Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

EXERCISE (1)

VECTOR ANALYSIS
1. Write the following in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates:
Gradient of a scalar function .
Divergence of a vector A .
Curl of a vector A .
2. Calculate the curl and divergence of the following vector

x
A = sin( ). a x

3. If the vector A in the previous problem is equal to the gradient of a scalar ,

calculate the value of .
4. Calculate the curl and divergence of the following vector

x
A = sin( ). a y

5. Calculate in cylindrical coordinates the curl and divergence of the following

vector

A=

1
.a r
2
r

6. Calculate in cylindrical coordinates the curl and divergence of the following

vector

A=

1
.a
r2

7. Calculate the curl of the vector

A = (

cos() jkr
sin() jkr
. e ). a r + (
. e ). a
r
r
1-1

8. Calculate the magnetic field intensity H , if

H=

1
. curl(A )

where A is the same as in the previous problem.

9. Calculate the electric field intensity in free space if the magnetic field intensity H .
is

H = H m .sin().(

k jkr
1
j
+
). e . a
r2
r

10. If the power flux density of a spherical wave is

S=

1
.a r
r2

calculate the power at a distance "a" if the source is located at r = 0.

11. Starting from Maxwells equations, derive Poyntings theorem:

Ps = Pf + Pd av + j 2 (Wm av - We av )
and interpret each term (assume the fields to vary sinusoidaly)

2 + 2 =

12. Derive the scalar wave equation

.E =

starting with
13. a) Show that =

Ce jr

r
satisfies + = 0 at all points except the origin.
2
2
b) By integrating + = ( x ).( y).( z )
2

Ce j r
over a small volume containing the origin, substituting with =
,
r
e j r
1
and letting r approach zero, show that C = 4 , thus proving that =
4r
B e st W ish e s,
P r o f. N a g d a E l - M e n y a w y
Eng. Maged Ghoneima

1-2

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

EXERCISE (2)
1. For a z-directed element I.z in free space and located at the origin of a spherical
coordinate system

a) Calculate the complex Poynting vector in the general case where r can
be in the near field.
b) Then find the expression for the time-average power flowing out through a
sphere of radius r enclosing the current element

2. Show that the electric field for the ideal dipole is

I. z
1
1
e jr
E=
. j.[1 +

].
sin( ).a
4
j r ( r ) 2
r
I.z
1
1 e j r
+
..[ j 2 ].
cos().a r
2
r
r
r

3. A center-fed dipole antenna with a z-directed current has an electrical length of

L/ << 1/36.
a) Show that the current distribution may be assumed to be triangular in form
b) Find the components of the vector magnetic potential A

4. A dipole antenna of length 5 cm is operated at a frequency of 100 MHz with

terminal current Io = 120 mA. At time t = 1 sec, angle = 45, and distance r = 3
cm, find
a) Er
b) E
c) H
Assume that the current to be uniform along the entire length

2-1

5. For the dipole antenna of problem 4, at a distance r = 100m, use the general
expression to find:
a) Er
b) E
c) H
Compare these results to those obtained using the far field expressions.

6. For the dipole of problem 4, at a distance 1 m, use the general expressions to find:
a) Er
b) E
c) H
Compare these results to those obtained using the near field expressions.

7. a) Find the power radiated by a 10 - cm dipole antenna operated at 50 MHz with an

average current of 5 mA.
b) How much (average) current would be needed to radiate a power of 1 W?

Best Wishes,
Prof. Nagda El-Minyawy
Eng. Maged Ghoneima

2-2

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

EXERCISE (3)
1. Using the inner boundary of the far-field to be rFF = 2L2/ for a linear antenna of
length L, find rFF for the following three antennas : L = 5, a half-wavelength
dipole L = /2 and a short dipole L = 0.01 .
Is the far field boundary you have computed valid for each of these dipoles ? If
not, then why?
2. A power pattern is given by |cosn | for 0 /2 and is zero for /2 .
(a) Calculate the directivity for n = 1, 2, and 3.
(b) Find the HP values in degrees for each n.
(c) Sketch the patterns for the n values on one polar plot and comment on them.
(d) Explain the directivity value for the case of n = 0.
3. An antenna has a far-field pattern which is independent of but which varies with
as follows:

0
F = 0 .5
0

0 .707

for

0 o 30 o

for 30 o 60 o
60 o 120 o
for 120 o 150 o
for 1500 o 180 o
for

Find the directivity. Also find the directivity in the direction = 90.
4. For a single-lobed pattern the beam solid angle is approximately given by
A = HPE, rad HPH, rad
where HPE, rad and HPH, rad are the half-power beamwidths in radians of the main
beam in the E and H planes, respectively. Show that

41253
HPE ,degHP H ,deg

where HPE, deg and HPH, deg are the half-power beamwidths in degrees of the main
beam in the E and H planes, respectively.
3-1

5. A horn antenna with low side lobes has half-power beamwidths of 29 in both
principal planes. Use the approximate expression in problem 4 to compute the
directivity of the horn in decibels.
6. A sector pattern has uniform radiation intensity over a specified angular region and
is zero elsewhere. An example is

1
F() =
0

<< +
2
2
elsewhere

Derive an expression for the directivity corresponding to this pattern.

