mrunal.

org

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[HRD] Din Dayal Antyodaya Yojana: Skill Training for Urban and
Rural Poors + 100 days of HRD ministry
7 months
Ago

1. Why Din Dayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY)?

2. S1: Rural Deen Dayal
3. S2: URBAN Deen Dayal
1. 6 Components of DDUAY scheme
4. Deen Dayal ties up with NSDC
5. NRLM and NULM
6. 100 days of HRD ministry under Modi Government
7. Mock Questions

Why Din Dayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY)?

To provide Skill training to poors in cities and villages. Unemployment gone, poverty gone.
By 2020, developed nations will have shortage of ~57 million workers. Foreign companies will have to outsource
work elsewhere.
Modi wants them to Make in India. BUT companies want four things first:
1. Ease of doing business- file clearance without suitcase-raj.
2. Stable taxation policy.
3. Industrial location factors that we saw under Geography.
4. Cheap but skilled labour force. (India will have ~47 million new workers by 2020).
Every year, 12 million Indians join workforce but out of them only 10% are skilled. In EU (70%), China (50%)
Therefore, success of Make in India, will depend on success of Din Dayal Antyodaya Yojana.
Scheme basic facts
Who?

City-folks: Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation (HUPA)

Villagers: Rural Development ministry.

When?

2014, September: Scheme Announced. September 25 will be celebrated as Antyodaya Diwas in

memory of Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Rural: starts from 2014 itself.
Urban: starts from 2016.

Why?

Skill training to poors in both cities and villages.

S1: Rural Deen Dayal

If Poor farmer Bhuvan doesnt want to pay Lagaan, he better get skill training & change profession

Official
name

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana.

SGSY=> renamed to NRLM => renamed to Aajeevika.
Aajeevika has a subcomponent for skill Development => It isrenamed as this Deen Dayal
scheme.

Eligibility

Rural folks- 15 years age and above.

In the erstwhile Aajeevika skill Development component, the eligibility was 18 years.

Target

Train 10 lakh rural youth

In next 3 years (by 2017)

Government will setup training centres in rural areas.

Training syllabus will be descend on international standards, so that rural youth can work in the foreign
companies coming to India under Prime ministers Make in India campaign.
Special attention to physically disabled persons.

S2: URBAN Deen Dayal

If Self-employed Rangeela Amir Khan wants to leave ticket-black business & start an honest life, he better get skill training

Official name

Deen Dayal Upadhyay Antyodaya Yojana (DAY)

Eligibility

Urban Poors

Target

Every year, train 5 lakh people

6 Components of DDUAY scheme

1. Setup City livelihood centres with Rs.10 lakh grant.
2. Give training to each urban poor via those centres. Government will spent Rs.15k-18k on training each of them.
Yearly target: 5 lakh persons.
3. Form Urban Self Help Groups (SHG). Give Bank linkage and Rs.10,000 to each such group.
4. Setup Vendor markets, and give skill training to vendors as well.
5. Construction of permanent shelters for urban homeless + other essential services.
6. Help poors setup enterprises. Give them loan At 7% interest rate.
Enterprises

Interest Subsidy (Rs.)

Individual micro-enterprise

Rs. 2 lakh

Group Enterprises

Rs. 10 lakh

Deen Dayal ties up with NSDC

HUPA signed MoU with NSDC-National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)
NSDC will training to poor, according to market needs, via its training centres.
NSDC will also help in identification of beneficiaries besides certification of training programmes through Sector
Skill Councils (SSCs).
Sector Skill Councils SSCs: They are industry led bodies. They define Standards and Syllabus for different
training program in given industrial sector.
NSDC will identify beneficiaries and design their training program with help of above SSCs.
Thus, NSDC-HUPA tie up will help in speedy and result oriented implementation of Deen Dayal Antyodaya
Yojana.

NRLM and NULM

Whats the difference?
NRLM

NRUM

Original name Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY).

Swarnajayanti Sahari Swarojgar Yojana

Later renamed to National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

National urban livelihoods mission

Finally renamed to Aajeevika.

May be the IAS in HUPA ministry doesnt

want to harass UPSC aspirants, therefore
did not device a fancy name parallel to
Aajeevika.

Rural Development ministry

Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation (HUPA)

Ministry

By 2024, get one person (preferably woman) from each

household, into an income generating Self-help groups
(SHG).

Self-help groups: bank credit +

subsidies + skill training
street vendors also get easy loans
and skill training

By Giving (Bank loans + subsidy + training) to those SHG.

It had a sub-component for training rural youth. Named
Aajeevika Skill Development Program (ASDP) Now that subcomponent is renamed into Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen
Kaushalya Yojana.

Shelters for the homeless.

I think sooner or later, Modi will shut down or subsume these two old schemes into the new Din Dayal scheme.
Economic Survey observation:
Aajeevika Scheme worked fine for agarbatti, pottery, tailoring and other small business activities.
But at some places, Government made too much infrastructure investment compared to scope of the given
business activity.
Aajeevika: Budget 2014
Under Aajiveeka, Women-SHG in backward districts get loans at cheaper interest rate.
Budget 2014 increased the number of backward districts under this scheme.
Loan interest rate

Before 2014

after

4%

In 150 most backward district

+100 more added = 250

7%

Remaining districts

interest rate unchanged (7%)

More districts to get Cheaper SHG-loans. Additionally, Budget 2014 also announced Start Up Village
Entrepreneurship Programme for rural youth.

100 days of HRD ministry under Modi Government

Just a quick reference table prepared from this PIB report.
pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=109585
Schemes for for girls
Beti Bachao
Beti Padhao

Department of School Education and Literacy (DSEL), supported the Ministry of Women and Child
Development for roll out in 100 districts.

Swami
Vivekananda

Single Girl Child Scholarship for Research in Social Sciences

UGC Junior Research Fellowship @ Rs. 8,000/10,000/- per month.

UDAAN
(CBSE)

to enable backward girls to move to post-school education in Science and Maths.

PRAGATI
(AICTE)

Providing Assistance for Girls Advancement in Technical Education Initiativeone girl per family
whose family income < 6 lakhs p.a on merit at the qualifying examination to pursue technical
education.

other schemes
Saksham

Scholarships to differently abled students to pursue technical education.

Ishan Uday

scholarships to students from North East Region whose parental income is below Rs. 4.5 lakh
per annum for college education.

Ishn Viks

Visit/Internship at IIT/NIT/IISER by students of NE region.

Padhe Bharat
Badhe Bharat

to focus on the quality of foundational learning.

a sub-component of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan(SSA)

SWAYAM

Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds

Professors of IITs/IIMs/Central universities will offer online courses to citizens of our
country.

National E-Library

Digital books to all citizens.

Mock Questions
CSAT MCQs: interchanging facts between Din Dayal vs Ajeevika vs NRUM to design trap statements. For example:
Din Dayal Antyodaya scheme is meant for subsidized grains to widows and destitute.
DDUAY falls under Skill Development ministry.
Under its rural component, Government aims to train 5 lakh persons per year.
DDUAY will subsume UDAAN scheme for J&K youth.
And so onThen youll be asked to idenify Which of the above statements are correct? Only 1 and 2; only 2 and 3;
and so on.
Mains:

1. Success of Make in India, will depend on success of Din Dayal Antyodaya Yojana. Elaborate. 200 words.
2. Write a note on the salient features of DDUAY Yojana / NRUM / NRLM / those fifty dozen new schemes of HRD
under 100 days. (Although I doubt whether UPSC will ask such cheap and easy questions in mains. Except
ofcourse under a double-bluff backbreaking moveTM.)

mrunal.org

http://mrunal.org/2014/10/hrd-nsda-panel-report-government-intervention-skill-development.html

[HRD] Government Intervention for Skill development, issues

from design & implementation for GS Mains2
7 months
Ago

1. Prologue
2. Whatre the problems?
3. Whatre the solutions?
4. #1: define skill development
5. #2: Decide Outcomes
6. #3: Cash-funding on outcomes
7. #4: Motivate both trainee and trainer
8. #5: Monitor beneficiaries
9. Appendix: NSDA vs NSDC

Prologue
2013, December: Panel to rationalize various skill Development schemes. It gave report in 2014, October.
Relevance: GS Mains 2: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and
issues arising out of their design and implementation.
It will be a funny and fruitful exercise if you replace the word skill/skill development in the below article and
substitute with any other word like poverty / unemployment / rural /education / nutrition / healthcare. Then
same fodder can be applied to variety of questions and essay.
Panel Composition:
S.Ramdorai, The chairman of NSDA- National Skill Development agency. Mind it- NSDA and not NSDC.
Officials from two-dozen ministries.

