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NCERT - [ BIOLOGY- XII ]

1. Reproduction in organisms
Panchanan Maheshwari (1904 -1966 )
Birth - Nov. (1904 ) , Jaipur ( Rajasthan )
Allahabad - Higher education (D.Sc.)
Dr. W. Dudgeon American Missionary Teacher
Developed interest in Botany ( Morphology )
"if his student progresses ahead of him, it will give him a great satisfaction."
These words encouraged Panchanan to enquire what he could do for his teacher
in return.
Worked on Test tube -fertilisation
Intra-ovarian pollination
Embriological aspects
popularised use of embriological characters in Taxonomy.
Emphasised need for initiation of work on artificial culture of immature
embryos.
won worldwide acclaim
Established - Department of Botany ,University of Delhi - Imp. centre for
research in
1. Embryology
2. Tissue culture
Tissue culture - Landmark in science (Nowadays)
Honoured with 1. Fellowship of Royal Society of London (FRS)
2. Indian National Science Academy (INSA)
3. Several other Institutions of excellence.
Incouraged -General Education
Published (Leadership) - Textbook of Biology (NCERT) in 1964 for Higher
Secondary School (HSC).

f/o - Indian Embryology.

Reproduction & Life span

Life span - Period ( Birth - Natural death )
Life span not necessarily correlated with size
Example 1. Crows & Parrot
2. Mango & Peepal tree
Death of every individual organism - certainity i.e. No individual immortal except
single celled organisms
Life span Elephant (60-90 y)
Dog, Banana, Horse, Cow (20-25 y)
Rose (5-7y)
Crow (15 y)
Crocodile (60 y)
Parrot (140 y)
Tortoise (100-150 y)
Banayan tree (200-500 y)
Butter fly (1-2 w)
Fruit fly (2 w - Lab )
Rice plant (3 -4 m)
Reproduction Biological process
Organisms gives rise to young ones/offspring similar to itself.
Offspring grow, mature & inturn produce new offspring
Cycle of birth, growth & death
Continuity of species, generation after generation.
Genetic variation created & inherited during reproduction.
Large Diversity (Biological world) & each organism has evolved its own
mechanism to multiply & produce offspring.
Organism's habitat, its internal physiology & several other factors are collectively
responsible for how it reproduces.

Asexual Reproduction (Uniparental)

Clone - morphologically & genetically similar individuals.
Cell division in unicellular organisms 1. Budding - Yeast
2. Binary fission - Amoeba
Asexual Reproduction is common among single-celled organisms, plants &
animals with relatively simple organisations.
Organism (Parent cell) divides into 2 to give rise to new individuals
Example - ( Cell Division )
1. Monera

2. Protista
Many single-celled organisms reproduce by binary fission , where a cell divides
into two halves & each rapidly grows into an adult .
Example 1. Amoeba
2. Paramecium
Yeast - Budding
1. Unequal Division
2. Small buds are produced
3. Remains attached initially to the parent cell
4. which eventually get seperated & mature into new yeast organisms (cells).
Members of the kingdom fungi & simple plants (Algae) reproduce through
special asexual reproductive structures.
Asexual Reproductive Structures 1. Zoospores - Chlamydomonas (Algae), Microscopic motile structures.
2. Conidia - Penicillium (Fungus)
3. Buds - Hydra (Coelentrata)
4. Gemmules -Sponge (Porifera)
Vegetative Propagules in Angiosperms 1. Eyes - Potato
2. Rhizome - Ginger, Banana
3. Bulbil - Agave
4. Leaf bud - Bryofillum
5. Offset - Water hyacinth
Vegetative Propagules Unit of Vegetative Propagation (Asexual Reproduction)
Capable of giving rise to new offsprings
Runner, Rhizome, Sucker, Tuber, Offset, Bulb.
Botanical Name Turmeric - Curcuma domestica
Ginger - Gingiber officinale
Water hyacinth Scourge of water body
Terror of Bengal
Aquatic Plant
most Invasive weed
Standing water
Drains oxygen from water leads to death of fishes
Introduced in India bcoz - beautiful flowers & shape of Leaves
Propagate vegetatively at phenominal rate
Spread all over the water body in a short period of time .
Very difficult to get rid off them.
Nodes - Present in the modified stems - Potato, Sugarcane, Banana ,Ginger ,
Dahelia .
When nodes come in contact with damp soil / water, They produce roots & new
plants.
Adventitious buds arises from notches present at margines of leaves of