7. Compute the gain of an antenna which has a radiation efficiency of 95 % and the
following radiation pattern

F() = 0 .707
0

0 o 20 o

, 20 o 120 o
, 120 o 180 o

8. Draw the field pattern of the following radiations and calculate their directivities :
a. sin()
b. (1-cos())
c. sin2()
9. The normalized field pattern of the main beam of a conical horn antenna mounted
on an infinite ground plane with the direction of propagation normal to the aperture
plane, is given by
F( , ) =

2 J 1 ( ka .sin( ))
ka .sin( )

where k=2/ , a is the radius of the aperture . If a = , find the half-power beam
width
10. Find the half-power beamwidth of the uniform line whose pattern factor f() is
l
sin[( ). cos( )]
2
f ( ) =
, where l =
l
( ). cos( )
2
Best Wishes,
Prof. Nagda El-Minyawy
Eng. Maged Ghoneima
3-2

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

EXERCISE (4)

1. Two z-directed Hertzian

dipoles are in phase and
a distance d apart as
shown in figure. Obtain
the radiation intensity in
the direction (, ).

z
P
r

r2

I.dl

r1
I.dl

x
d

2. The far electric field of two Hertzian dipoles at right angles to each other fed by
equal amplitude currents with a 90 phase difference is

E=

j I(dl) j r
e [(sin j cos . cos )a + ( j sin )a ]
4r

Find (a) the far-zone magnetic field,

(b) the radiation intensity,
(c) the power radiated,
(d) the directivity, and
(e) D(,).

3. A 2 cm long dipole made of 6.35 mm (0.25) diameter aluminum is operated at 500

kHz. Compute its radiation efficiency, assuming:
a) The current is uniform.
b) The current distribution is triangular.

4. Find the radiation efficiency of an isolated Hertzian dipole made of a metal wire of
radius a, length d, and conductivity . If the length of the Hertzian dipole is 2 cm
and operates at 1 MHz. Find the radiation efficiency if the metal wire is made of
copper (c = 57 MS/m), r = 1 and the radius a = 1 mm.

4-1

5. An antenna measured at a distance of 500 m is found to have a far-field pattern of

| E | = Eo (sin()) 1.5
with no dependence. If Eo = 1 V/m and Io = 650 mA, find the radiation
resistance of this antenna.

6. The amplitude of the time-harmonic current distribution on a center fed dipole

antenna of length 2h (h << ) can be approximated by a triangular function
I(z) = Io (1 - |z|/h)
Find : (a) the far-zone electric and magnetic field intensities.
(b) the radiation resistance, and
(c) the directivity.

7. The instantaneous electric field components of elliptically polarized wave are

x = E1 cos(t - z)
and
y = E2 cos(t - z +)
Specify E1, E2 and for the following polarizations:
a) Linear with E1 0 and E2 0.
b) Right circular.
c) Left circular
d) Elliptical with E1 = E2.
e) Elliptical with = 90
8. The electric field of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave given by
Ei = Eo(x,y) ejkz ax
is incident upon a linearly polarized antenna whose electric field polarization can be
expressed as
Ea = (ax + ay) E(r,,)
Find the polarization loss factor (PLF).

Best Wishes,
Prof. Nagda El-Minyawy
Eng. Maged Ghoneima
4-2

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

EXERCISE (5)
1. Calculate and plot the radiation pattern F() for a half-wave dipole for 0 180
in linear and polar form.
2. Show that the ohmic resistance of half wave dipole is given by

