Past & Present Insulin Injection For Diabetes

Introduction:
Insulin injection is used to control blood sugar in people who have type 1 diabetes
(condition in which the body does not make insulin and therefore cannot control the
amount of sugar in the blood) or in people who have type 2 diabetes (condition in
which the blood sugar is too high because the body does not produce or use insulin
normally) that cannot be controlled with oral medications alone. Insulin injection is
in a class of medications called hormones. Insulin injection is used to take the place
of insulin that is normally produced by the body. It works by helping move sugar
from the blood into other body tissues where it is used for energy. It also stops the
liver from producing more sugar. All of the types of insulin that are available work in
this way. The types of insulin differ only in how quickly they begin to work and how
long they continue to control blood sugar.
Over time, people who have diabetes and high blood sugar can develop serious or
life-threatening complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney problems,
nerve damage, and eye problems. Using medication(s), making lifestyle changes
(e.g., diet, exercise, quitting smoking), and regularly checking your blood sugar may
help to manage your diabetes and improve your health. This therapy may also
decrease your chances of having a heart attack, stroke, or other diabetes-related
complications such as kidney failure, nerve damage (numb, cold legs or feet;
decreased sexual ability in men and women), eye problems, including changes or
loss of vision, or gum disease. Your doctor and other healthcare providers will talk to
you about the best way to manage your diabetes.
Medicos:
Company: Getz Pharma
Injection Name: Insulin
Company: Novortis
Injection Name: Mixtard

Future Innovations: INSULIN PUMPS

The main goal of managing your diabetes is controlling your blood glucose levels to
reduce the risk of complications related to diabetes. Insulin pumps are one of the
newer tools to help you do that. With an insulin pump, you can more easily match
your insulin needs with your lifestyle. Rather than having several insulin shots each
day, the insulin pump delivers insulin through a small, short tubing the patient
places just under the skin every three days.
The insulin pump is about the size of a pager and can be worn in a pocket or on a
belt so it's simpler to exercise, sleep and snack with it. The pump makes it easier to
manage illness, hormone changes and the effects of certain medications. The pump
delivers a more precise dose of insulin, reduces severe low blood glucose episodes,
eliminates the unpredictable effects of long- or intermediate-acting insulin, and
causes fewer swings in blood glucose levels.
Our experienced team has expertise in the management of insulin pumps and can
assist you in seeking Medicare or other insurance coverage for insulin pumps.
Company: Sanof
Lantus is the name of insulin pump.

5 innovative new solutions for treating diabetes

Drugs that mimic beneficial bacteria found in the human gut, implantable and
incision less weight loss devices and stem cells that restore pancreatic function. If
the world is going to make a dent in the diabetes epidemic, itll require innovative
approaches like those mentioned above and more. Solutions to the whole body
problem of diabetes are coming from a wide variety of sources: the chairman of
Whole Foods, innovative but largely unknown startups, entrenched industry giants
and stem cell researchers, for example.

Developments in Diabetic Treatment

The following innovations in the treatment of diabetes provide some hope of
lowering blood sugar levels and the economic toll of this costly and chronic
condition.

Gut bacteria: The gut is home to trillions of bacteria, some of which can improve
or worsen insulin resistance in mice and perhaps humans. Plus, certain types of
bacteria are more often found in the guts of lean or obese mice. If researchers can

figure out which bacterial species in the gut

pathogenic, they might be able to reduce diabetes
It may be possible to develop drugs that mimic
bacteria found in lean peoples guts, or inhibit
resistance and diabetes.

are beneficial and which are

or even cure it, Nature reported.
the chemicals produced by the
molecules that lead to insulin

Nu Me Health, co-founded by the chairman of Whole Foods Market, is developing a

proprietary blend of prebiotics and other natural, plant-derived ingredients that are
designed to alter the composition of the bacteria living in the gastrointestinal tract
in order to help people with pre diabetes maintain healthy blood glucose levels and
body weight.

Incision less, implantable devices: Medical device startup Endo Sphere has
developed an incision less, anti-obesity device that could be used to treat diabetics.
The device recently received the CE mark, and works by slowing the passage of
food through the duodenum, the upper part of the smaller intestine that breaks
down food. Because food is in contact with the duodenum for a longer time, the
device essentially fools the body into thinking that its consumed more food than it
actually has. Its implanted with an endoscope in a quick procedure and can be
removed just as easily. Meta Modix also appears to be developing a device based on
a similar approach.

