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FLAME TESTS
To carry out the flame test, a clean nichrome wire is used to mix a sample of the solid with acid. The wire
is held in progressively hotter parts of the Bunsen burner. (blue flame cleaner)
FLAME COLOUR
INFERENCE
Yellow
Sodium ion
Lilac
Potassium ion
Brick-red
Calcium ion
Red*
Pale-green
Barium ion
HEATING
Gases or vapours may be evolved on heating the solid compound.
GAS OR VAPOUR
POSSIBLE SOURCE
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Water vapour
Hydrated salts
OBSERVATION
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia
Colourless turns moist red litmus paper blue & forms white smoke with HCl
Nitrogen dioxide
Brown gas
Hydrogen
Hydrogen chloride
Steamy fumes on exposure to moist air, acidic & forms white smoke with NH3
Chloride
Bromide
Brown gas
Iodide
Purple vapour
Water vapour
POSSIBLE SOURCE
Carbonate
Hydrogen evolved
Metal
INFERENCE
Decolourized
ANIONS
BARIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
Aqueous BaCl2 forms precipitates of insoluble Barium salts with a number of anions but is usually a test
for Sulfate ions. Aqueous BaCl2 is used with dilute HCl.
ANION
PRECIPITATE
COLOUR
FORMULA
Sulfate
White
BaSO4
ppt is insoluble
Sulfite
White
BaSO3
ppt dissolves
Carbonate
white
BaCO3
If dilute HCl is added to the anion solution before aqueous BaCl2, then only Sulfate will form as ppt.
SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION
Aqueous AgNO3 is commonly used to test for the presence of halide ions in a solution. Anions which
would interfere with the test (Carbonate) are removed by adding dilute HNO3 acid before the aqueous
AgNO3.
Silver halides dissolve in NH3 so as to form a colourless solution of the complex ion [Ag(NH3)2]+
ANION
PRECIPITATE
COLOUR
FORMULA
DILUTE
CONCENTRATED
Chloride
White
AgCl
Soluble
Soluble
Bromide
Cream
AgBr
Soluble
Soluble
iodide
yellow
AgI
Insoluble
Insoluble
When a few drops of concentrated H2SO4 acid is added to a halide, the dissolved reaction can be used to
identify the particular ion present. This is a potentially hazardous reaction.
Bromide
iodide
Steamy fumes
HCl
Vigorous reaction
Steamy fumes
HBr
Brown vapour
Br2
Vigorous reaction
(SO2)
Steamy fumes
HI
Black solid
I2
Purple vapour
Yellow solid
Sulfur
Vigorous reaction