Rs
2 a 4
L/2
1 Rs
2
=
I(z ) dz
2

I A 2 a L / 2

R ohmic =
where

R ohmic = 2

Pohmic
IA

3. Use the results of problem 2 to calculate the radiation efficiency of a half-wave

dipole at 100 MHz, if it is made of an aluminum wire of 6.35 mm diameter. Assume
the radiation resistance to be 70.
4. Find the directivity of a half-wavelength dipole.
5. A half-wavelength dipole with a total loss resistance of 1 is connected to a
generator whose internal resistance is 50 + j25 . Assuming that the peak voltage of
the generator is 2V and the dipole impedance is 73 + j42.5 , find the:
a) power supplied by the source,
b) the power radiated by the antenna,
c) the power dissipated by the antenna.
6. Assume a sinusoidal current distribution on a center-fed, thin straight half wave
dipole. Find the effective length. What is its maximum value ?
7. Show that the image theory model for an ideal dipole parallel to a perfect ground
plane yields zero tangential electric field along the ground plane.
8. A thin quarter-wavelength vertical antenna over a perfectly conducting ground is
excited by a sinusoidal source at its base. Find its radiation pattern, radiation
resistance and directivity.
9. A doublet of length L = /50 is placed vertically above the ground at a height a
h=2. Derive an equation for its field pattern. Repeat for the case when the
doublet is placed horizontally at the same height.
Best Wishes,
Prof. Nagda El-Minyawy
Eng. Maged Ghoneima
5-1

Problem (5):
A half-wavelength dipole with a total loss resistance of one ohm is connected to a
generator whose internal resistance is 50 + j25 . Assuming that the peak voltage of
the generator is 2 V, and the dipole impedance 73 + j42.5 , find the power supplied
by the source , the power radiated by the antenna, and the power dissipated by the
antenna.
Solution:
The current passing in the equivalent
circuit shown aside is
Zs
I=

V
2
=
Z 124 + j67.5
o

I = 14.17 |-28.5

ZL

I
Vs

Zr

mA (peak)

Thus the power consumed by the antenna is

PD = |I|2(RL + Rr ) = (14.17x10-3) (73 + 1) = 7.42 mW
and the power radiated by the antenna is
Pr = |I|2 Rr = (14.17x10-3) x 73 = 7.33 mW
while the power supplied by the source is
PS = Re { V . I* } = 12.43 mW

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

EXERCISE (6)
1. A single turn circular loop 15 cm in radius is made of 3 mm diameter copper wire.
Calculate the radiation resistance, ohmic resistance, input impedance, and radiation
efficiency at 1 MHz.
2. An AM broadcast receiver operating at 1 MHz uses a loop stick antenna with 500
turns of copper ( = 5.7 x 107 S/m) wire whose diameter is 0.255 mm, dc
resistance per unit length is 32.06 /100m around a core of ferrite with eff = 38
and cross section that is 1 cm x 3 mm. Find the radiation resistance and the
radiation efficiency neglecting ferrite core losses.
3. A half wave dipole has a directivity of 2.15 dB. Derive an expression for its
maximum effective aperture in terms wavelength squared.
4. Suppose a transmitting antenna produces a maximum far zone electric field in a
certain direction given by

E = 90

e jr
r

where I is the peak value of the terminal current. The input resistance of the
lossless antenna is 50 . Find the maximum effective aperture of the antenna Aem.
5. A parabolic reflector antenna with a circular aperture of 3.66 m diameter has a
6.3m2 effective aperture area. Compute the gain in dB at 11.7 GHz.
6. Compute the gain in dB of a 0.3 m diameter antenna with 70% aperture are
efficiency at 5, 10, and 20 GHz.
7. Reception of high quality television channels at home with an inexpensive, small
terminal is the result of technology development, including new antenna designs.
The typical system transmits from 12.2 to 12.7 GHz with 120 W of power and an
EIRP of 55 dBW in each 24 MHz transponder that handles several compressed
digital video channels. The receiving system uses a 0.46 m (18)diameter offset
fed reflector antenna. Calculate the received power.
8. A 150 MHz VHF transmitter delivers 20 W into an antenna with 10 dB gain.
Compute the power in W available from a 3 dB gain receiving antenna 20 km
away.

6-1

9. A cellular telephone base station transmitter 850 MHz delivers 20 W into a 10 dB

gain antenna. Compute the power in W available from a 3 dB gain mobile-receiving
receiving antenna 20 km away.
10. This problem compares the performance of the wireless system of problem 8 to
wire line systems using coaxial and fiber optic cables.
a) Compute the coaxial cable loss in dB for the 50 km distance using an
attenuation of 0.1 dB/m
b) What is the net loss of the wireless system of problem 8? That is, find the
net loss between the transmit and receive antenna input ports.
c) Would repeater amplifiers be necessary in the cable system?
d) Repeat (a) and (b) for the case of a 500 m path length.
e) Repeat (a) and (b) for a 500 m path at 300 MHz for a cable attenuation of
0.14 dB/m. The antenna gains are the same.
f) Compute the loss in dB for distances of 50 km and 500m of a fiber optic
cable with an attenuation of 1 dB/km.
g) Tabulate numerical results.
11.

