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Earthquake
EARTHQUAKE &
VOLCANO
CareerIAS.in
Features of Earthquake
Earthquake Zones
Volcano and its Types
Hotspot
An earthquake is the
perceptible shaking of the
surface of the Earth,
resulting from the sudden
release of energy in the
Earth's crust that creates
seismic waves.
Introduction
An earthquake is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of
energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
Earthquake intensity is measured on the modified Mercalli scale, which ranges from one to 12, depending
upon the intensity.
Earthquake magnitude is measured on the Richter scale (named after the seismologist who devised it),
which rates them on a scale of one to nine.
Earthquakes waves are transmitted through materials in Earth and along Earths Surface. Earthquake waves
are called seismic waves.
In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event whether natural or
caused by humans that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of
geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear
tests.
Earthquake features
There are three main stages to an earthquake:
Foreshocks relate to the initial shattering of obstructions or bonds along the failure plane.
Principal shock is the most severe shock. It may last from just a few seconds to a couple of minutes.
Aftershocks recur as the shockwaves travel around the Earth. They generally decrease in frequency and
intensity over time, but may occur over a period of several days to several months. They have great potential to
cause damage, as structures have already been weakened by the principal shock.
Zone 5
Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risks zone that suffers earthquakes of intensity MSK IX or greater.
Structural designers use this factor for earthquake resistant design of structures in Zone 5.
It is referred to as the Very High Damage Risk Zone. The region of Kashmir, the western and central Himalayas,
North and Middle Bihar, the North-East Indian region and the Rann of Kutch fall in this zone.
Zone 4
This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII.
The Indo-Gangetic basin and the capital of the country (Delhi), Jammu and Kashmir
fall in Zone 4. In Maharashtra, the Patan area (Koyananager) is also in zone no-4.
In Bihar the northern part of the state like- Raksaul, Near the border of India and Nepal, is also in zone no-4.
Zone 3
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western Himalayas fall under this zone. This zone is
classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII. and also 7.8
Zone 2
This region is liable to MSK VI or less and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone.
Volcano
A volcano is a rupture on the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash,
and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Where does magma come from?
Earths crust is so cool that its brittle. Nevertheless, hot, melted rock makes its way to Earths surface and
comes out of volcanoes as lava. What makes rock melt so that it becomes magma and then explodes out onto
Earths surface?
Temperature
You know that heating ice, butter, and a lot of other solids will make them melt. At high enough
temperatures, solid rock will melt too. However, the lithosphere is not hot enough to melt rock.
Pressure and water
There are two other ways to make rock melt that are very important. One way is to reduce the pressure. The
other way is to mix water with the hot rock. The conditions needed to melt rock are very special and they exist
inside our planet.
Hotspot
"Hotspots" is the name given to volcanic areas believed to be formed by mantle plumes, which are
hypothesized to be columns of hot material rising from the core-mantle boundary in a fixed space that causes
large-volume melting. Because tectonic plates move across them, each volcano becomes dormant and is
eventually reformed as the plate advances over the postulated plume.
Types of Volcanoes
Cinder cone volcanoes
also called scoria conesare the most common type of volcano and
are the symmetrical cone shaped volcanoes we typically think of.
They may occur as single volcanoes or as secondary volcanoes on
the sides of stratovolcanoes or shieldvolcanoes.
Shield volcano
A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost
entirely of fluid magma flows. This is caused by the
highly fluid lava they erupt, which travels farther than
lava erupted from strato volcanoes. This results in the
steady accumulation of broad sheets of lava, building up
the shield volcano's distinctive form.
Fissure Volcano
fissure vent, also known as a volcanic fissure or
eruption fissure, is a linear volcanic vent through
which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity.
The vent is often a few meters wide and may be many
kilometers long. Fissure vents can cause large flood
basalts which run first in lava channels and later in
lava tubes.
Caldera Volcano
A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature on large central volcanoes, a special sort of volcanic crater
(from one to several kilometers in diameter), formed when a magma chamber was emptied. The
depression then originated either in very big explosive eruptions or in erosion and collapse of the magma
chamber roof. The previous emptying of this magma chamber is often accomplished during a series of
effusive eruptions in the volcanic system, even kilometers away from the magma chamber itself.