Bryophyllum.
This ability is fully exploited by gardeners & farmers for commercial propagation
of such plants.
Asexual Reproduction common method of reproduction in organisms
Relatively simple organisation - Algae & Fungi.
They shift to sexual mode of reproduction just before the onset of adverse
conditions.
Sexual Reproduction - Adverse conditions
Asexual Reproduction - Favourable conditions
Asexual (Vegetative) & Sexual Reproduction - Higher Plants.
Only sexual mode of reproduction reproduction is present in most of the animals.

Sexual Reproduction(Biparental)
Formation of male & female gametes by same / different individuals of opposit
sex.
Elaborate,Complex & slow process as compared to asexual reproduction.
Diverse organisms (Plants, Animals & Fungi) differ greatly in 1. Ext. morphology
2. Int. structure
3. Physiology
When comes to sexual mode of reproduction, surprisingly,share asimilar
pattern.
All organisms have to reach a certain stage of growth & maturity in their life,
before they can reproduce sexually.
Period of growth Juvenile phase (Animals) & Vegetative phase (Plants)
variable duration in different organisms.
End of juvenile / vegetative phase marks beginning of Reproductive Phase
can be seen easily in Higher plants (flowering)
Mango, Apple, Jackfruit - Seasonal
Vegetative, Reproductive & Senescent phases
1. Annual Plants - (Distinct)
2. Biennial Plants - (Distinct)
3. Perennial species - (Not Distinct)
Few plants exhibit Unusual flowering phenomenon 1. Bamboo species
2. Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji)
Bamboo species

flower only once in their life time

generally after 50-100 yrs.
Produce large no. of fruits & die.

Strobilanthus kunthiana (Neelakuranji)

Flowers once in 12 yrs.

Flowered - Sept.-Oct. 2006

Mass flowering transformed large tracks of hilly areas in KKT into blue
stretches.
Attracted a large number of tourists.

Reproductive Phase Animals - Juvenile phase

Followed by morphological & physiological changes prior to active reproductive
behaviour.
Variable duration
Birds (Laying egg) Nature - Only seasonally - (Reproduction)
Captivity (Poultry forms) - Throught year.
Laying eggs - not related to Reproduction
Commercial exploitation for human welfare.
Cyclic Changes Females (Placental mammals) - Exihibit cyclical changes.
Activities of ovaries, accessory ducts & hormones during reproductive phase.
Primates (Monkeys, Apes, Humans) - Menstrual Cycle
Non-Primates (Cows, Sheeps, Rats, Deers, Dogs, Tigers etc.) - Oestrous Cycle
Seasonal Breeders - Living in natural, wild conditions
(Reproductively active only during favourable season)
Contious Breeders - (Reproductively active throughout reproductive phase)
Senescence - Old age End of Reproductive Phase - Parameter of senescence/Old age.
Concomitant changes (Like - slowing of metabolism) - During last phase of life
span.
Old age ultimately leads to death.
In both plants & animals, Hormones - Responsible for transition b/w 3 phases.
Intractions b/w hormones & certain environmental factors - Regulate
reproductive
processes & associated behavioural expression of organisms.
Events in Sexual Reproduction 1. Pre - Fertilisation
2. Fertilisation
3. Post Fertilisation
Event of Sexual Reproduction Elaborate, Complex, Slow
Follow regular sequence
Pre - Fertilisation Events 1. Gametogenesis
2. Gamete Transfer