Mars Surface Outpost-Mission Report

MARS SURFACE OUTPOST
Mars Surface Outpost

Ryan Holloway
Virginia Aerospace Science and Technology Scholars

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SCOPE: Mars Surface Outpost (MSO)
Need: Gain a refined understanding of the solar system and its origins.
Goals:
Determine if life ever arose on Mars.
Characterize the climate of Mars.
Characterize the geology of Mars
("Science - Mars Exploration Program," n.d.).
Objective: Perform scientific research as to the geologic composition of Mars
while searching for evidence of past life and taking measurements of
atmospheric conditions.
Mission: Establish an outpost on the Martian surface devoted to scientific
research of Marss past.
Operational Concepts:
Launch the equipment and machinery required for the outpost
construction in three mission phases: Site Excavation, Habitat Assembly,
and Final Connections.
Autonomous construction of outpost structures (both above and below
ground)
Land cargo shipment at outpost year 2033.
Arrival of crewmembers at outpost in year 2033.
Crew members conduct scientific research while living at the outpost.
Crew supported by cargo shipments every two years.
Crew returns in year 2044.
Assumptions:
Adequate funding from various international partners
All technology requirements are available
Constraints:
Outpost must be fully operational by the year 2035.
Must support a crew of 20 astronauts.
Astronauts must return to Earth by the year 2044.
Authority: MSO to be managed by NASA with foreign cooperation.
Drivers:
Presidential vision for a Mars landing
Private efforts at developing new technologies for missions to Mars.

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Mars Surface Outpost
The Mars Surface Outpost (MSO) will be the first manned mission to Mars.
Designed to be managed by NASA in cooperation with international partners, the MSO
will be a significant step in the development of new technologies and scientific theories.
Additionally, it will play a key role as the fundamental testing ground for outpost
missions in the future.
Mission Purpose
The MSO is a continuation of the efforts from previous Mars missions, such as
Mars Pathfinder, Mars Exploration Rovers, and the Mars Science Laboratory. These
missions aimed at achieving the goals of the Mars Exploration Program. These goals
include characterizing the atmosphere and geology of Mars, and searching for evidence
of past life on Mars. The MSO will aid in the achievement of these goals by providing
allowing humans to travel to Mars surface, in order to collect samples, explore, and
perform scientific experiments, which will expand scientists knowledge of Marss history
and composition.
Mission Statement
The objective of the Mars Surface Outpost mission is to investigate the Elysium
quadrant on Mars by searching for both traces of past life, as well as determining the
geological makeup of the soil within the area. The mission will benefit scientists and
scholars, providing detailed images of samples, as well as chemical analysis results,
and microscopic imagery of both water ice and soil samples. The primary users of the
data gathered by experiments at MSO will be those involved in the fields of physics,
geology, and chemistry as well. The results of this mission will also be seen in the fields
of engineering and psychology. Due to the long duration of this mission, data will be
gathered regarding the effects of separation of astronauts from society and earth for
long periods of time.
Mission Requirements/Constraints
The requirements for the MSO can be derived from the mission objectives, and
provide a base, on which the operational concepts can be built. The mission
requirements for the Mars Surface Outpost are listed below.
First crewed launch must occur before the year 2040.

Support a crew of 20 astronauts for the duration of the mission
Provide a modular system for running experiments/investigations.
Allow for the mining and processing of Martian soil, rock, and water ice.
Provide field testing for advanced life support devices
Use long-range transportation on the surface.
Crew must return to Earth by 2045.

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System Requirements
The system Requirements are the factors that are necessary to support the crew
during the mission. These requirements affect the individual systems that are put in
place during the mission.
Allow for a shirt-sleeve environment within the habitat.

