GAS POWER CYCLES

1.
An engine working on Otto cycle has a pressure
of 1 bar and 12 bar before and at the end of compression
stroke respectively .Find the compression ratio and air
standard efficiency.
(Ans : 5.9 , 50.83%)
2.
An engine working on Otto cycle , has a pressure
of 1 bar and temperature of 27oC . Air is compressed
adiabatically with a compression ratio of 7 and then
heat is added at constant volume till the temperature
rises to 2000 K . Find the air standard efficiency ,
pressure of air at the end of compression and heat
addition process and the mean effective pressure of cycle
. Take R=287 J/kgK ,Cp and Cv for air as 1.005 and 0.7
18 kJ/kg K respectively.
(Ans :54%,15.245 bar, 46.66 bar,7.08 bar)
3.
Find the air standard efficiency of four stroke
engine working on ottto cycle ,if bore is 137 mm and
stroke is 130 mm .The clearance volume is 280 cm3 .
(Ans :56.12 %)
4.
An engine works on constant volume cycle. It
has a bore of 80 mm and stroke of 85 mm . The
clearance volume is 0.06 litre.The actual thermal
efficiency of engine is 22% . Determine the relative
efficiency of the engine .
(Ans :38.78 %)
5.
A petrol engine working on Otto cycle has a
diameter of 10 cm and stroke of 15 cm. The clearance
volume is 250 cc. Find the air standard efficiency of the
engine .
(Ans :59.19 %)
6.
An engine working on Otto cycle has pressure
and temperature at the beginning of compression are 1
bar and 27C. The temperature at the end of
compression stroke is 600 K .If the temperature at the
end of constant volume heat addition process is 1800K,
calculate the air standard efficiency , heat addition per
kg of air and heat rejected per kg of air . Cv =0.75 kJ/kg
K and =1.4 .
(Ans :50 %, 900 kJ/kg ,450 kJ/kg)
7.
In an engine working on constant volume cycle,
the pressure, temperature and volume at the beginning
of the cycle are 1 bar, 30 oC and 0.45 m3 respectively. At
the end of compression stroke, the pressure is 11 bar.
210 kJ of heat is added during constant volume heating
process. Calculate
(a) the pressure, temperature and volume at salient
points.
(b) % clearance
(c) Efficiency
(d) Net work per cycle
(e) Power developed if RPM=210
( Ans :16.64 % ,72 %,151.22kJ,264.6kW)
1 bar
11 bar
18.39 bar
1.204bar
303 K
601.2 K
1005 K
461.2 K
0.45 m3
0.0642 m3
0.0642 m3
0.45 m3
8.
A petrol engine working on otto cycle has a
clearance volume of 10% of stroke volume. The initial
pressure of air is 0.95 bar and temperature is 30 oC.The

pressure at the end of compression stroke is 27.27 bar .