An FM broadcast radio station has a 2 dB gain antenna system and 100 kW of

transmit power. Calculate the effective isotropically radiated power in kW

12. It is often stated that operating a communication link at a higher frequency permits
the use of smaller diameter antennas. To address this question in a specific way,
suppose the operating frequency of the link is doubled. The transmit and receive
antennas are of the same diameters and there are no change in efficiencies, the
propagation medium, or the transmit power. How much does the received power
increase or decrease after the frequency is doubled?

Best Wishes,
Prof. Nagda El-Minyawy
Eng. Maged Ghoneima

6-2

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

EXERCISE (7)

ARRAYS
1. An array of 10 isotropic elements are placed along the z-axis a distance d apart.
Assuming uniform distribution, find the progressive phase ( in degrees ) , FNBW ,
S.L.L. and directivity for :
a. a broadside
b. an ordinary end-fire
array when the spacing between the elements d = /4 . Calculate and plot the field
pattern in each case.
2. a) A ten element array is arranged for end-fire radiation by spacing the elements by
/4 and passing the current such that each succeeding element carries a current
that lags by 90o . Find the FNBW.
b) In order to improve the directivity, the phase lag is increased to 108o . Find the
FNBW.
3. A uniform linear array of elements with inter-element spacing of 0.45. Find the
progressive phase of the excitations that result in a main beam pointing at 60o with
the array. Sketch the field pattern.
4. Find the Tschebyscheff current distribution for an array of 6 point sources. The
spacing between elements is /4, and the side lobe level is to be 40 dB.
a) Calculate the nulls and the approximate maxima of the minor lobes.
b) Approximately plot the normalized field pattern.
5. Calculate the relative current distribution of a Tschebyscheff array composed of 5
point sources, the spacing is /2, and the S.L.L. = 20 dB . Determine the location
of the nulls and maxima of the side lobes.

Best Wishes,
Dr. Hani Ghali
Eng. Maged Ghoneima
7-1

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

EXERCISE (8)
1. It is desired to place the first maximum of a long wire travelling wave antenna at an
angle 25 from the axis of the wire. For the wire antenna, find the:
a) exact required length.
b) radiation resistance.
c) directivity (in dB).
The wire is radiating into free space.
2. Design a helical antenna with a directivity of 15 dB that is operating that is operating
in the axial mode and whose polarization is nearly circular. The spacing between the
turns is /10. Determine the:
a) Number of turns.
b) Axial ratio , both as a dimensionless ratio and in dB.
c) Directivity (in dB) based on Krauss method. How does it compare with the
desired value?
d) progressive phase shift (in degrees) between the turns to achieve the axial
mode radiation.
Best Wishes,
Prof. Hani Gahli
Eng. Maged Ghoneima

6-1

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

SOLUTION OF EXERCISE (8)

Problem (1):
It is desired to place the first maximum of a long wire travelling wave antenna at an
angle 25 from the axis of the wire. For the wire antenna, find the:
a) exact required length.
b) radiation resistance.
c) directivity (in dB).
The wire is radiating into free space.
Solution:
a)
as F() = cot (/2). sin ( kL.sin2(/2))
As the variations in the sine function of F() are more rapid than those of the
cotangent function, the peaks of the lobes occur approximately when
sin ( kL.sin2(max/2)) = 1
kL.sin2(max/2) = (2m + 1) /2 ,
m = 0, 1, 2,
As it is required that max = 25 then
2 (L/) . (0.0468) = (2m + 1) /2 ,
m = 0, 1, 2,
L/ = 5.34 (2m + 1),
m = 0, 1, 2,
Thus the shortest length to satisfy that max = 25 is L/
= 5.34
4L
)
Zint
2L
4 L

[1.415 + ln( ) Ci (
)+
] = 226
b) R r =
4 L
2

(
)

sin(

c) D =

1
0.371
2 cot 2 [ cos 1 (1
)]
2
L

4L
sin(
)
2L
4L

[1.415 + ln( ) Ci (
)+
]
4L

(
)

= 14.74 = 11.7dB

Problem (2):
Design a helical antenna with a directivity of 15 dB that is operating that is operating in
the axial mode and whose polarization is nearly circular. The spacing between the
turns is /10. Determine the:
a) Number of turns.
b) Axial ratio , both as a dimensionless ratio and in dB.
c) Directivity (in dB) based on Krauss method. How does it compare with the
desired value?
d) progressive phase shift (in degrees) between the turns to achieve the axial
mode radiation.
Solution:
a) let C/ = 1 and as S = /10 & D = 31.63, then from
D 15 N C2 S / 3
N = D 3 / 15 C2 S 21
AR 1 + (1/2N) 1.02

b)
d)

as max = k S cosmax - = 2m

and as axial radiation is required, then max = 0, , and hence the required progressive
phase shift (in degrees) between the turns is given by
= 2m
k S = /5 rad = 36
c) as the field pattern is approx