Allow for fast evacuation of the habitat, in case of emergency.
Establish a plant to produce oxygen and other propellants.
Support the nutritional, psychological, and medical needs of a crew of 20
members, both male and female for up to 13 years, with cargo resupply
every 2 years.
Supplement food shipments with produce grown at the outpost.
Mission Elements
The MSO will be comprised of 12 inflatable habitats in addition to three, four-way

connection joints (also inflatable), four airlocks, and four storage-tank modules.
Additionally, the MSO crew quarters will be lowered eight meters beneath the Martian
surface, in order to provide radiation shielding, and to protect the habitat from
hazardous weather conditions on Mars. The inflatables that comprise the structure will
be inflated once they are maneuvered into the correct position, andonce inflatedwill
be nearly as hard as concrete, due to the thin atmosphere on Mars (Dunbar, 2007).
These structures are designed to endure the stress that an extended mission to mars
might entail, strengthened by the multiple layers of Kevlar that add to the strength of the
structures walls.
Construction
The MSO will be assembled over a period of four years. The assembly will be
divided into three phases, each phase spanning for approximately two years (the time
between transfer windows). For each phase, two transfer vehicles will perform the transMars injection burn. For vehicle safety reasons, the transfer vehicles will not perform the
burn simultaneously, rather, there will be a four day time period between maneuvers. All
three phases will use the same type of propulsion systems, which will return to earth
after transferring the cargo modules. The transfer vehicles will primarily use three space
shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines to travel to Marseach producing
6,000 pounds of thrust (Space Shuttle OMS Engines, n.d.). To return to earth, the
orbital tug is equipped with 9 xenon-fueled Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) thrusters.
These thrusters will slowly accelerate the tugs into their return trajectory. The following
graphic details the cargo for the six phases.

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Vehicle
Transfer
Tug 1
Transfer
Tug 2
Transfer
Tug 3
Transfer
Tug 4
Transfer
Tug 5
Total Cargo
5- SEVs (used as mobile base for construction equipment)
2- Mars Surface Modules (provide shelter for SEVs and equipment
when not in use)
15- Aluminum Ceiling Panels (cover the top of the inflatables and
provide radiation shielding)
2- Mars Surface Modules (provide shelter for SEVs and equipment
when not in use
3- Robonauts (robotic humanoid)
1- Equipment Depot (stores various tools and equipment for
construction)
6- Inflatable Habitats (crew living quarters)
3- Inflatable Module 4-way Connectors
2- Airlock Modules (1 emergency airlock, 1 cargo airlock; all airlocks
can be used in an emergency)
2- Storage Tank Modules (each has 2 water tanks, 2 hydrogen tanks,
2 oxygen tanks, and 2 waste tanks)
6- Inflatable Habitats (crew living quarters)
2- Airlock Modules (1 scientific airlock, 1 primary airlock; all airlocks
can be used in an emergency)
2- Storage Tank Modules ( each has 2 water tanks, 2 hydrogen tanks,
2 oxygen tanks, and 2 waste tanks)
3- Cargo Modules (supply crew with first two years of provisions and
emergency supplies)
10- Solar Panels (primary electricity source)
1- Surface Laboratory (take measurements of atmosphere and allow
for experiments to be run outside of primary living quarters)
Phase 1
The first phase of MSO construction will entail the excavation of the trenches, in
which the outpost will be placed. Upon arrival at Mars in 2029, the two transfer vehicles
will release their payloads one-by-one (a total of 12 separate cargo landers). This is
expected to take place over a two month period, as cargo landers will only be released
as needed. Once all cargo has been released, and the excavation of Martian soil is
underway, the transfer tug will return to earth at the next transfer window, in 2031.
Meanwhile, the five Space Exploration Vehicles (SEVs) and 3 humanoid Robonauts
will autonomously perform their excavation of the trenches, which will be 6.7 m wide
and 8 m deep.
Phase 2
Phase two of MSO construction involves the transportation and assembly of the
inflatable crew habitats. These modules will be assembled one-by-one, beginning with