Find the air standard efficiency,if the relative efficiency
is 50%.Calculate the fuel consumption per kWh.CV of
fuel=42 MJ/kg.
(Ans : 61.68% , 0.277 kg/kWh)
9.
An engine working on Otto cycle has has a bore
of 200 mm and stroke of 300 mm . The clearance
volume is 1600 cc. The initial pressure and temperature
are 1 bar and 60oC.If the maximum pressure is limited
to 24 bar ,find the air standard efficiency and MEP.
(Ans : 53.79 % , 1.89 bar )
10.
What will be the loss in ideal efficiency of a
diesel engine with compression ratio 16 , if the fuel cut
off is delayed from 6% to 8%.
(Ans : 2.359 % )
11.
In an air standard Diesel cycle, the compression
ratio is 16.At the beginning of isentropic compression,
the temperature is 15C and the pressure is 0.1 MPa.
Heat is added until the temperature at the end of
constant pressure process is 1480C. Calculate i) the
cut-off ratio, ii) the heat supplied per kg of air iii) the
cycle efficiency and iv) mean effective pressure.
(Ans : 2.008, 884.35 kJ/kg , 61.35 % , 6.9 bar )
12.
An engine 20 cm bore and 30 cm stroke works on
diesel cycle. The initial pressure and temperature are 1
bar and 30C .Cut off ratio is 2.5 .Assume compression
ratio as 16 ,find:
(a) the pressure and temperature at salient points.
(b) Theoretical air standard efficiency
(c) The mean effective pressure
(d)Power developed if working cycles per min are 400 .
( Ans :59 % , 10.032 bar , 63 kW)
1 bar
48.5 bar
48.5 bar
3.6 bar
303 K
918.5 K
2296.3 K
1092.7 K
13.
The compression ratio of dual combustion cycle
is 14.The maximum temperature is limited to 1850 oC
and the temperature at the start is 27 oC .Equal
amounts of heat is added during both the constant
volume and constant pressure processes .Determine the
air standard efficiency of the cycle .
(Ans :64.12% )
14.
In an air standard diesel cycle , the pressure and
temperature at the beginning of compression are 1 bar
and 77 oC respectively . The compression ratio is 14
.The pressure at the end of expansion is 2.7 bar
.Determine
(a) Maximum pressure
(b) % volume of fuel cut off of the swept volume
(c) heat supplied and heat rejected per kg of air
(d) air standard efficiency.
(Ans : 40.23 bar , 7.9 % , 1091 kJ/kg , 446 kJ/kg 59.1 % )
15.
For an engine working on dual cycle , the
compression ratio is 8.2 .The diameter and stroke of the
engine are 25 cm and 30 cm respectively .At the
beginning of compression stroke , pressure and
temperature are 1 bar and 27 oC. Constant pressure
heat addition takes place at 56 bar during 3 % of stroke .
Calculate thermal efficiency and network done by the
cycle.
(Ans :60.43 % , 13.096 kJ/cycle )

16.
In a diesel cycle, air at 0.1 MPa and 300 K is
compressed adiabatically until the pressure rises to 5
MPa .If 700 kJ/kg of energy in the form of heat is
supplied at constant pressure
, determine the
compression ratio ,cut off ratio ,thermal efficiency and
MEP.
(Ans :16.35 ,1.759 , 62.92 % , 5.44 bar )
17.
1 kg of air is taken through a diesel cycle
.Initially the air is at 25 oC and 1 bar .The compression
ratio is 14 bar and the heat added is 1850 kJ.Calculate
the ideal cycle efficiency and MEP.
(Ans : 53.93 % , 12.484 bar )
18.
Air at 1.01 bar , 20 oC is admitted into an oil
engine,which is working on the ideal dual combustion
cycle ,the maximum cycle pressure is 69 bar .The
compression ratio is 18 . Assuming that the heat added
at constant volume is equal is equal to the heat added at
constant pressure .Calculate the following
(a) Temperature at salient points.
(b)Total heat supplied
(c) Heat rejected
(d)Air standard efficiency of the cycle
( Ans : 931 K,1123 K,1260 K , 415 K,
276 kJ/kg , 88 kJ/kg , 68.13 % )
19.
A dual combustion air standard cycle has a
compression ratio of 10 .The constant pressure part of
the combustion takes place at 40 bar .The highest and
lowest temperature of the cycle are 1727 oC and 27 oC
respectively . The pressure at the beginning of the
compression is 1 bar .Calculate
(a) the pressure and temperature at salient points.
(b) heat supplied at constant pressure
(c) heat supplied at constant volume
(d) Work output
(e) efficiency.
(f) Mean effective pressure
(Ans :804 88 kJ/kg ,320 kJ/kg ,638 88 kJ/kg , 56.7 % ,
8.2 bar )
25.1 bar
40 bar
40 bar
3.25 bar
753.6 K
1200 K
2000 K
976.7 K
20.
In an engine working on diesel cycle ,the ratio of
the weights of the air and fuel supplied is 50 . The
temperature of air at the beginning of compression is
333 K and the compression ratio is 14 .What is the ideal
efficiency of the engine .CV=42 MJ/kg.
(Ans :60 % )
21.
A dual combustion air standard cycle has a
compression ratio of 12 . The maximum cycle pressure
is 70 bar. Initially the air is at 27 oC and 1 bar.
Calculate the thermal efficiency and MEP.
Assume bore =25 cm ,stroke =30 cm
(Ans :61.7 % , 10.5 bar )
22.
A gas turbine power plant operates between the
temperature limits of 295 K and 1085 K . Determine
(a)Optimum pressure ratio for the cycle if the plant is to
operated for maximum power output.
(b)Turbine work,compressor work,shaft work and Work
ratio