Stem cells: Research published earlier this year in the journal BMC Medicine
details a treatment that uses stem cells from cord blood to re-educate a diabetics
own immune system cells and restore pancreatic function, allowing the pancreas to
start producing insulin and reducing the need for the drug. The concept is very
intriguing, and the treatment seems to be so simple and so safe, a University of
Miami diabetes researcher told USA Today. The study was led by a University of
Illinois at Chicago professor, who cautioned that it involved only 15 Chinese people
and future studies would need to involve a much wider, more diverse patient
population.

Smart blood glucose meter: There are plenty of glucose meters in

development that wirelessly transmit blood glucose data to health providers, but a
company called Hygieia is going a step further. The company is developing a device
that uses proprietary software to generate recommendations on how diabetes
patients should adjust their insulin dosages. A physician sets up the device and then
patients take it home, and use it to measure their blood glucose levels. The software
in the device analyzes patterns in those measurements and generates insulin
dosage recommendations. The device would represent a cheaper alternative to
diabetics than in-office tests and physician visits. Its scheduled to be rolled out in
the United Kingdom later this year.

Artifcial pancreas: The artificial pancreas is often regarded as the Holy Grail of
diabetes treatment. Ideally, the artificial pancreas would be a small, portable

closed-loop system comprising a continuous glucose monitor, an insulin pump

capable of delivering precise amounts of insulin and a computer algorithm to tell
that pump just how much insulin to deliver based on blood sugar levels. The closest
thing we have now to the artificial pancreas is Medtronics MiniMed Paradigm Veo,
which is available in Europe but not the U.S.
That device comes with an insulin pump, a built-in continuous glucose monitor and
personal therapy management software. A key feature is its Low Glucose
Suspend (LGS) automation, which stops the pump from delivering insulin for two
hours when a patients blood sugar level gets too low. The next key step in the
quest for the artificial pancreas involves integrating an insulin-delivery algorithm
and associated automation with the rest of the technology.

Medicine Trials:
Animals:
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in
vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments (although some
research about animals involves only natural behaviors or pure observation, such as
a mouse running a maze or field studies of chimp troops). The research is usually
conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense
establishments, and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to
industry. It includes pure research (such as genetics,developmental biology,
and behavioral studies) as well as applied research (such as biomedical
research, xenotransplantation, drug testing, studies of breeding, defense research,
and toxicology tests, including cosmetics testing). In education, animal testing is
sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses. The practice is regulated
to varying degrees in different countries.
Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animalsfrom zebrafish to
non-human primatesranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million
used annually. Invertebrates, mice, rats, birds, fish, frogs, and animals not yet
weaned are not included in the figures in the United States; one estimate of mice
and rats used in the US alone in 2001 was 80 million. Most animals
are euthanized after being used in an experiment. Sources of laboratory
animals vary between countries and species; most animals are purpose-bred, while
a minority are caught in the wild or supplied by dealers who obtain them from
auctions and pounds

Healthy Humans:
Phase I studies assess the safety of a drug or device. This initial phase of
testing, which can take several months to complete, usually includes a small
number of healthy volunteers (20 to 100), who are generally paid for

participating in the study. The study is designed to determine the effects of

the drug or device on humans including how it is absorbed, metabolized, and
excreted. This phase also investigates the side effects that occur as dosage
levels are increased. About 70% of experimental drugs pass this phase of
testing.
Phase II studies test the efficacy of a drug or device. This second phase of
testing can last from several months to two years, and involves up to several
hundred patients. Most phase II studies are randomized trials where one
group of patients receives the experimental drug, while a second "control"
group receives a standard treatment or placebo. Often these studies are
"blinded" which means that neither the patients nor the researchers know
who has received the experimental drug. This allows investigators to provide
the pharmaceutical company and the FDA with comparative information
about the relative safety and effectiveness of the new drug. About one-third
of experimental drugs successfully complete both Phase I and Phase II
studies.
Phase III studies involve randomized and blind testing in several hundred to
several thousand patients. This large-scale testing, which can last several
years, provides the pharmaceutical company and the FDA with a more
thorough understanding of the effectiveness of the drug or device, the
benefits and the range of possible adverse reactions. 70% to 90% of drugs
that enter Phase III studies successfully complete this phase of testing. Once
Phase III is complete, a pharmaceutical company can request FDA approval
for marketing the drug.

Market:
Conducted after a drug or device has been approved for consumer sale.
Pharmaceutical companies have several objectives at this stage: (1) to
compare a drug with other drugs already in the market; (2) to monitor a
drug's long-term effectiveness and impact on a patient's quality of life; and
(3) to determine the cost-effectiveness of a drug therapy relative to other
traditional and new therapies. Phase IV studies can result in a drug or device
being taken off the market or restrictions of use could be placed on the
product depending on the findings in the study.