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the Systems Module, and ending with the connection of the primary airlock to the EVA
suit storage. Like Phase 1, Phase 2 is also autonomous.
Phase 3
Phase three will be the first crewed phase of the mission. The crew will be
transported to the MSO via the SEVs, shortly after landing in the Mars Ascent Vehicle
(MAV). During Phase 3, the crew will deploy the solar arrays above the MSO, and will
connect the power and data lines to the structure. Following this, the crew will transfer
the cargo into the MSO and begin their life on Mars.
Outpost Elements
The MSO habitat structure will be composed of 12 inflatable structures, each with
its own purpose. The habitats are each, 6.7 meters wide, 6.7 meters tall, and 9.5 meters
long. There are four airlocks with varying purposes, however all airlocks may be used,
in the case of an emergency.
Crew
Image: Rendering of
MSO module layout.
Inflatables are grey,
airlocks are red, and
storage tank modules
are green.
Quarters
The two Crew Quarters

(CQA) at MSO are each
composed of two separate inflatables. As a whole,
they
contain all of the hygiene and clothing supplies
needed to the crew, as well as enough beds for the 20 crewmembers. Due to the
presence of both male and female crewmembers, the male and female quarters are
located on opposite ends of the outpost, giving each gender maximum privacy. Each
CQA will include 10 bunks, 5 restroom/hygiene facilities, and storage space for the
crewmembers clothing, which will be provided by NASA, and is designed for the crews
utmost comfort.
Areas
Storage Modules
The MSO habitat has been designed with ample space for storage of both crew
equipment and scientific instruments/samples. On module ends that are not occupied
by an airlock, storage tank modules will be connected. In total, the outpost will have four
liquid storage modules, each with two water tanks, two hydrogen tanks, two oxygen
tanks, and two waste tanks. Additionally, a large, inflatable storage module, adjacent to
the command habitat, offers a built-in washing machine, which was designed by NASA
engineers for extreme water efficiency, recycling wastewater for future use. The space
also will be used to store medical supplies, as well as emergency rations for emergency
situations.
Science Lab/Airlock/Surface experiment racks
Another inflatable module will serve as the primary laboratory for the MSO. The
facility will use an experiment rack system similar to that on the ISS, with five racks
enabling a wide range of experiments to be performed. In addition, the lab will include a
glove box, for the purpose of assessing Martian surface samples and other substances

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collected. A small airlock, mounted outside the lab, allows crewmembers working in the
lab to quickly transfer items outside the habitat either to one of the Robonauts or to
colleagues already outside. A storable robotic arm enables easy deployment of
experiments, and will aid in manipulating certain experiment configurations. Additionally,
a small experiment rack provides shelter from Martian dust storms, while exposing
experiments to controlled amounts of Martian atmosphere for predetermined amounts of
time.
Systems Management/ Command Module
The Command Center Habitat (CCH) serves as the primary headquarters of the
MCO. Equipped with state-of-the-art communications devices, the CCH contains the
computers that act as the entire bases brain. The CCH also contains equipment for
manually controlling each of the five SEVs and three Robonauts, which allow
crewmembers to perform tasks outside without leaving the habitat. In addition, this
module also contains the two Sabatier Reactors, three fuel cells, and the Environmental
Control and Life Support System (ECLSS). For redundancy, a second ECLSS system is
located in the Recreation module.
Crew Fitness Module
Adjacent to the Galley is the Crew Fitness Module (CFM), which contains fitness
equipment for the crew. A total of three treadmills, two stationary bicycles, and two
resistance weight sets are stored in this module, as well as four TVs, so that
crewmembers may seek entertainment during their training. This module is critical for
the crewmembers to stay fit during their deployment at MSO.
Crew Nutritional Module
Adjacent to both the fitness area and the Crew Recreation Module (CRM) is a
two story structure, known as the Crew Nutritional Module (CNM). This room contains
all of the necessary equipment for cooking, rehydrating, and/or heating the crews
meals, as well as enough tables and chairs for all 20 crewmembers. It is at these tables
that the crew holds important meetings. The galley also serves as the primary food
storage location for MSO, with the Storage module acting as the secondary location.
MSO Garden Module
Located across from the CNM is the MSO Garden Module (GM). This module will
be used for growing a variety of fruits and vegetables to supplement the food
shipments. This module will also serve as a field test for cultivation systems. Issues with
this module will be directly addressed, in order to develop an entirely self-sufficient
Martian colony in the future.
Recreation Module
The recreation area is located adjacent to the laboratory, and contains 6 TVs,
each with a game console, as well as seating for the entire crew. This room allows the