(c)Plant efficiency
(d)Power output if the mass flow rate of air is 22 kg/s .
(Ans : 9.77 , 522 kJ/kg , 272 kJ/kg , 250 kJ/kg , 0.5 , 549
kW )
23.
In a gas turbine cycle,air at 27 oC and 0.98 bar
is compressed to 6 bar .The temperature of air is
o

increased to 750 C as it passes through the combustion

chamber .The isentropic efficiencies of the compressor
and turbine are 0.8 and 0.85 respectively . Determine
the efficiency of the plant .
(Ans : 20.72 % )
24.
Consider a stationary power plant operating on
an ideal Brayton cycle .The pressure ratio of the cycle is
8 and the temperature at the compressor inlet and
turbine inlet are 27 oC and 1027 oC respectively.
Determine the following
(a) Gas temperature at the compressor and turbine exit
(b)Work ratio
(c)Thermal efficiency
(Ans : 543 K, 717 K, 0.5821 , 44.8% )
25.
A gas turbine has inlet air at 25 oC and 1 bar
.The maximum pressure and temperature are limited to
3 bar and 650 oC
Determine the following
(a) Cycle efficiency
(b) Heat supplied and Heat rejected per kg
(c) Work output per kg of air
(d)Exhaust temperature.
(Ans : 26.94% , 518 kJ/kg , 378 kJ/kg ,139.5 kJ/kg , 401
oC )
IC ENGINES PERFORMANCE
1.A Petrol Engine develops a torque of 10 Nm at a
speed of 1500 rpm .The indicated power of the engine is
1.85kW . Find the friction power.
(Ans : 0.28 kW)
2. A single cylinder, 4 stroke gas engine has a bore of 18
cm and a stroke of 26 cm .It runs at 400 rpm and
employs hit and mass governing method. Positive and
negative pumping loop MEP is 6 and 0.3 bar. The actual
number of cycles per minute were 180 .The engine has a
mechanical efficiency of 0.75 .Find the BP of the engine.
(Ans : 8.43 kW)
3.An eight cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine develops 180
kW at 4000 rpm .Its brake specific fuel consumption is
0.21 kg/kWh .Calculate the quantity of fuel to be
injected per cylinder if the specific gravity of fuel is 0.86
.
(Ans : 0.0458 cc)
4. A 6 cylinder 4 stroke petrol engine having a bore of 90
mm and stroke of 100 mm has a compression ratio of 7
.The relative efficiency with reference to indicated
thermal efficiency is 55 % when indicated mean SFC is
0.3 kg/kWh .Estimate the calorific value of the fuel and