Whatre the problems?

1. Total 22 ministries running parallel schemes for Skill development- textile, commerce, HRD, labour and so
on.
2. States have created their own State Skill Development Missions (SSDMs)
3. Each of them has different norms for eligibility criteria, training duration, scholarship/subsidy to beneficiary,
outcomes, monitoring and tracking mechanism.
4. This leads to Resource wastage, while some beneficiaries get multiple benefits for undergoing same type of
training.

Whatre the solutions?

NSDA panel gave five point someone strategy:

How to design a scheme properly? NSDA Panels 5 Point strategy

1. First define what exactly is skill development?

2. Second, decide outcomes or success parameters
3. Third, give cash funding only based on the outcomes.
4. Fourth, motivate both trainer and the trainee.
5. Fifth- monitor the beneficiaries of all the Rajiv Gandhi skill LELO yojanas.

#1: define skill development

Panel identified four types of skill development:
Fresher

Gives training to fresh entrants / no0bs so they became sellable in labor market.
Give them minimum 200 hours of training.

Re-skilling

upgrading skill of a person already doing some job / business.

Giveem minimum 80 hours of training.

Recognition

Giving paper degrees and fancy certificates to skilled person.

College

Running formal education courses like diplomas and degrees.

If a given scheme is not doing ONE of the FOUR things listed above, then its not a skill Development
scheme.

In case, you are wondering how can we play word-replacement game on this? Well, Defining a
parameter has always been a controversial exercise. Recall the new Poverty line design by Rangarajan and
how the NATION (Arnab Goswami) and RANGA (the villain) were unhappy because of that.
Same goes for defining malnutrition, Education under Sarva Sikha Abhiyan, productive assets under
MNREGA and so on.

#2: Decide Outcomes

At present, the ministries measure success outcome of their schemes on two parameters only:
1. How many people got training?
2. How many crores spent?
Panel says we must measure outcomes in a more rational manner:
1. Did the person get job after training?
2. For how long was he able to retain that job? [e.g. Youngman got fancy certificate under some training
scheme and got job in an automobile company. But he was thrown out in less than a month for he lacks the
specific job-skills, then the scheme is a failure.]
3. If a person was already in job/business, then, after getting training in our scheme, whether his income
increase or not?
How can we play word-replacement game in this?
Consider education scheme Sarva Siksha Abhiyan. It measures outcomes on how many teacher employed,
no. of students enrolled, no. of buildings constructed.
But a rational outcome can measured from NGO Prathams survey i.e. can a 5th Standard kid read a
textbook and solve math sums of 2nd standard or not?

#3: Cash-funding on outcomes

Panel recommends- first do a time study and cost study of the given training program.
Then, Decide scheme costs on Per trainee, on per hour basis.
Government should release the fund money based on OUTCOMES. e.g. 100 people trained but only 50 got
job, then funding= 50 people x cost per person x no. of training hours.
Result: cost cut down and fiscal deficit reduced.
This cost-cutting formula will not apply to Home ministrys UDAAN Scheme for J&K youth training. Because
its main purpose is national-integration.

#4: Motivate both trainee and trainer

Motivate trainer (teacher)
Trainer /teacher will Rs. 3000 bonus if 70% of his batch-students achieve the outcomes.
Rs. 5,000 bonus, if 90% of students achieve outcomes.
This will motivate the trainers to focus more on the individual beneficiaries.
This type of incentives already present in healthcare sector e.g. ASHA-workers get additional bonus for
Vasectomy, DOTS program and on.
But, we can adopt the same for school Teachers under Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, if 70% or 90% of their
students pass Prathams test, teacher get salary bonus.
Motivate Trainee (student)

Panel says, beneficiary must be give minimum 1,000 rupees security deposit. Itll be refunded at the end of
program.
This will ensure only Serious players join the program, attend all lectures, learn the concepts and make
handwritten notes seriously.
Although hard to adopt in other sectors e.g. asking BPL family to give refundable deposit before their kid
joins a posh school under 25% reservation quota under right to education act. OR asking a TB patient to
deposit 1000 rupees to ensure he takes DOTS pills on regular basis!

#5: Monitor beneficiaries

In Government schemes, outcome is measured in how many crores spent and under the budget rules, department
has to return unspent money after 31st March. Leads to following angles
1. March rush: from April to December laziness. From January to March suddenly the ministries will run
dozens of camps and seminars to spend money in haste, before 31st March comes.
2. Bogus beneficiaries and corruption.
3. Same person getting multiple training /scholarship from multiple ministries for similar type of training.
Therefore, panel says we must setup Management Information System(MIS) and Adhar cards to track beneficiaries
and their careers. Now, Take this as a framework answer to any of the questions asked on social schemes- how to
fix its design and implementation!

Appendix: NSDA vs NSDC

Whats the difference?
NSDA

NSDC

National skill development Agency

National skill development Corporation

Born in 2013

Born in 2009

100% Government owned Autonomous

body.

Not for profit Company under the Companies Act

Ownership: 51% private ; 49% Finance ministry

Earlier this was Prime ministers national

council on skill development (PMNCSD).

Advisory and Coordination work for Union,

States, NSDC, international donors and
private companies.
Run national database for labor market
information.

Give skill training to 150 million Indians by 2022.

Some websites say 500 million. But Actual target to
cover 30% of the 500 million people by 2022. So 0.3
x 500=150 million.

Ensure SC, ST, OBC, women/minorities

Mock Questions for Mains (GS2)

Discuss the problem areas in the design and implementation of Skill development schemes in India. List the
necessary modifications in them to reap full demographic dividend. 200 words.
Same question for education, healthcare, handicraft, tribal-Development and other sectors.

mrunal.org
http://mrunal.org/2014/08/economic-survey-ch13-undp-human-development-report-2014-hdi-gender-development-inequalitymultidimensional-poverty-gini-coefficient.html

[Economic Survey] Ch13: P1- UNDPs Human Development report

2014, HDI, Gender Development, gender inequality,
Multidimensional poverty, World Banks Gini-Coefficient
10 months
Ago

1. Prologue
2. Human Development Report
1. Five indexes under HDR-2014
2. Index#1: Human development index (HDI)
1. Ranking
2. Tie in Ranking
3. No ranking in HDR 2014
4. Index#2: Inequality adjusted HDI
5. Index#3: Gender Development India (GDI)
6. Index#4: Gender inequality index
7. Index#5: Multi-dimensional poverty index
3. Human Development: 4 culprits & 6 prescriptions
4. Hyogo Framework for Action
5. World Humanitarian Summit
6. Gini Coefficient: income inequality

Prologue
PS: slight correction in part2: Poverty line- Tendular had included food, health, education and clothing in his formula.
Summary of Economic Survey Chapter13: Human development. I had to divide it in total six parts for ease in revision
& loading images on mobile internet.
1. UNDPs Human Development report 2014 & World Banks Gini Co-efficient
2. Poverty Line: Tendulkar vs Rangarajan, Engels Law, MNREGA, Aajeevikaa, Urban Livelihood
3. Healthcare, women and children, statistics and budget schemes
4. Demographic Dividend: Education, youth, Skill Development
5. Minorities, SC, ST, PH, Elderly, Sports & Defense
6. Rural and urban infrastructure: schemes & budget announcements

Human Development Report

Who publishes this report?

UNDP; HQ: NewYork; chief: Helen Clark

Who designed this system?

Indian Economist Amartya Sen

Paki Economist Mahbub ul Haq

Since When?