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crewmembers to enjoy their downtime and relax when off duty. It also allows the crew to
spent time in a less stressful environment, furthering the bonds between members.
Airlock
A large airlock serves as the primary entrance to the MSO, and contains enough
space to store all 20 crewmembers spacesuits. In addition, the airlock includes an
automatic wash system, which sprays the spacesuits with water, in order to remove
Martian soil before the astronauts remove the suits. Such a process allows for minimal
contact with the soil. Three additional airlocks are located on the laboratory module, the
systems module, and the storage module. These serve purposes, such as transferring
cargo and experiments in and out of the habitat. Additionally, all four airlocks can and
should be used to evacuate crewmembers in the event of an emergency.
Space Exploration Vehicle Storage
Five Space Exploration Vehicles (SEVs) are used at the MSO. Their primary
function is to transport the crew on specific missions, such as geological expeditions. In
addition, the SEVs will transport the crews from their respective landers to the MSO
habitat, allowing a three kilometer safety no fly zone to surround the outpost. When
not in use, the SEVs will be stored in the SEV storage area, which has specialized
connection points, to refuel the vehicles (specifically oxygen and hydrogen for fuel cells
and life support). Additionally, the two storage units will protect the vehicles from
damage that may be caused by Martian dust storms.
SEV Tools Storage
A separate structure, located adjacent to the SEV storage garages, is designed
to store the various tools and equipment used in the construction of the outpost. The
modular construction equipment will also be stored in this structure.
Location
The Martian Surface Outpost will be located at coordinates 3north, and
160east. This places it near the center of the Elysium Planetia, a large flatland located
in the Elysium quadrant on Mars. These coordinates were chosen, due to the large, flat
terrain in the region, which will allow for the crew and cargo vehicles to land safely. The
flat land will also be critical in the construction of the underground base elements: the
absence of an inclined surface will reduce the amount of topsoil that might fall into the
channels, during construction. Additionally, the area that contains the flatlands is
particularly rich in underground water ice. It is important that the base collect water from
Figure 1: Percentages of
the Martian soil, in order to supplement the Sabatier reactors in
hydrogen in Martian soil
refueling the water and hydrogen tanks on the outpost.
(Antonenko, 2012).
Click to see full image
Figure 2: Elevation map of