fuel consumption in kg/hr . Given that indicated mean

effective pressure is 8.5 bar and speed 2500 rpm .
(Ans : 36.719 MJ/kg ,20.278 kg/hr )
5.A four stroke SI engine produces 35 kW power with a
mechanical efficiency of 80 % .The fuel air ratio is 1:14
and the specific fuel consumption of the engine is 0.4
kg/kW hr.The heating value of the fuel is 43 MJ/kg .Find
(a)
Indicated power
(b)
Friction power
(c)
Brake thermal efficiency
(d)
Indicated thermal efficiency
(e)
Fuel consumption per hour
(f)
Air consumption per hour
(Ans : 43.75 kW, 8.75 kW, 20.93%, 26.1% , 14 kg/hr, 196
kg/hr )
6.During a test on a single cylinder , four stroke engine
having a compression ratio of 6 , following data were
recorded .
Bore = 10 cm ; IMEP = 2.6 bar ;
Dead load on dynamometer ,W = 60 N;
Spring balance reading ,S = 19 N;
Effective radius of the flywheel ,R = 40 cm ;
Fuel consumption mf = 1 kg/hr ;
CV of the fuel = 42 MJ/kg ;
Speed , N = 2000 rpm .
Determine its indicated power , brake power ,
mechanical , overall ,air standard and relative
efficiencies .
(Ans : 4.25 kW,3.4 kW,0.807,0.294,0.511, 0.575 )
7.Following data was obtained during the trial of a two
cylinder , two stroke engine .
Bore= 10 cm , Stroke = 1500 rpm ,
Area of the positive loop of the indicator diagram = 6cm2
Area of the negative loop of the indicator diagram = 0.25
cm2
Length of the indicator diagram = 6 cm
Spring constant of indicator = 3.8 bar / cm
Net brake load on the dynamometer = 237.5 N
Brake drum radius =0.4 m
Fuel consumption = 4.7 kg /hr
CV of fuel used = 45000 kJ/kg
Find the IP ,BP , mechanical and thermal efficiencies .
(Ans : 20.02 kW , 14.92 kW ,74.52 %, 34.08%,25.4%)
8.How will you convert the fuel consumption of
0.27lit/min into kg/min.The specific gravity of fuel is
0.74.
(Ans : 0.1998 kg/min )
9.Obtain the cylinder dimensions of a twin cylinder,
two stroke IC engine from the following data :
Engine speed =4000 rpm
Volumetric efficiency =0.77
Mechanical efficiency=0.75
Fuel consumption=10 lit/hr
Specific gravity of fuel = 0.73
Air fuel ratio = 18
Piston speed = 600 m/min
IMEP= 5 bar
Also determine the power output at S.T.P conditions.
Assume R = 0.287 kJ/kgK .
(Ans :75 mm , 71.4 mm ,15.01kW )

10. An 8 cylinder , four stroke engine of 9 cm bore and 8

cm stroke with a compression ratio of 7 is tested at 4500
rpm on a dynamometer which has 50 cm arm .During a
10 minutes test , the dynamometer reading was 42 kg
and consumed 4.4 kg of gasoline having CV of 44 MJ/kg .
Air of 270C and 1 bar was supplied to the carburettor at
the rate of 6 kg/min .Find BP,BMEP,BSFC,th, vol,Air
fuel ratio , Brake specific air consumption.
(Ans :97.1 kW,6.36 bar,0.2719 kg/kWhr, 0.3009,
0.5639,13.6, 3.708 kg/kWhr)
11.The following particulars were obtained in a trial of 1
hour on a 4 stroke , single cylinder engine:
Revolutions = 14000
No. Of missed cycles=500
Net brake load =1470 N
IMEP=7.5 bar
Gas consumption = 20000 litres
Stroke =40 cm and Bore =25 cm
LCV of gas = 21 kJ/litre
Effective brake diameter = 4 m
Compression ratio =6.5.
Calculate IP,BP, mech ,ith ,rel
(Ans : 26.5 kW, 22.8 kW,0.86 , 0.227 , 0.432 )
12.The trial was conducted on a single cylinder oil
engine having a cylinder diameter of 30 cm and stroke
45 cm . The engine is working on the four stroke cycle
and the following observations were made .
Duration of trial = 45 minutes
Total fuel used = 7 litres
Calorific value = 42 MJ/kg
Total number of revolution = 12624
Gross IMEP = 7.25 bar
Pumping IMEP=0.35 bar
Net load on the brake =150kg
Diameter of brake drum=1.78 m
Diameter of rope = 4 cm
Cooling water circulated =550 kg
Temperature rise of water =22 oC.
Specific heat of water =4.18 kJ/kgK
Specific gravity of oil = 0.8
Calculate IP,BP, ,bth, mech and draw the heat balance
sheet on minute basis .
( Ans: 51.31 kW ,40.2 kW, 0.4615 ,0.7835,5226.7 kJ/min
, 2412 kJ/min, 843 kJ/min,1971 kJ/min)