1990
Report themes

2013

Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World

2014

Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerability and Building Resilience

Five indexes under HDR-2014

Human developmentrelated (2)

1. Human development index HDI

2. inequality adjusted (HDI)

Gender related (2)

3. Gender Development index

4. Gender inequality

Poverty related (1)

5. Multidimensional poverty index

total

5 indexes

Lets checkem one by one

Index#1: Human development index (HDI)

Prakash Jhas Gangaajal should be included in GS4 (Ethics) syllabus

It ranks human development in terms of three basic parameters:

Parameter
A.to live a long and healthy life

Quantitative measure (INDEX)

A. life expectancy @birth (years)

B.to be educated and knowledgeable

B1: Mean years of schooling

B2: Expected years of Schooling

C.to enjoy a decent economic standard of living.

From these you get Education index, lets call

it B
C. Per capita gross national income ($$)

then you normalize A, B and C by this formula (which not important

for exam)

(actual value-min.value)/(max value-min

value)

finally HDI is the Geometric Mean of three normalized values

=cube root of (A x B X C)

HDI doesnt use arithmetic mean (A+B+C)/3, because even large value in one part, hide deficiency in other
areas.
Example Arithmetic mean (90,0,0)= 30. so overall good development, but country has ZERO development on
education and income part! Geometric Mean (90,0,0)=0 will disclose this bogusness.

Ranking
Only focusing on best & most bogus; India, its partners & neighbors
Very HIGH (0.994 onwards)

High (0.790 onwards)

1. Norway

57. Russia

2. Australia

73. Sri Lanka

3. Switzerland

79. Brazil

4. Netherlands

91. China

5. USA
Medium (0.698 onwards)
103. Maldives (highest among all Medium)
135. India (HDI=0.586)

Lowest (0.540 onwards)

In reverse order
1. Niger (187)
2. Congo (186)

136. Bhutan

3. Central African Republic

142. Bangladesh

4. Chad
5. Sierra Leone

India: One rank improvement

report

Indias rank

source*

2012

134 out of 187

Survey page. 230

2013

136 out of 186

Survey page. 230

2014

135 out of 187

all over Internet

*clarification because one of the article in TimesofIndia says rank unchanged. But rank has improved.

Tie in Ranking
Since HDR-2013, theyve introduced the concept of tie.

if two countries have same HDI index number upto 3 decimal points, then theyre given same rank.
For example, in HDR-2014 report, Austria, Belgium and Luxembourg each has HDI value of 0.881, therefore
given same rank#21.
But then next rank will be 24 (Iceland). Noone will get rank number 22, 23.
Last rank is Niger 187, means total 187 countries have been ranked.

No ranking in HDR 2014

Following are not given any rank
1. North Korea

6. Marshall Islands (Oceania)

2. Monaco (French border)

7. Nauru (Oceania)

3. San Marino (Italian Peninsula)

8. Tuvalu (Oceania)

4. Somalia
5. South Sudan

Index#2: Inequality adjusted HDI

HDI ranking compares different countries on three parameters: health + education + income.
But what about internal inequality within same country.
For this, another rank created- inequality adjusted HDI.
India Rank same for both HDI and inequality adjusted HDI =135.
Then whats point of calculating? Ans. the Absolute figure tells us how much human development lost due to
inequality within a country.
Indias performance

absolute figure

HDI

0.586

inequality adjusted

0.418

% difference over HDI

29%

In other words, 29% of Human development is lost due to inequality.

loss due to inequality

Russia and highly advanced economies

12%

India

29%

world

23%

Index#3: Gender Development India (GDI)

Calculation Stopped since 2010. But resumed with 2014s report.
Only calculated for 148 countries and not for all those 187 ranked in HDI.
Formula = Female HDI/ Male HDI
So, the best country, where female and male HDI is same, what will be the answer- 0, 0.5 or 1?
Ans. 1. Because numerator and denominator will cancel each other.
So, which country got first rank? Norway? Ans. No, wrong guess.

country

G.D.index

rank in GDI

Slovakia (Capital Bratislava)

1.000

Norway

0.997

India

0.828

132 (HDI 135)

Moral of the story: Norway and Kerala wont get #1 everywhere. so, dont tick MCQs on guess work and gut feeling.

Index#4: Gender inequality index (GII)

Based on three parameters
Parameter

components

1. Reproductive health

2. Empowerment

3. Economic activity

India

MMR

200/lakh

Adolescent birth rate

32/1000

women in parliament

10.9%

higher education

26.6%

Labor force participation

28.8%

In Gender inequality index: 0= no inequality and 1 = maximum inequality.

Only calculated for 157 countries. (NOT all 187)
GII-2014 ranking
Rank

Gender Inequality

Slovenia Capital Ljubljana (not Slovakia)

Switzerland

Germany

37-94

China>Rus>Brazil>S.Africa

127

India (Value 0.563)

Index#5: Multi-dimensional poverty index

First weve to find two things:
Poverty Incidence

Poverty Intensity

has three indicators

How many indicators does the given household lacks?

1. health
2. education
3. std. of living

Finally, MPI = (incidence x intensity)

All over world total 1.5 billion junta suffering from multi-dimensional poverty.

Country

% of junta suffering multidimensional poverty?

Maldives

China

South Africa

10

Nepal

41

Pakistan

46

Bangladesh

50

India

55

We are done with five indexes. Now some filler topics

India sucks everywhere except Life expectancy where Africa sucks due to AIDS

HDI: India vs BRICS

India lowest among all BRICS except life expectancy (South
Africa lowest)
S.Africa lowest life expectancy among BRICS due to AIDS
Life expectancy: China >>S. Africa
GNI per capita: Russia > Brazil > China > Africa > India

Human Development: 4 culprits & 6 prescriptions

Overall world
Overall gender gap in the world is 8%
per capita income of men is double
than women
Human development slowed down
worldwide

Fodder for Mains and Essay

Four culprits that slowed Human Development worldwide:

1. Climate change
2. Conflict
3. Social unrest
4. Economic crisis
SIX prescription to combat those 4 culprits.
1. Universal basic service: health, education, water supply, sanitation and public safety (policing).
2. A person is most vulnerable @3 stages in lifecycle. Govt. must protect here
1. First 1000 days after birth
2. When he joins coaching classes
3. When Entering workforce
4. When leaving workforce (due to retirement or disability)
Otherwise, setback at these three stages can be particularly difficult to overcome and may have prolonged impacts.
e.g. malnutrition => low skilled=> less social security @retirement.

Recall that 2014s report theme is Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing VULNERABILITY and Building Resilience. This chart directly copied from report.

3. Social protection (80% of world lacks). Lack of social security = people sell their assets, takeout children from
school & sent them to child labor.
4. Full employment (50% world informal jobs). Unemployment = crime, suicides; children education, health also
suffers.
5. Inclusion of women, disabled and minorities in development.
6. Disaster preparedness. Because natural disasters worsen the existing vulnerabilities, such as poverty,
inequality, environmental degradation and weak governance.
India specific prescription in HDI:
India needs to spend just four per cent of its GDP to ensure a social security net. This social security net should
include NREGA, universal primary health coverage, old age and disabled pensions and child benefits
1999 Odisha cyclone >10,000 dead but 2013 cyclone with same intensity yet less than <50 dead thanks to
Disaster preparedness. Meaning improvement possible, all it takes is political and bureaucratic will.
In MCQs, UPSC is unlikely to ask what are the four culprits or six prescriptions. But you can use this structure to frame
good essay on human Development, demographic dividend etc.
Anyways, enough of Human Development, lets move to other topics

Hyogo Framework for Action

Topic important because
1. mentioned in HDR-2014 report
2. GS3 has disaster Management topic.
Disaster Management conferences
1994

Yokahoma (Japan): World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction

2005

Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015)

Hyogo is in Honshu island of Japan.

Hyogo framework
Who?

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR)

Theme

building resilience of nations and communities to disasters.

Target

reduce global disaster risk by 2015

168 countries adopted it

It has five priority areas, and steps on how to implement them. MCQ wise not much to ask because 2005s
topic. But lot of fodder for Mains GS3.
Right now, Im not dwelling into it because of space and time limit. You can refer to its two-page summary chart
from this link unisdr.org/files/8720_summaryHFP20052015.pdf

World Humanitarian Summit

Basics important, because mentioned in HDR 2014 report
Where

Istanbul, Turkey

When

2016. But the consultation process has started two years in advance (i.e. since 2014)

By whom?

initiative by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon

UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

purpose

Address the humanitarian crisis caused by natural disasters and conflicts.