Mars's Elysium quadrant
(Mars THEMIS Images, n.d.).
Click to see full pdf image

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Mission Personnel/Crew Responsibilities
The MSO will operate with international cooperation
from the European Space Agency (ESA), Russian Space
Agency (Roscomos), and the Japanese Space Agency
(NASDA), with NASA taking the lead on the project. The
official language of the PCLO will be English, in
accordance with its NASA leader. Crews of the PCLO will
be composed of 10 men and 10 women from any of the
countries affiliated with the above space agencies. Other countries are allowed to send
astronauts, however, they will be required to coordinate with a participating space
agency, before being admitted to the selection pool. At the MSO, all international space
laws will be in effect, and penalties for not following regulations will be enforced upon
the crewmembers return to earth.
Astronaut Candidacy
Before deployment to the outpost, crewmembers must pass extensive physical
and mental examinations. Candidates whom might pose a threat to the basedue to
mental or physical incapacities/conditionswill be disqualified, along with candidates
who are unable to perform necessary tasks for missions. This is to ensure that mission
tasks will be carried out safely and accurately, as well as efficiently.
Training
The crew of the MSO will be comprised of one mission commander, 5 engineers,
5 geochemists, 5 geophysics, and four medical specialists. However, all crewmembers
will be trained in basics of each of the above fields. All crewmembers will be trained to
perform EVAs and how to maintain the suits.
Activities
Various activities will be performed during the extent of missions. These include
geologic expeditions, Martian radiation experiments, Martian atmosphere experiments,
water ice mining process monitoring, and base construction/maintenance. The crews
will be trained in each of these fields before their deployment. Additionally the
crewmembers will be required to have completed a minimum of 3,000 hours performing
simulations of actual MSO activities.
Mission Schedule
The launch window for a mission to Mars only occurs once every two years.
Because of this, MSO elements must be transported together. This can be seen in the
use of a single tug vehicle to transport many cargo landers. The length of this mission
was chosen, in order to give the crew maximum time on Marss surface, while giving
NASA engineers enough time to verify that the technology used in this mission will work
correctly. Also, the crew will leave the MSO in enough time to return to Earth by the year
2045. The graphic below gives key dates in the construction and operation of the MSO.

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Mission Phase
Construction
Phase 1
Date
March 2th,
2029
March 29th,
2029
Construction
Phase 2
May 4th,
2031
May 8th,
2031
Construction
Phase 3
June 27th,
2033
Crew Depart
May-June
2033
July 5th,
2033
Outpost Cargo
Resupply
Crew Return
September
15th, 2035
November
19th, 2037
January
2nd, 2040
February
6th, 2042
March 67th, 2044
March 11th,
2044
September
November,
Description
First SEP transfer vehicle
performs trans-Mars injection
burn.
Second SEP transfer vehicle
burn.
Third SEP transfer vehicle
burn.
Fourth SEP transfer vehicle
burn.
Fifth SEP transfer vehicle
burn.
The 5 Orion vehicles launch
and dock with the seventh
Transfer vehicle completes
trans-Mars injection burn, using
two J-2X liquid propellant
rocket engines to assist in
acceleration.
1st cargo mission performs
trans-Mars injection burn.
2nd performs trans-Mars
injection burn.
3rd performs trans-Mars
injection burn.
4th performs trans-Mars
injection burn.
The 5 MAVs launch into mars
orbit and dock with the Transfer
vehicle.
The fully crewed transfer
vehicle uses the SEP unit and
the J-2X rocket engine to
perform the trans-Mars
injection burn.
Crew returns to LEO. Shortly
after, the 5 Orion vehicles will
dock with the transfer vehicle.

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2044
These 5 vehicles will carry 5

astronauts eachplus cargo
during re-entry and landing.
Mission Risks
The construction and occupation of the MSO will not be possible, without the
presence of risks. Factors, such as radiation, equipment failure, micrometeoroid impact,
and communication difficulties can prove fatal if not handled properly. As a result, strict
measures must be taken to mitigate these risks.
Radiation
Radiation is found almost everywhere in the universe. Composed of subatomic
particles and waves traveling at high speeds, radiation poses a considerable threat to
humans traveling in space. These particles can be observed radiating from everything in
the environment, including soil, rocks, trees, and even humans (Durante, 2014). Such
particles and waves are a threat to the health of astronauts, and can cripple the efforts
of a mission with its harmful tendencies towards the human body.
Because of the absence of Earths magnetic field, astronauts who venture
elsewhere in the solar system experience higher levels of radiation than those found on
earth. On Earth, humans receive about 1 millisievert of radiation per year. On Mars
surface, humans will receive 200 times that amount, or 200 millisieverts per year. The
most radiation is encountered in space, however, where astronauts would receive over
700 millisieverts per year (Durante, 2014). The situation in space and on Mars is
worsened by the types of radiation that humans would receive. Radiation in space is
composed of much denser particles, such as Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR), which
cannot be stopped by modern-day shielding. Materials such as lead prove to be
hazardous as well, because of its high number subatomic particles, which can released
upon impact with high energy particles and GCR. Solar events, such as Coronal Mass
Ejections release large amounts of high-energy protons and heavy ions into space.
Effects
The effects of high radiation levels on the human body can be permanent and/or
fatal. The penetration of living cells by high-energy particles can leave trails of damage,
which, overtime, can result in cancerous mutations. DNA is highly susceptible to highenergy particles, occasionally breaking apart when particles pass through the cells. This
damage to DNA increases the chances of cancerous mutations in astronauts and can
prove fatal.
Shielding and Risk Mitigation
There are two type of radiation shielding: active and passive. Passive shielding
includes the use of materials, such as polyethylene, aluminum, and/or lead to stop