PERFORMANCE OF BOILERS
1.
8 Kg of steam is produced at 14 bar and 0.95
dryness in a boiler fed with water at 300C , for each kg of
coal consumed.Determine the equivalent evaporation
from and at 1000C . (Ans : 2257 kJ/kg)
2.
A boiler generates 5000 kg/hr of steam at 18 bar
, the steam temperature being 325 0C .The feed water
temperature is 49.40C .The efficiency of combustion is 80
% when using oil of calorific value 44500kJ/kg. The
steam generated is supplied to a turbine developing 500
kW and exhausting at 1.8 bar ,the dryness of exhaust
steam being 0.98 . Calculate the oil burnt per hour and
turbine efficiency . Also find the energy available in the

exhaust steam above 49.40C. (Ans : 395 kg/hr , 83.4 %,

2448.8 kJ/kg)
3.
5400 kg of steam is produced per hour at a
pressure of 750 kN/m2 in a boiler when feed water is at
41.5 0C .The dryness fraction of steam at exit is 0.98.The
amount of coal burnt per hour is 670 kg of calorific value
31000 kJ/kg . Determine the boiler efficiency and
equivalent evaporation.
(Ans :66.2% , 9.12 kg /kg of coal )
4.
The following readings are taken during the test
on a boiler for one hour .
Steam generated = 5400 kg
Coal burnt = 700 kg
Calorific value of coal = 31500 kJ/kg
Dryness fraction of steam entering the superheater =
0.92
Rated pressure of the boiler = 11.5 bar
Temperature of steam leaving the superheater =250 0C .
Temperature of hot well = 450C
Determine
(a) Equivalent evaporation per kg of fuel without and
with superheater
(b) Thermal efficiency of boiler without and with
superheater
(c)Amount of heat supplied by the
superheater per hour .
(Ans : 8.3 kg /kg of fuel , 9.3 kg /kg of fuel ,59.5 % ,
66.7%,1586 MJ/hr)
5.
A boiler plant delivers steam at 20 bar and
3000C to a steam engine developing 1400 kW at the rate
of 10 kg/kWhr.The feed water temperature is 80 0C and
the calorific value of fuel is 27500 kJ/kg.The grate is to
be designed to burn 400 kg of coal per m2 per hour .Find
the grate area required for the above duty assuming the
combustion efficiency of 90% and boiler efficiency
including superheater at 75%.(Ans : 4.97 m2 )
6.
The following observations were recorded during
a boiler trial :
Mass of feed water and its temperature = 640 kg/hr and
500C
Steam pressure = 10 bar , Fuel used = 55 kg/hr.
HCV of fuel is 44100 kJ/kg .The temperature of the
gases is 3000C and the boiler room temperature is 300C
.For finding the dryness fraction of steam , the steam is
passed through the throttling calorimeter and the
following observations were made .
Temperature of steam =1200C
Pressure of steam = 5 cm of Hg above atmosphere
Barometer reading = 762 mm of Hg
Heating surface of the boiler = 18.6 m2
Cpg = 1.1 kJ/kgK , Cps = 2.1 kJ/kgK.
The composition of oil used by mass C= 85%,H2=13%
and the remaining is ash .The flue gas analysis by
volume done by using Orsat apparatus is given as
CO2=12.5% , O2=4.5% and N2=83 %. The steam partial
pressure in exhaust gases is 0.7 bar . Find
(a) Equivalent evaporation per kg of fuel and per m2 of
heating surface area per hour .
(b)Efficiency of the boiler
(c)Also draw the heat balance sheet on one kg of fuel
basis .
(Ans :12.9 kg , 66.2%,66.2%, ,12.10 %, 7.96 %,13.28 )