Beyond that, not much to write because mostly bol-bachchan. you can find it here:
worldhumanitariansummit.org/whs_about

Gini Coefficient: income inequality

first draw a graph: (cumulative) households on x-axis and (cumulative) wealth on y-axis
If an imaginary country has equal income distribution of wealth, then graph will be a 45 degree line. it can be
interpreted as
10% of households own 10% of nations wealth
40% of the households own 40% of national wealth and so on.
But a real-countrys graph will not show 45 degree graph. instead itll look curved line (Lorentz Curve) as in
following image:

For India Gini coefficient is ~33% but still we are better than BRICS, US, Swiz; although Japs and Germans have even lesser
inequality than India.

The blue curved line (Lorenz curve) can be interpreted as:

poorest 30% households own only 2% of nations wealth
Richest 10% own 90% of national wealth and so on.
Ok but what is Gini coefficient?
in the graph, straight line = equal wealth distribution
and curved line = real life income inequality.
so, Gini coefficient is derived by finding area under pink(A) and Blue(B), then formula is
Gini coefficient= (A/A+B)
mugup this table for MCQs
Gini value
0
between 0 to 1

Interpretation
equal wealth distribution
inequality in wealth distribution
For example, India=0.334. (sometimes expressed in percentage form i.e. 33.4%)
In this criteria, India has lesser inequality than BRICS, USA and Switzerland.

most unequal distribution

Lets try some direct MCQ from 22 nd January 2014s Thehindus Businessline
Q1. Consider following statements
1. World Bank publishes Gini Coefficient
2. Gini Coefficient is an internationally accepted measure of income inequality

3. Higher the Gini Coefficient, lower the inequality

Which of the above statements are correct?
1. Only 1 and 2
2. Only 2
3. Only 2 and 3
4. Only 1 and 3
Correct Answer: A 1 and 2 correct. Third statement wrong because higher gini = higher inequality.
Lets try one more from the same Hindu article:
Q2. Find incorrect statement about Gini coefficient
1. In India, income inequality is lower than USA, as per Gini Coefficient.
2. Its a purely mathematical measure of inequality within a population.
3. Its named after Italian statistician Corrado Gini
Answer choices
1. Only 1 and 2
2. Only 2
3. Only 2 and 3
4. None
Correct Answer: D None. (Because all statements are right.)

mrunal.org
http://mrunal.org/2014/08/economic-survey-ch13-poverty-line-tendulkar-rangarajan-engels-law-mnrega-aajeevika-nrum.html

[Economic Survey] Ch13: Poverty Line Estimation- Tendulkar vs

Rangarajan, Engels Law, MNREGA, Aajeevikaa, Urban Livelihood
10 months
Ago

1. Prologue
2. Poverty line
1. Tendu Leopard vs Ranga Khush
2. Urban Poverty line
3. Rural Poverty line
4. Why Ranga NAA-KHUSH (unhappy)?
5. How is 100 million poors increased?
6. Calorie Expenditure
7. Engels law & MPCE
3. Centrally sponsored schemes (CSS)
4. CSS classification
5. Poverty removal schemes
1. Scheme#1: MNREGA Act 2005
1. MNREGA performance
2. MNREGA Reforms already taken
3. MNREGA: Economic Survey observations
2. Scheme #2: NRLM / Aajeevika
3. Scheme #3: National Urban Livelihood mission

Prologue
links will be updated once I finish last (first) part on UNDP HDI-2014 report.

Poverty line

Q. Who decides Poverty line?

Planning commission
Q. How does it decide poverty line?
Monthly per capita Expenditure.
Suresh Tendulkar designed its Formula.
Q. Who provides the data of monthly Expenditure?
NSSO- National sample survey organization
under Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
Tendulkars poverty line
Area

Monthly Expenditure per person (Rs.)

Rural

816

Urban

1000

According to Tendulkar formula, poverty has declined, as seen in following graph:

Mugup the value of Total poors (%wise) & in crores

No. of Poors in India

(Tendulkar Method)
Tendulkar

2004

2011

Poor %

37.2

21.9

Poor Cr.

41

27

Time for stupid census ranking:

State wise (Ref. Economic Survey 2013 page 238)
Highest rural poverty

Lowest poverty

1. tie: Odisha, MP

1. Kerala (7.1%)

2. Bihar

2. Himachal (8.1%)

3. Assam

3. Punjab (8.3)%

highest rural unemployment

highest urban unemployment

1. Kerala

1. Bihar

2. Assam

2. WB

3. Bihar

3. Andhra

4. WB

4. Haryana

.lowest in Gujarat (3/1000)

.lowest in Gujarat (34/1000)

Tendu Leopard vs Ranga Khush

Earlier Committees: Alagh 77, Lakdawala 89
Committees

Tendulkar

C.Rangarajan

Set up by

Planning commission

Planning commission

Set up in

2005

2012, May

Submitted report

2009

2014, July

Poverty estimation method

Monthly per CAPITA Expenditure.

Monthly Expenditure of family of five.

Urban Poverty line

Urban poverty line (Rs)

Tendulkar

C.Rangarajan

per day per person

33

46.90=~47

per person per month

1000*

1407

per family of five, per month

5000

7035

*this is their official recommendation. Rest numbers are derived.

Rural Poverty line

Rural poverty line (Rs)

Tendulkar

C.Rangarajan

per day per person

27

32

per person per month

816*

972

per family of five, per month

4080

4860*

*these are the official numbers recommended by them. Remaining figures are derived.

Why Ranga NAA-KHUSH (unhappy)?

Q. Why is Ranga unhappy with journalists and politicians? Inform the nation in 200 words.

Villain Ranga (Jogindar) is also unhappy because mainstream Bollywood directors also releasing vulgar movies & item-songs, thereby affecting his SUSTAINABLE
Livelihood

C. Rangarajan has received lot of negative publicity because:

He kept poverty line to be ridiculously low Rs.32 for rural and Rs.47 for Urban.
Therefore He is insensitive towards the poor.
But Ranga never gave those daily numbers. He had given combined poverty line for a family of five membersRs.7035 (Urban), which is a plausible number. After all, if you live in a family of five, then some costs will get
reduced per head (e.g. rent, lightbill, LPG etc.)
Besides, if a family spending >7000 per month = their income would be definitely above 7000. So in reality,
Ranga has not insulted the poor. Infact, He has tried to cover more poor under BPL & Sarkaari schemes.
Media has derived those insensitive daily Expenditure figures (Rs.33, Rs.47) by dividing the monthly
Expenditure of five people, then further dividing that number by 30.
If you objectively convert Rangas poverty line into purchasing power parity (PPP), its $2.44 per person, per
day. And that figure even higher than World bank estimate. In other words, Ranga included more poor in BPL,
than even World bank would!
Thus, journalists and politicians have misinterpreted the poverty line issue- just like they misinterpreted AntiCSAT movement to be against those 8 easy English MCQs above Decision Making section!

How is 100 million poors increased?

Since Ranga raised poverty line, obviously more people would become below poverty line.

why does Hindu keep saying 100 million poors added?

Poverty in India: Year 2011

Formula

# of BPL in crores

Tendu

27

Ranga

37

difference

10 crore = 100 million BPL increased.

anyways moving on

Calorie Expenditure
Tendulkar

C.Rangarajan

only calorific value in Expenditure

Calorie +Protein + fat. Explained below

In the Indian economy books writing during Adam Smiths time, youd have read poverty line = 2400 calorie in Rural
areas and 2100 calorie in Urban areas. That was Lakdawalla Committee (1989-1993).
Calorie

Lakda

Ranga

Rural

2400

2155

Urban

2100

2090

Observe that Ranga reduced the calorie requirement- why?

Because ICMR study report said so. Besides, over the years use of machinery and vehicles has increased, so
todays generation doesnt require that much calorie. Besides, laborers can get extra energy by chewing
calorie-free Gutkha.