)
2
AF =

sin( )
2

sin( N )
2 cos( )
F() =

sin( )
2
sin( N

then by trial & error we can find that the HPBW for the axial radiation case of part (d)
is approx. 1.1 radians, then the directivity using Kraus's method
D = 4
/(HPBW)2 = 10.38 = 10.16 dB
This gives 4.4 dB error in the directivity used in part (a). This was expected because
the directivity equation used in part (a) is not valid for the axial radiation case of (d).

90

20

120

60
13.3333

150

30
6.6667

180

210

330

240

300
270

Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering

Antennas
4th Year
2000/2001
2nd Semester

Electronics and Comm. Eng. Dept.

Solution of Control Test (2)

a) Design a Dolph - Tschebyscheff array composed of 5 isotropic elements with 20
dB S.L.L. such that the main beam is pointing 30o from the arrays broadside
direction.
b) Sketch the field pattern when the element spacing (d) is
i) d = /4.
ii) d = .
Note that :
T0(z) = 1
T1(z) = z
Tn (z) = 2z Tn-1(z) - Tn-2(z)
z0 =

1
[( R 0 + R 20 1)1 / P + ( R 0 R 20 1)1 / P ]
2

Solution
If the feeding current to an isotropic
element is I, then its far field radiation can
be expressed by

E = CI

jkr

where C is a constant. It can also be seen

that
r1 = r - d cos()
r2 = r - 2d cos()
r1' = r + d cos()
r2' = r + 2d cos()

j2

I2 e

r1

d
j

I1 e

d
I0
d
I1 e- j

We will also assume a progressive phase

for the current feeding the array
elements. This is necessary to adjust the
max. of the major lobe to be in a direction
other than the broadside direction as

r2

-j2

I2 e

r1'
r2'

required in the problem.

The total electric field of the array is thus

E = CI 2 e j 2

jkr
jkr
jkr
e jkr
e jkr
j e
j e
j2 e
+ CI 1 e
+ CI 0
+ CI 1 e
+ CI 2 e
r2
r1
r
r1'
r2'
2

'
1

'
2

e jkr
E=C
[ I 0 + I1 (e j ( + kd cos ) + e j( + kd cos ) ) + I 2 ( e j 2 ( + kd cos ) + e j 2 ( + kd cos ) )]
r
let 2 = + kd cos(), then

e jkr
E=C
r
e jkr
E=C
r
e jkr
E=C
r
e jkr
E=C
r

[ I 0 + I 1 ( e j 2 + e j 2 ) + I 2 (e j4 + e j4 )]
[ I 0 + 2I1 cos( 2 ) + 2I 2 cos( 4 )]
[ I 0 + 2I1 (2 cos 2 1) + 2I 2 (8 cos 4 8 cos 2 + 1)]
[(16I 2 ) cos 4 + ( 16I 2 + 4I 1 ) cos 2 + (I 0 2I1 + 2I 2 )]

let
z = zm cos()
where
R0 = S.L.L (ratio) = 10S.L.L(dB)/20 = 10
and
zm = Cosh((1/4). Cosh-1(R0)) = 1.293
Hence

e jkr 16I 2 4
16I 2 + 4I1 2
E=C
[( 4 ) z + (
)z + ( I 0 2I 1 + 2I 2 )]
r
zm
z 2m
Comparing the coefficients of the powers of z in this equation with those in the fourth
order Tschebscheff polynomial
T4(z) = 8z4 - 8z2 + 1
we find that

16I 2
=8
z 4m

I2 = 1.398

 16 I 2 + 4I1
= 8
2
zm
I 0 2 I 1 + 2I 2 = 1

I1 = 2.246
I0 = 2.7

Io : I1 : I2 = 1: 0.832 : 0.518
Also as it is desired that major lobe maximum be directed 30o from the broadside
direction, i.e. 60o from the z -axis, then max = 60o or 120o
As max = 0, then
kd cos max + = 0
= 0.5 kd
b)i) d = /4, hence if max = 120o then = /4
90

9.9879

120

60
7.4909

4.994

150

30

2.497

180

210

330

240

300
270

or if max = 60o then = - /4

90

9.9875

120

60
7.4907

4.9938

150

30

2.4969

180

210

330

240

300
270

ii) d = , hence =
90
9.988
120

60
7.491

4.994

150

30

2.497

180

210

330

240

300
270