7.
The following data was collected during a boiler
trial for one hour
Steam generated = 5000 kg ,
Steam pressure = 10bar gauge
To find the quality of steam delivered by the boiler , the
steam is passed through a throttling calorimeter and the
following readings were made .
Steam pressure = 30.5 mm of Hg above barometer
reading
Barometer reading = 73.5 cm of Hg
Cp of superheated steam =2.1 kJ/kg 0C
Feed water temperature = 600C
Temperature of steam leaving the superheater =2030C
Coal fired = 460 kg
HCV of coal used = 35700 kJ/kg
Temperature of flue gas =260 0C
Temperature of boiler house =300C
Ultimate analysis of dry coal is given below :
C= 82%, H2=12% and ash 4%.
The volumetric analysis of dry flue gases as observed
using Orsat apparatus is given below .
CO2=12 % , CO=1.5 % ,O2=7 % and N2=79.5 %. The
steam partial pressure in exhaust gases is 0.07 bar .The
fuel contained 4% moisture at the time of feeding into
the boiler .
Draw up the heat balance sheet on the basis of 1 kg of
coal fed (wet coal ). Also find the heat absorbed by the
super heater per minute .(Ans : 100% = 34272 kJ ,
79.4%,9.9%,2.65%,6.32%,1.73% )
8.
The following data have been collected during a
boiler trial :
Steam generated per kg of coal = 2.5 kg ,
Pressure of steam = 25 bar
Temperature of steam =350 0C
Moisture in the coal = 1.2 %
Temperature of water entering boiler = 1500C
Boiler room temperature =200C
Temperature of flue gases entering the air preheater =
3000C
Temperature of flue gases leaving the air preheater =
2000C
CV of dry coal = 33600 kJ /kg .The mass analysis of dry
coal is C = 84 %, H2=5 %, O2=8 % and remaining ash
.The volume analysis of dry flue gas is CO2=13%, O2=8
% and N2=79%.
Cp of superheated steam =2.1 kJ/kg 0C
Cp of flue gas =1.1 kJ/kg 0C.
The steam partial pressure in exhaust gases is 0.07 bar
.
(a)Determine equivalent evaporation per kg of dry fuel ,
(b)Boiler plant efficiency
(c)Efficiency of air preheater
(d)A:F ratio
(e)Draw the heat balance on basis of 1 kg of dry fuel
basis .
(Ans : 10.37 kg/kg of fuel ,84.1%, 35.7 % ,15.88 ,
100%=33600kJ , 84.16%,9.66%,3.8%,2.29%)
9.
The following data is collected during a trial on
boiler.
Feed water supply = 4500 kg/hr at 700C
Steam pressure = 10 bar gauge when barometer reads
75 cm of Hg.

For finding the dryness fraction , the steam is passed

through throttling calorimeter and following readings
are taken .
Pressure of steam after throttling = 1.6 cm of Hg
Temperature of steam after throttling =1050C
The details of coal used are given below .
Coal used = 400 kg/hr
CV=40.5 MJ/kg of dry coal
Moisture in fuel = 5.2%
The analysis of dry coal by mass is given as
C= 89%, H2=3 %,Volatile matter = 4% and remaining is
ash . Temperature of flue gases and ambient
temperature are 2800C and 300C .
The analysis of exhaust gases carried out is
CO2=10.9%,CO=1.1%, O2=7 %, N2=81%. Assume
Cp of superheated steam =2.1 kJ/kg 0C
Cp of flue gas =1.005 kJ/kg 0C.
CV of CO to CO2= 23740 kJ/kg of CO.Draw the heat
balance sheet on the base of 1 kg of coal fired and find
the quality of steam generated and thermal efficiency of
the boiler .(Ans : 70.52% , 0.953, 100% =38394 kJ ,
70.52%,11.87% , 2.33% , 5.37 % ,9.91% )