Ranga also included

Expenditure on protein &
fats
gms / day

Rural

Urban

Protein

48

50

fats

28

26

Coming back to Original topic:

Tendulkar

C.Rangarajan

Only counts Expenditure on

food, health, education, clothing.

food + nonfood items such as education, healthcare, clothing, transport

(conveyance), rent. + non-food items that meet nutritional requirements.

Urban poverty increased on faster rate (40%) than rural poverty (19%)
This is obvious, because Ranga included non-food items like rent,
education etc.
These items/services are more expensive in cities than in villages.

Ranga recommends that at any given point of time,

bottom 35% rural junta always be considered poor
bottom 25% urban junta always be considered poor.

Poverty ratios should be disengaged from entitlements under

Government schemes.
e.g. cheap foodgrain quota under Food Security Act should not be based
on BPL-ness, but social-caste census.

Engels law & MPCE

Monthly per capita Expenditure: NSSO 68 th Round (2011-12)
area

Average MPCE

Highest in

% food Expenditure

Urban

Rs.2399

Haryana

38.5%

Rural

Rs.1278

Kerala

48.6%

This indicates rural-urban disparity. Cityfolks have more money to spend than Villagers.
Engels law says: when income rises, % of overall income spent on food item decreases.
We can see this happening in urban areas. City folks spending ~39% while villagers spending ~49% of their
income on food.
Among states: Kerala spends the least money on

Centrally sponsored schemes (CSS)

In June 2013, UPA-II revamped CSS
BEFORE
137 schemes

AFTER
66 (list given in PRSIndia LINK)

States did not have any freedom to spend money on

their discretion.

10% flexifunds

Some of the schemes directly gave money to NGOs

and project implementation agencies like DRDA.

Entire money will be transferred to Consolidated fund of the

state Government. From there, everyone will get money

For every new scheme, states will have to

contribution some money themselves. explained
below:

The Union: state contribution ratio will be as following

Area

Union

States

Special category states (JK, NE, Himachal & Uttarakhand)

90

10

other states

75

25

CSS classification
As per Economic Survey, we can classify all Sarkaari schemes, into following categories. And Ive covered the
schemes into the same format in my ch13 summary subparts.
1. Poverty removal: we are here (MNREGA, Urban and Rural livelihood missions)
2. Health, women and child
3. Education & skill
4. weaker section: welfare, protection
5. Social security
6. infrastructure: rural & urban

Poverty removal schemes

Budget and Economic survey discuss only three schemes under this category
(1) MNREGA
Livelihood missions: (2) Rural (Ajiveeka) (3) Urban
Lets checkem one by one

Scheme#1: MNREGA Act 2005

under Rural Development ministry
Promises minimum 100 days of unskilled manual work
To each rural household. (not to each person)
In a financial year (1st April to 31 st March)
1/3rd women participation
Unemployment allowance, if you cant get work within 15 days
State governments have to appoint district level ombudsman to hear complaints
Wages: Material ratio = 60:40

MNREGA Wages are linked with CPI

inflation for Agricultural laborers
year

MNREGA wages (CPI-AL)

2006

65

2013

132

MNREGA performance
for the year 2013, Average work days 46; women participation 52.9%
Time for another stupid ranking

Workdays

women participation

BEST

Worst

Tamilnadu

Assam

KERALA

Punjab

KERALA

UP

Andhra

Assam

MNREGA Reforms already taken

1. Individual bank/PO accounts for All women
2. Widowed, deserted, and destitute women identified and covered under MNREGA scheme.
3. Designed schedule of rates (SoR) for physically handicapped laborers, so they get fair wages despite
providing less output.
4. Provided convergence with other schemes such as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, Panchayat Yuva khel Kendra, ICDS
Anganwadi centres etc.

MNREGA: Economic Survey observations

1. MNREGA was supposed to a panchayat-centric and demand driven program. But ground reality is different.
2. Gram Sabha is unaware of its powers. Social audits not done regularly.
3. Hardly any Gram Sabha using MNREGA for public works such as Playground, Anganwadi etc.
4. Shortage of Technical staff => Delay in work measurement => delay in payment.
5. At many places, males find higher wage-work in nearby towns. Therefore only a few women come at MNREGA
site. Big projects cannot be taken up due to worker shortage.
6. Suggested reform: Use MNREGA for tourism related infrastructure.
7. Budget 2014: promised to use MNREGA for creating Agriculture related more productive assets.

Scheme #2: NRLM / Aajeevika

Who? Rural Development Ministry
1999: Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY). Later renamed to National Rural Livelihood Mission
(NRLM). Finally renamed to Aajeevika.
Wants to lift rural families from abject poverty
How?
By 2024, get one person (preferably woman) from each household, into an income generating Self-help
groups (SHG).
By Giving (Bank loans + subsidy + training) to those SHG.

Economic Survey observation:

Scheme worked fine for agarbatti, pottery, tailoring and other small business activities.
But at some places, Government made too much infrastructure investment compared to scope of the
given business activity.

Aajiveeka: Budget 2014

Under Aajiveeka, Women-SHG in backward districts get loans at cheaper interest rate.
Budget 2014 increased the number of backward districts under this scheme.
More districts to get Cheaper SHG-loans
Loan interest rate

Before 2014

after

4%

In 150 most backward district

+100 more added = 250

7%

Remaining districts

interest rate unchanged (7%)

Additionally, Budget 2014 also announced Start Up Village Entrepreneurship Programme for rural youth. but exact
details yet to be worked out.

Scheme #3: National Urban Livelihood mission

1. Who? Ministry of Housing & Urban poverty alleviation.
2. Earlier called Swarnajayanti Sahari Swarojgar Yojana. Then renamed into National urban livelihoods mission,
with following features
1. self-help groups: bank credit + subsidies + skill training
2. street vendors also get easy loans and skill training
3. Shelters for the homeless.

mrunal.org
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[Economic Survey] Ch13: Demographic Dividend, Education &

Skill Development schemes, National Youth Policy 2014
10 months
Ago

1. Prologue
2. [Act I] Demography related Theories (DT)
1. DT1: Malthusian theory of population growth
2. DT2: Demographic transition
3. DT3: Demographic dividend
3. [Act II] Education
1. Census 2011: Literacy ranking
2. Mid-Day Meal (MDM)
3. Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan (SSA)
4. RMSA & RUSA
5. Model School scheme (MSS)
6. Saakshar Bharat (SB)
7. Education: Budget 2014 New schemes
8. Economic survey: Education reforms
4. [Act II] Youth & Skill Development
1. National youth policy 2014 (NYP)
2. (NEW) Skill India Program
3. (NEW) Revamping Employment exchanges
4. (NEW) Young leaders program
5. Udan and STAR
5. Appendix
1. Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya
2. Jay Prakash Narayan

Prologue
Economic Survey Chapter 13, total four sub-parts
1. UNDPs Human Development report 2014, poor, women and children [coming soon]
2. Demographic Dividend: Education, youth, Skill Development[youre here]
3. Minorities, SC, ST, PH, Elderly, Sports & Defense [done]
4. Rural and urban infrastructure [done]

[Act I] Demography related theories (DT)

Here Im only giving the outline of the theories. For more details, refer to NCERT Sociology, Class12, Chapter 2,
Demographic structure of Indian Society.

DT1: Malthusian theory of population growth

Food production increases in arithmetic progression while population increases in geometric progression.
Therefore, Nature itself tries to establish equilibrium between population vs food supply, using positive checks.
Positive checks by nature

Preventive checks by humans

famine

delayed marriage

disease

celibacy

Viewpoints
Malthus

Poverty is caused by population growth

Marxists

Poverty is caused by unequal distribution of wealth

DT2: Demographic transition

Stage

Birth
rate

Death
Rate

Remarks

HIGH

HIGH

low growth because of famine, wars, diseases

short life expectancy
India till 1921

HIGH

MED.

Agri revolution: famine impact reduced

medical research: epidemics contained
Life expectancy increases but people yet to change breeding behavior.
Result: population explosion
Western Europe in late 19th & Early 20 th Century.

MED.

LOW

stationary phase
nuclear families, modern contraceptives, fertility starts declining
India since Census 2011

LOWEST

LOWEST

Population begins to contract / shrink

Highest life expectancy.
Most developed countries in this phase.

