGPVVTCPUHQTOGTKPXQNXGFYKVJVJGTGNC[D[UJQTVEKTEWKVKPIVJG%6UKPSWGUVKQP9JGP
EWTTGPVVJGEQUKPFKECVKQPUKIPCNU+ 
2NGCUGGZCOKPGVJGEQPPGEVKQPU-CPF.QPVJGVTCPUHQTOGTCPFMCPFNQPVJGTGNC[
+HPGEGUUCT[UYKVEJKPUQOGUVGRUOCPWCNN[KPECUGQHNQCFUJGFFKPI6JGVTCPUHQTOGT
EWTTGPVRTGUGPVQPVJGTGNC[OGCUWTGFD[CPCOOGVGTEQPPGEVKPUGTKGUYKVJVJGTGNC[KU
ECNEWNCVGFDGNQY
,



P 3
7  M

P

0WODGTQHUVGRUUYKVEJGFKPEKTEWKV

3

2QYGTRGTECRCEKVQTUVGR

7

&GNVCPGVXQNVCIG

M

%6TCVKQHQTGZCORNG##M

2NGCUGEJGEMVJGRJCUGUKPVJGECRCEKVQTDCPM
%JGEMHQTGZCORNGVJCV.CVVJGECRCEKVQTDCPMKUKFGPVKECNYKVJ.CVVJGKPEQOKPIUWRRN[

VJGUCOGCRRNKGUQHEQWTUGHQT..CPF..
9JGTGPGEGUUCT[RNGCUGEJGEMD[OGCPUQHCXQNVOGVGT+HVJGRJCUGUCTGKFGPVKECNVJGTG
YKNNDG\GTQXQNVCIGDGVYGGPVJGUGRQKPVU
#VVGPVKQP(WUGVJGNGCFUYJGPOGCUWTKPIFKTGEVN[CVVJGDWUDCTU




+HGXGT[VJKPIKUKPQTFGTCEEQTFKPIVQRQKPVRNGCUGOCMGUWTGVJGXQNVCIGRCVJQHVJGTGNC[
KUCEVWCNN[EQPPGEVGFVQRJCUGU.CPF.

- 39 -




+HRQKPVWRVQCTGEQORNKGFYKVJVJGGZCOKPCVKQPQHVJGTGNC[KVUGNHECPDGUVCTVGF
C %JGEMYJGVJGTVJGVJGQTGVKECNECNEWNCVKQPKUJKIJGTVJCPVJG
OKPKOWOUGPUKVKXKV[QHCURGTVJGGZCORNGIKXGPDGNQY
3M8#T
RQYGTRGTECRCEKVQTUVGR
78
FGNVCXQNVCIG
M##
%M



 MXCT
 M8  

  #T

6JKUXCNWGKUYGNNCDQXG#TGCEVKXG

D 2QYGTHCEVQTVQDGCFLWUVGFRTGNKOKPCTKN[VQ



2NGCUGGPGTIK\GVJGTGNC[+HVJGTGKUPQFQWDVVJGTGKUKPFWEVKXGNQCFVJG YKNNHNCUJCHVGT
GNCRUGQHVJGRTGFGVGTOKPGFNQEMQWVVKOG
.'&KPFKECVQTQPVJGHTQPVEQXGT+PVJGECUGQH
CHNCUJKPI.'&CDQXGVJGP.CPF.YKNNPGGFVQDYGTGXGTUGF6JGTGNC[UYKVEJGUKP
UVGRCHVGTUVGRKPVJGRTGCFLWUVGFTJ[VJOQHVJGUYKVEJKPIVKOGDGVYGGPUVGRUWPVKNCRQYGT
HCEVQTQHCDQWVJCUDGGPCVVCKPGF



6GUVKPIVJG2QYGT(CEVQT%QPVTQN4GNC[
 2NGCUGUVCTVD[UYKVEJKPIQXGTHTQOCWVQOCVKEVQOCPWCNQRGTCVKQP
UGGFGVCKNUKPVJG
EQTTGURQPFKPIKPUVCNNCVKQPCPFEQOOKUUKQPKPIKPUVTWEVKQPUUQCUVQQXGTEQORGPUCVGHQT
GZCORNGGCEJUVGRQHM8#T+HCNNQHVJGUVGRUCTGPQVTGSWKTGFFWGVQVJGNQCFUKVWCVKQP
VJG.'&YKNNHNCUJYJGPUYKVEJKPIDCEMVQCWVQOCVKEQRGTCVKQP6JGTGNC[TGFWEGUVJG
PWODGTQHUVGRUKPEKTEWKVKPQTFGTVQDGCDNGVQEQORGPUCVGCYC[HTQOVJGECRCEKVKXGTCPIG
VQYCTFURQYGTHCEVQTEQU
5JQWNF VJG RQYGT HCEVQT KPFKECVKQP UKIPCN CP KPFWEVKXG NQCF KP ECUG QH QXGTEQORGPUCVKQP
VJG RQNGU QH GKVJGT EWTTGPV QT XQNVCIG HKGNF JCXG DGGP KPEQTTGEVN[EQPPGEVGFQT[QW JCXG C
NGHVJCPFTQVCVKQPHKGNF