12
radiation from penetrating spacecraft. Disadvantages of using passive shielding weight
and effectiveness. As high energy particles and waves strike a spacecrafts shielding, a
number of particles are released into the spacecraft, due to the transferred energy.
These particles also travel at high speeds, although less that the original impactors. The
second type of shielding is active shielding, and consists of a magnetic field, such as
that on Earth. This type of shielding would require large amounts of electricity, and could
potentially be damaging to electronic equipment. Additionally, the active shielding
technologies must be advanced, before its application in missions.
For the extent of the MSO mission, the astronauts will be protected by the
majority of these particles. While traveling between earth and Mars, the B330 habitats
have been equipped with dense radiation shielding that is 0.46m thick (B330, n.d.).
Meteoroid Impacts
Due to the lack of an atmosphere in space, trillions of small particles of dust, rock
and other materials are enabled to maintain high speeds for long periods of time. These
particles can threaten the integrity of a spacecraft if they impact at high velocities. If
these were to puncture the hull of a spacecraft, this could cause depressurization, and
result in the forced abandonment of that spacecraft. Larger objects could destroy
spacecraft entirely, resulting in the loss of crewmembers, as well as scientific data.
Shielding and Risk Mitigation
There are current methods of protecting spacecraft from meteoroid impacts,
including thick shielding and insulation on spacecraft, as well as tracking systems such
as NEAT (Near Earth Asteroid Tracking). To mitigate the threat that this posed to
astronauts during the long trip to Mars, the four BA-330 habitats have 0.46m thick of
shielding to protect from collisions with tiny particles (B330, n.d.). Additionally, radar
systems will be put in place to detect and avoid lager objects. While on Marss surface,
the atmosphere will be sufficient in protecting the crew from particles.
Communication Issues
The distance between mars and earth poses a problem for communication
systems. Delays in communication will require crewmembers to assess situations and
mitigate issues with limited intervention from controllers on earth. Delays of up to 20
minutes for a message to reach Mars will require the majority of crew operation to
remain independent of ground controllers commands.
Risk Mitigation
There are new improvements with laser communication systems, which can
improve the relay time of messages to Mars, and will enable easier communication in
the future. NASA recently broke records with its Lunar Laser Communication
Demonstration (LLCD), which used a pulsed laser beam to transmit data over 239,000
miles, between the moon and Earth at a rate of 622 megabits per second (Mbps) (Buck
& Washington, 2013). The distance between Mars and Earth will still require that a

13
majority of crew activities be performed without Mission Controls direction. Astronauts
will, however, receive proper training and instruction on how to cope with this issue.
Discussion/Conclusion
The Mars Surface Outpost will be a big step in the direction of a self-sustaining
Martian base. Designed to last at least 15 years, it will provide much needed experience
in the planning and completion of Mars surface activities. MSO will be constructed
underground, in three phases, each with two transfer tugs carrying cargo. The
experience and information gathered from this base will be invaluable to NASA, and will
pave the way for a bright future with self-sufficient colonies on Mars.
References
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