DT3: Demographic dividend

A country is said to be in Demographic dividend phase WHEN
1. Majority of the population is in working age group
2. Dependency ratio is minimum i.e. very few persons below 15 and above 64 age.
3. Age pyramid shows Bulge in middle portion.
Observe the age pyramids of India, US, China and Japan for the year 2008 and 2020:

Bigger bulge in middle of Age Pyramid=Demographic Dividend

We can see, by 2020, India will have the youngest population among all four leading economies.
Year

Working age population in India

2001

58%

2021

64%

However, to reap the Demographic dividend, we must invest in Health, education and skill Development of the young
generation. In the previous part, we learned about the health related issues and schemes. In this part, we shall see
education, skill Development.

[Act II] Education

First lets observe the Census-2011 data

 mugup these formulas

Sakshar Bharat scheme won UNESCO 2013 award for this

 mugup approx. total literacy & female literacy figure for Essay & Interview

Census 2011: Literacy ranking

Best Performers
Total Literacy

Female Literacy

1. Kerala (93%)

1. Kerala

2. Lakshadweep (UT)

2. Mizoram

3. Mizoram

3. Lakshadweep (UT)

4. Tripura

4. Tripura

5. Goa

5. Goa

Bottom 5 States/UT in literacy

Worst performers
Total Literacy

Female Literacy

1. Bihar (Lowest)

1. Rajasthan

2. Arunanchal

2. Bihar

3. Rajasthan

3. Jharkhand

4. Jharkhand

4. J & K

5. Andhra

5. UP

Now lets begin with educational schemes

Old schemes, organizations covered here: wp.me/p2tsJl-1zM (cost: benefit not that great).
In this new article, Im covering schemes mentioned in Economic survey 2013 or Budget 2014.

Mid-Day Meal (MDM)

WHO?

Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)

Official name

National Programme for Nutritional Support to Primary Education

WHAT?

hot cooked meals

WHERE?

Class 1 to 8
Government schools, Government aided schools, Madresa, Maqtab etc.

Accountability tools used:

1. Social audit
2. Interactive voice response system (IVRS) automated calls from state HQ to headmasters. Theyve to provide
performance data on daily basis, which is automatically tabulated in computer system.
Economic Survey reforms:
1. Poor quality food affecting child health.
2. Provide Separate dining rooms to prevent rains and dust.
3. Teachers should only supervise. At present, theyve to even cook the food due to staff shortage, as a result,
education activity suffers.

Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan (SSA)

WHO?
WHAT?

Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)

Right to education is implemented via SSA.
provides funding for infrastructure (building), services (teachers), free textbook, bags, uniforms,
transport, hostel etc.

Budget
2014

Gave ~28,000 crores.

Economic Survey reforms:

1. Right to Education (RTE) Act mandates a school within 1 km radius of every habitation. but this has led to
mushrooming of schools at certain places. Better construct one single bigger school at nearby places, with
facility from class 1 to 12.
2. Regularize temporary teachers. Assess their performance on learning outcome of students.
3. Fix the shortage of toilets, safe drinking water and safai karmachari.

RMSA & RUSA

HRD ministry implements both these schemes
RMSA
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan

RUSA
Rashtriya Uchhtar Shiksha Abhiyan

Targets
2017: achieve above 90% gross enrollment ratio

Setup 80 new universities by merging

existing autonomous colleges.

2020: universal retention i.e. all primary school children

should reach high school.

Create support infrastructure for existing

universities

Earlier schemes for girls hostels, vocational education

etc. merged into this schemes.
Budget 2014: gave ~5000 cr.

Indian Bank Association (IBA): provides cheaper loans to all economically weaker section (EWS) students
World Bank: provides funding for technical education quality improvement.

Model School scheme (MSS)

WHO?

Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD)

WHAT?

Total 6000 new secondary schools, to absorb the primary school passout kids.
3500 model schools in educationally backward blocks (EBB), with help of state governments.
2500 models schools in normal blocks, via PPP funding.

Saakshar Bharat (SB)

WHO?
What?

Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD), 2001

Adult education program, main focus on women.
Aim: 80% total literacy by 2012; 100% female literacy by 2014.
won UNESO King Sejong Literacy Prize 2013

How

Funding given to districts having less than 50% adult literacy

Provides 3 Rs (i.e. Reading, Writing & Arithmetic) with skill Development program.

Education: Budget 2014 New schemes

Jaitley did not elaborate the features of these schemes. Hence nothing much to write at the moment.
Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya

New Teachers Training Programme. (500 cr)

Jai Prakash Narayan

National Centre for Excellence in Humanities in Madhya Pradesh.

Click

virtual classrooms and online courses (100 cr)

Via Communication Linked Interface for Cultivating Knowledge (CLICK)

New IITs and IIMS under budget 2014

Following Locations not important except for interview-profile based Questions
5 new IIT

5 new IIM

1. Jammu

1. Himachal Pradesh

2. Chhattisgarh

2. Punjab

3. Goa

3. Bihar

4. Andhra Pradesh

4. Odisha

5. Kerala

5. Maharashtra

Economic survey: Education reforms

Five year Plan outlays not converting into outcomes

From above charts, we can observe that over the years, government Expenditure on children has increased.
But it has not translated into learning outcome of the children.
Therefore, more and more parents opt to send their kids in private schools.
Economic survey prescribes two solutions for this:

1. Zero base budget i.e. scrap down all Programs and start again from zero.
2. Feedback loop i.e. at the end of the financial year, independent agency should give report card for the
performance of HRD ministry. In the next budget, Finance minister should make reforms in the financial
allocations and schemes accordingly.

[Act II] Youth & Skill Development

Youth policy + New schemes + Statistics =good points for Essay on demographic dividend.

National youth policy 2014 (NYP)

Different Definitions of Youth
Youth definition

age group

NYP 2003

13-35

NYP 2014

15-29

UN

15-24

NYP-2014 will focus on 11 pillars. Ive consolidated those under five heads. Existing schemes will be streamlined,
converged to give maximum focus on following areas:
1. Education, employment, skill, entrepreneurship
2. Healthy lifestyle, Sports.
3. social values, Community engagement, youth engagement
4. Participation in politics and governance
5. Inclusion, Social justice.
Implementation:
By Ministry of Sports and Youth affairs
Government will form a Youth Council, consisting of exceptionally talented young men and women across India.
Theyll oversee the implementation of the policy.

(NEW) Skill India Program

national multi-skill programme, launched in Budget 2014
Itll give Youth training for employability and entrepreneur skills
Even traditional professions like welders, carpenters, cobblers, masons, blacksmiths, weavers etc. will be given
training and support.
Itll have convergence with other vocational schemes, to bring maximum output.

(NEW) Revamping Employment exchanges

Budget 2014 promised to transform employment exchanges into career centers.
Theyll give counseling services, to help the youth pursue career path based on their caliber and aptitude.

(NEW) Young leaders program

100 crore allotted for this. Salient features, provisions yet to be announced.

Udan and STAR

Existing schemes
UDAAN

STAR

by Ministry of Home affairs (MHA)

provides skill Development training to JammuKashmir youth with help of NSDC and PPP

by National Skill Development council (NSDC)

1. National Skill Certification and Monetary Rewards Scheme
2. You enroll for a vocational course, and after final exam,
they give money depending on your grade in the
certificate.

Organizations in News
NSDC
National Skill Development council
Ownership: 51% private ; 49% Finance Ministry
Target: give skill training to 15 Cr. Indians by 2022. Thereby
fixing the mismatch in supply-demand of skilled personnel.
Runs STAR Scheme, helps MHA in Udaan Scheme.

Skill Ministry
Modi has setup separate ministry for
skill and entrepreneurship.
Presently Minister Sarbananda
Sonowal holding charge of two
ministries:
(Skill Development,
Entrepreneurship) + (Youth Affairs
and Sports)

Appendix
Since Budget 2014 schemes named after following Freedom fighter, they automatically become important for Mains
General studies paper 1. Therefore, you must have atleast 100 words shortnotes ready.

Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya (1861-1946)

1. Lawyer from Allahabad
2. Served in provincial and central legislature.
3. Foundation of Banaras Hindu University (BHU), The Leader newspaper.
4. Moderate leader of INC, Four times President.
5. Gandhiji gave him a title Mahamana
6. Opposed separate electorate for Muslims under Lucknow pact of 1916
7. He participated in 1st round table conference in 1930, later established Congress Nationalist Party to oppose
communal award
8. Popularized the slogan Satyamev Jayate
9. Editor of The Hindustan, Indian Union and Abyudaya.
10. Budget 2014: Teachers training program named after him.
~90 words

Jay Prakash Narayan (1902-1979)

1. Born in Bihar, Post-graduation from USA
2. popularly called LokNayak
3. Participated in both Non Cooperation movement (NCM), Civil disobedience movement (CDM), and went to jail.
4. Participated in Vinobas Sarvodaya and Bhoodan movement.
5. Wanted abolition of Zamindari and nationalization of heavy industries.
6. Founded All India socialist party before independence
7. Key role in settingup Janta party after independence.
8. 1975: Allahabad HC declared Indiras election null and Void. JP demanded her resignation, but she imposed
National emergency and got him arrested.
9. Awarded Magsaysay and Bharat Ratna.
10. Budget 2014: A national institute for humanities to be setup in MP, bearing his name.
~100 words

mrunal.org
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[Economic Survey] Ch13 P3: Human Resources- Minorities, SC,

ST, PH, Elderly; USTAAD, Van Bandhu, Hamari Dharohar
10 months
Ago

1. Prologue
2. [Act 1] Minorities
1. Minorities in India?
2. Jains Minority status
3. Shia vs Sunni: Whats the difference?
4. (New) USTAAD
3. [Act 2] SC/ST/OBC
1. Areas without SC/ST population
2. % SC Population: Top 5 & Bottom 5
3. % ST Population: Top 5 & Bottom 5
4. Schemes
5. (SC) Entrepreneur fund
6. (ST) Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojana
7. (ST) Minor Forest produce
8. (OBC) JAT OBC status
4. [Act 3] Physically challenged
1. Adip (existing scheme)
2. Visually challenged (VC): budget 2014
3. Currency: Existing Shapes for blind
4. Plastic Notes
5. PH: New institutions (Budget 2014)
6. WIPOs Marrakesh Treaty
5. [Act 4] Elderly & social security
1. EPFO reforms in Budget 2014
6. [Act 5] Sports
7. [Act 6] Defense: One Rank One pension
8. Appendix
1. Tribals: Andaman vs Nicobar
2. Primitive Tribal groups of India (75)

Prologue
Economic Survey Chapter 13, total four parts
1. UNDPs Human Development report 2014, poor, women and children [coming soon]
2. Demographic Dividend: Education, youth, Skill Development[coming soon]
3. Minorities, SC, ST, PH, Elderly, Sports & Defense [youre here]
4. Rural and urban infrastructure [done]

[Act 1] Minorities

Minorities in India?

Total six minorities in National Commission for Minorities Act 1992

Population wise ranking: (1) Muslims > (2) Christians > (3) Sikhs > (4) Buddhists > (5) Jains > (6) Parsi
NSSO Per capita Expenditure wise: Sikhs > Christians > Muslims > remaining
Minorities are majorities in certain regions for example:
Religion
Muslims

Forms majority in
1. Lakshadweep (UT)
2. Jammu and Kashmir

Christians

1. Nagaland
2. Mizoram
3. Meghalaya

Sikhs

Punjab

Jains Minority status

6th and latest name to be added in central list of minorities. (2014)
Although 11 states had already given them minority status- Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Karnataka, UP, MP,
Rajasthan etc.
What Benefits will Jains get?
1. Government cannot interfere in their educational institutions, temples and trusts.
2. They can evict tenants from their community properties. Tenant cannot seek relief under Rent control laws.
3. Eligible for Government schemes for scholarships, fellowships, free coaching for competitive exams etc
4. Bank loans given to Jains will be counted under Priority sector lending (PSL) targets.
Shia vs Sunni: Whats the difference?
Sunni
They chose Abu Bakr, a close Companion of the Prophet
Muhammad, as the Caliph (politico-social leader) of Muslim
community.
Mughals were Sunni Muslims.
Majority of Indian Muslims are Sunni

Shia
They wanted Prophet Muhammads sonin-law Ali to be appointed as Caliph.

India has second largest population

of Shia after Iran
Gujarats Dawoodi Bohra and part of
Varansis weavers are Shia
Muslims.
By and large Shia leaders
support/have soft corner for Modi.*
(IE, TheDiplomat)

Saudi, Bahrain, Turkey, Qatars ruling regime.

Iran and Syrias ruling regime.

Lebanons Hezbollah.

Iraqs ISIS
Egypts Muslim brotherhood

*UPSC is not going to ask that in Prelims. But for interviews,youve to keep in mind that in Politics and
Diplomacy, not everything is black and white, Modi vs Muslims has variety of shades so dont fall into any
leading-questions by the panel. Anyways, lets move to schemes. Im not dwealling into past schemes because
most of them being scholarship type, no questions seen in recent times. Therefore, directly focusing on new
schemes:

(New) USTAAD
1. Up gradation of Traditional Skills in Arts, Resources and Goods.
2. Will provide skill Development, marketing linkages and support to minority artisans.
Some examples of Minority arts/handicraft:
1. Muslims: Zardozi Embroidery of Lucknow- given GI tag in 2013. Zardosi is a Persian word for embroidery
in gold.
2. Sikh: Phulkari embroidery.
3. Buddhists: Thangka paintings
Other announcements
Hamari Darohar

to preserve rich heritage of minority Indian culture

Nai Manzil

to give Skill training Madrasa passouts, to help them find job/business in mainstream.

Khwaza Garib
Nawaz

Maulana Azad Education Foundation (MAEF) will setup this Senior secondary school at
Ajmer.

[Act 2] SC/ST/OBC
First Census 2011 data and ranking

Areas without SC/ST population

Census counts SC only in Hindu. No religion bar for ST though.
NO SC

NO ST

1. Arunachal Pradesh

1. Punjab

2. Nagaland

2. Chandigarh

3. Lakshadweep

3. Haryana

4. A&N Islands

4. Delhi
5. Pondicherry

list made under article 341

Art. 342

% SC Population: Top 5 & Bottom 5

SC %: Top 5

Bottom 5

1. Punjab

1. Mizoram (lowest)

2. Himachal

2. Meghalaya

3. West Bengal

3. Goa

4. Uttar Pradesh

4. D & N Haveli

5. Haryana

5. Daman & Diu

% ST Population: Top 5 & Bottom 5

ST %: Top 5

Bottom 5

1. Lakshadweep

1. Uttar Pradesh (lowest)

2. Mizoram

2. Tamil Nadu

3. Nagaland

3. Bihar

4. Meghalaya

4. Kerala

5. Arunachal

5. Uttarakhand

We can even prepare separate rankings based on Absolute numbers, only states, no UTbut then cost
benefit declines because hard to memorize so much data.
So moving on:

Schemes
1. Previous schemes available at: wp.me/p2tsJl-1II
2. Again, Im not repeating them here because cost: benefit is bad. Majority of them deal with scholarship
and finance corporations. In recent times, hardly any MCQs seen from that genre in any competitive exam.
Prime study focus should be on Constitutional provisions.
3. Therefore, lets directly jump to new schemes

(SC) Entrepreneur fund

Under IFCI [Industrial Finance Corporation of India]
To promote entrepreneurship among SC theyll receive loans @concessional rates.
Interim budget had given 200 crores, new General budget gave another 200 crores.

(ST) Van Bandhu Kalyan Yojana

NDA Government yet to work out details. But earlier CM Modi had launched a scheme with same name, in
Gujarat. So lets check the salient features of that Gujarat Scheme.
Officially called: Chief ministers 10 point program for Scheduled Tribes

1. Employment 5 lakh Tribal families

6. Safe Drinking water

2. Education- ITI, Hostel in tribal tehsil

7. Irrigation, watershed

3. Economy: market linkage

8. All weather roads (to habitats with population of

250 or more)

4. Health: Chiranjivi Yojana, medical camps for

anemia etc.
5. Housing for all tribal families

9. 24/7 electricity
10. Urban Development, broadband connectivity in
tribal tehsils

(ST) Minor Forest produce

NAME

Mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) through MSP

WHO

Tribal ministry, 2013 via Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Limited
(TRIFED)

WHAT?