+H CNN CDQXG OGPVKQPGF RQKPVU JCXG DGGP EJGEMGF CPF EQTTGEVGF YJGTG PGEGUUCT[ VJG QPN[
TGOCKPKPIUGVVKPIKUVQCFLWUVVJGFGUKTGFRQYGTHCEVQTEQUQPVJGTGNC[2NGCUGGPUWTGVJG
TGNC[KUUGVDCEMVQVJGCWVQOCVKEQRGTCVKQPOQFG

- 40 -

10. Indirect Capacitor Control (z) on BELUK Power Factor Control

Relays, Type CA

The true Purpose of Harmonic Analysis

# HGY OCPWHCEVWTGTU QH 2( %QPVTQN 4GNC[U CTG PQY QHHGTKPI %QPVTQNNGTU YKVJ GZVTGOGN[
KPCFGSWCVG JCTOQPKE CPCN[UKU KPFKECVKQP 6JGUG FGXKEGU YJKEJ CTG ENCKOGF VQ IKXG CP
CRRTQZKOCVGKPFKECVKQPJCXGPQRTCEVKECNXCNWGYJCVUQGXGT6JGTGCUQPHQTVJKUKUVJCVVJGNGXGNU
QHJCTOQPKEEWTTGPVUCTGPGXGTEQPUVCPVVJG[HNWEVWCVGEQPVKPWQWUN[UQVJCVKPUVCPVGQWUXCNWGU
CTGOGCPKPINGUU

6JGHKTUVHCEVVQDGHWNN[WPFGTUVQQFKUVJCVVJGTGPGXGTJCUDGGPCPFPGXGTYKNNDGCRQYGTU[UVGO
YJKEJKUEQORNGVGN[JCTOQPKEHTGG*CTOQPKEHTGGOGCPUCPCDUQNWVGN[RWTGUKPGYCXGYKVJQWV
VJG UNKIJVGUV KPVGTHGTGPEG   C VGZV DQQM EWTXG  CU RWTG CU *1 FKUVKNNGF YCVGT 'XGP CV VJG
IGPGTCVQTU CPF HWTVJGT CNQPI VJG NKPG CV VJG VTCPUHQTOGTU FGHQTOKVKGU KP VJG YCXGHQTO YKNN DG
CNTGCF[UVCTVKPIVQCRRGCT#FKUVKNNGFYCXGHQTOYKNNPQVGZKUVNGVCNQPGDGEQTTGEVGF

5QYJKEJKVGOUQHCRNCPVCTGVJGTGHQTGGHHGEVGFD[JCTOQPKEU!2TKPEKRCNN[CP[KVGOKPCRNCPVVJCV
KU UGPUKVKXG VQ XQNVCIG TCVGU QH EJCPIG
OCVJGOCVKECNN[ FWFV  2QYGT %CRCEKVQT $CPMU CTG VJG
KVGOUQHRNCPVYJKEJCTGRTKPEKRCNN[CHHGEVGF6JGEWTTGPVVJCVYKNNHNQYVJTQWIJVJG%CRCEKVQTKU
FGRGPFGPVWRQPGCEJEJCPIGQHXQNVCIG


/CVJGOCVKECNN[YTKVVGP KE%FWFV


5KPEG % KU EQPUVCPV VJG XCTKCVKQP YKNN FGRGPF WRQP FWFV #P GURGEKCNN[ FGXGNQRGF UYKVEJKPI
U[UVGO EQPVTQNU VJG XQNVCIG F[PCOKEU KP $'.7- 4GCEVKXG %QPVTQN 4GNC[ V[RGU $.4%# QP
RJCUGU.CPF.(TQOVJGECNEWNCVGFXCNWGUQHFWFVVJGEQTTGURQPFKPIECRCEKVQTEWTTGPVUYKNNDG
ECNEWNCVGFCPFKPVGITCVGFQXGTCOGCUWTGOGPVRGTKQFQHOKPWVGUUKOKNCTVQCDKOGVCNHWPEVKQP

+HVJGECRCEKVQTQXGTNQCFKUECNEWNCVGFVQDGQXGTVJGPVJKUYKNNDGKPFKECVGFGKVJGTQRVKECNN[

CUKPUGTKCNGSWKROGPVQTQRVKQPCNN[D[OGCPUQHCUKIPCNNKPITGNC[\

6JKUYKNNUJQYVJGURGEKCNKUVVJCVJKUECRCEKVQTDCPMVJCVJCUPQVDGGPHKVVGFYKVJDNQEMKPITGCEVQTU
KUTWPPKPIFCPIGTQWUN[QXGTNQCFGFCPFRTQVGEVKXGOGCUWTGUOWUVDGVCMGPKOOGFKCVGN[

6JG JCTOQPKE URGEVTWO KU GZVTGOGN[ YKFG CPF PGXGT EQPUVCPV 9KVJ VJG OQPKVQTKPI U[UVGO
FGUETKDGFCDQXGVJGHWNNURGEVTWOYKNNDGOQPKVQTGFEQORNGVGN[KPRTCEVKEGHTQOVJGHKTUVVQVJG
PVJJCTOQPKEUWEJVJCVVJGOQPKVQTKPIU[UVGOYKNNUGGGZCEVN[VJGUCOGEQPFKVKQPCUVJG2QYGT
(CEVQT%QTTGEVKQP%CRCEKVQT