Government announces Minimum support price (MSP) for 12 minor forest produce and herbal
medicinal plants.
Fund for infrastructure Development, knowledge base, market intelligence sharing.

List of Minor forest produce under this scheme

1. Tendu

5. Sal Seed

9. myrobalan (Amla)

2. Bamboo

6. Lac

10. Tamarind

3. Mahuwa Seed

7. Chironjee

11. gums

4. Sal Leaf

8. wild honey

12. Karanj.

(OBC) JAT OBC status

2014: Jats were included in the central OBC list, thereby eligible for reservation in central government jobs
and admissions.
But keep in mind that OBC status depends on domicile.
Therefore, only Jats domiciled in from following nine states are eligible: Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Rajasthan.
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) had advised government not to give them OBC
status.

[Act 3] Physically challenged

There are many existing schemes & organization: ALIMCO, DDRS, DDRC, Jaipur foot etc. but as I explained
earlier- cost benefit is bad. Still, if you want to check visit wp.me/p2tsJl-1JF

Adip (existing scheme)

WHO

Ministry of Social justice and Empowerment

WHAT?

Money for purchasing aids/devices for Physically challenged.

Budget-2014

Will give fund for modern/contemporary devices.

Visually challenged (VC): budget 2014

India has worlds largest population of visually challenged people. More than 2 crores.
Will setup 15 new braille presses, to meet demand of books for VC.
Will modernize 10 existing presses.
Currency notes with Braille like signs for easy identification.

Currency: Existing Shapes for blind

note

shape in the middle of left side

Rs.1000

Diamond

Rs.500

Round

Rs.100

Triangle

Rs.50

Square

Rs.20

Rectangle

Rs.10

No Shape

Rs.5

No Shape

Plastic Notes
Current paper currency is printed on Cotton Fibre paper.
RBI plans to introduce Polymer plastic notes of Rs.10
Pilot testing will be done in five cities Kochi, Mysore, Jaipur, Shimla and Bhubaneswar selected for
their different climate conditions.
Benefits: longer life span (5 years), difficult to counterfeit, stain proof, tear proof, cheaper to produce.
Australia: first country to introduce plastic notes.
Timeframe to introduce plastic notes: India (2015), UK (2016)

PH: New institutions (Budget 2014)

1. Universal inclusive design institution- for construction of disabled friendly building, public transport and
civic amnesties.
2. National mental health rehabilitation institute.
3. Centre for disability sports.

WIPOs Marrakesh Treaty

Copyright doesnt apply IF book is reproduced for visually challenged (VC) people i.e. in Braille language,
audiobooks etc.
Even permits cross-border exchange and translation of such books for the benefit of VC.
BUT with conditions: only non-profit purpose, have to get license from national bodies.
2014: India signed and ratified this treaty.
more details on WIPO: wp.me/p2tsJl-1gC

[Act 4] Elderly & social security

1. Existing Sarkaari Insurance schemes: wp.me/p2tsJl-1Dv. (Ill cover Insurance FDI, PFRDA, NPS,
Swavlamban etc under Chapter 5 financial intermediaries).
2. Social security, EPFO, ESIC, factories act etc: wp.me/p2tsJl-gs
Lets directly move to:
Budget 2014: new announcements
Varishtha Pension
BIMA Yojana

for those aged 60 and above

Scheme validity only 1 year from 15 th August 2014.

Unclaimed Money

Lot of money lying in PPF, Post office Savings- it belongs to senior citizens who did
not give proper payment instructions before their death.
Budget 2014 promised a committee on how to use this unclaimed money for
welfare of other senior citizens.

EPFO reforms in Budget 2014

1. Promised Minimum Rs.1000 pension per month, to all subscribers.
2. All workers whose basic pay is upto Rs.15,000- theyll have to compulsorily join EPS scheme.
3. Meaning theyll have to contribute 12% of basic in provident fund and their employer will also have to
contribute 12%.
4. Earlier this ceiling was 6500. Thus, now more workers will be covered in this social security net.
5. Uniform Account Number (UAN)- so you dont have to open a new EPFO account every time you switch
jobs.

[Act 5] Sports
Budget 2014 announcements
Training

Will setup National level sports academies across India. Theyll Will train potential
champions from junior level
100 cr. For training our athletes for ASIAN and commonwealth games.

New
institutions

Sports University at Manipur (100 cr)

Centre for Disability sports. (location undecided)

J&K

indoor and outdoor sports stadiums (200cr.)

Itll help prevent extremists influence on youth.

Himalayan
sports

Will host games to unique Himalayan sports; will Invite Nepal, Bhutan and hill states.

Related: PIN-2014: Sports, venues, mascots and awards: wp.me/p2tsJl-2Dz

[Act 6] Defense: One Rank One pension

2006: UPA government modified pension rules for defense services
As a result, a serviceman retiring after 2006 would receive bigger pension than someone retired before
2006.
Even if both were in same rank and had spent same number of years in service!
Therefore, defense personnel were demanding one rank one pension.
Both Interim budget and General budget 2014 made additional funding for this.
Defense: Budget 2014 announcements-some fodder for GS3.
Numbers not important
1. War memorial for defense forces at Princes park, Delhi

2. Police memorial: Location yet to be decided

100 cr

50 cr

3. Socio-economic Development of border villages

1000 cr

4. Rail connectivity to border areas

5. Research fund. Money will be given to PSU, private companies and universities

3000 cr

7. Internal security

5000 cr

8. Capital assets for defense

Related Topics (Click on the links)

1. PIN 2014: Defense related persons / terms in News.
2. Defense compilation for static information on various forces, missiles, weapons etc.

Appendix
Once in a while, UPSC asks human geography question about Tribe vs location.
Tribals: Andaman vs Nicobar
Nicobar: Mongoloid Tribes

1. Great Andamanese

1. Nicobarese

2. Onge

2. Shompens

3. Jarawa
4. Sentinalese

Primitive Tribal groups of India (75)

Government calls them Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs) (2006 onwards)
Andhra Pradesh

100 cr

150 cr

6. Marine police station, boats

Andaman: Negrito Tribes

990 cr

Odisha

1. Bodo Gadaba

1. Birhor

2. Bondo Poroja

2. Bondo

3. Chenchu

3. Didayi

4. Dongria Khond

4. Dongria-Khond

5. Gutob Gadaba

5. Juangs

6. Khond Poroja

6. Kharias

7. Kolam

7. Kutia Kondh

8. Kondareddis

8. Lanjia Sauras

9. Konda Savaras

9. Lodhas

10. Kutia Khond

10. Mankidias

11. Parengi Poroja

11. Paudi Bhuyans

12. Thoti

12. Soura
13. Chuktia Bhunjia

MP+Chattisgarh

Bihar+Jharkhand

1. Abujh Marias

1. Asurs

2. Baigas

2. Birhor

3. Bharias

3. Birjia

4. Hill Korbas

4. Hill Kharia

5. Kamars

5. Korwas

6. Saharias

6. Mal Paharia

7. Birhor

7. Parhaiyas
8. Sauria Paharia
9. Savar

Gujarat

Kerala

1. Kathodi

1. Cholanaikayan

2. Kotwalia

2. Kadar

3. Padhar

3. Kattunayakan

4. Siddi

4. Kurumbas

5. Kolgha

5. Koraga

Karnataka

UP+Uttaranchal

1. Jenu Kuruba

1. Buxas

2. Koraga

2. Rajis

Maharashtra

WB

1. Katkaria (Kathodia)

1. Birhor

2. Kolam

2. Lodhas

3. Maria Gond

3. Totos

Tamilnadu

Andaman Nicobar

1. Kattu Nayakans

1. Great Andamanese

2. Kotas

2. Jarawas

3. Kurumbas

3. Onges

4. Irulas

4. Sentinelese

5. Paniyans

5. Shom Pens

6. Todas

Finally, states with only 1 Primitive tribal group each

Manipur

Marram Nagas

Rajasthan

Seharias

Tripura

Reangs