NOZZLES AND TURBINES

1.Steam enters a nozzle at a pressure of 10 bar , 200oC
.The back pressure is maintained at 1 bar . The
expansion is under metastable conditions upto the
throat and further it expands under thermal
equilibrium .For a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s ,find the
throat pressure ,exit area , degree of undercooling and
degree of super saturation .
(Ans : 5.46 bar ,16.62 sq.cm , 16.7 oC , 1.585 )
2.Steam at a pressure of 20 bar ,250 oC expands in a CD
nozzle upto the exit pressure of 2 bar . Assuming a
nozzle coefficient of 0.94 for supersaturated flow upto
the throat and nozzle efficiency as 90 % .Find the
velocity at throat , mass flow rate if the throat diameter
is 1 cm and velocity and diameter of the nozzle at the
exit .
(Ans :469.2 m/s , 0.2047 kg/s,875.4 m/s,1.5 m/s )
3.Initially dry and saturated steam expands in a nozzle
from 15 bar to 6 bar . During expansion upto throat the
steam remains in dry state where as in expansion is
frictionless through out . What is the degree of
supersaturation and of undercooling ?Calculate the
change in entropy ,loss due to undercooling if the steam
were to revert instantaneously the saturated state at
constant enthalpy and further expansion is taking place
in thermal equilibrium .
(Ans : 2.475 , 34.5 oC ,0.039 kJ/kgK )
4.Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 6 bar flows
through nozzles at the rate of 4.5 kg /s and discharges at
a pressure of 1.6 bar .The loss due to friction occurs only
in the diverging portion of the nozzle and its magnitude
is 12 % of the total isentropic enthalpy drop . Assume
the isentropic index of expansion = 1.135 . Determine
the cross sectional area at the throat and exit of the
nozzles .
(Ans : 4.8 x 10 -3 m2 ,6.739 10 -3 m2 )

5. Dry saturated steam enters a steam nozzle at a

pressure of 12 bar and is discharged to a pressure of 1.5
bar .If the dryness fraction of discharged steam is 0.95
,what will be the final velocity of steam .Neglect initial
steam velocity .Also find the exit velocity for 10 %
enthalpy drop due to friction .
(Ans : 633.26 m/s ,600 m/s)
6. Dry saturated steam at 2.8 bar is expanded through a
CD nozzle upto 1.7 bar . The exit area is 3 cm2 ,estimate
the exit velocity and mass flow rate assuming isentropic
expansion and supersaturated flow exists .
(Ans :418 m/s and 0.1253 kg/s ,412.7 m/s and 0.13056
kg/s)
7.A CD nozzle receives steam at 7 bar and 200 oC and
expands isentropically upto 3 bar .Neglecting the inlet
velocity ,calculate the exit area required for a mass flow
rate of 0.1 kg/s when the flow is isentropic and
supersaturated flow.
(Ans : 1.043 sq.cm ,1.072 sq.cm )
8.Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8 bar enters a
CD nozzle and leaves at a pressure of 1.5 bar .If the flow
is isentropic and the corresponding index is 1.135 , find
the ratio of cross sectional area at exit and throat for
maximum discharge .(Ans : 1.59)
9.Dry air at a pressure of 12 bar , 573 K is expanded
isentropically through a nozzle at a pressure of 2 bar .
Determine the maximum mass flow through the nozzle
of 0.00015 sq.m area .(Ans : 0.2068 kg/s )
10.Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine
with a velocity of 500 m/s at an angle of 30o to the plane
of rotation of the blades .The mean blade velocity is 285
m/s .The blade angle on the exit side is 35 o .The blade
friction loss is 12%.Determine
(a)The angle of the blade on the entry side
(b)The work done per kg of steam
(c)The diagram efficiency
(d)The axial thrust per kg of steam/second .
(Ans : 59.37 o ,111834 Nm/kg,0.894,103.3 N)
11.A 50% reaction turbine running at 400 rpm has the
exit angle of the blades as 20 o and the velocity of the
steam relative to the blades at exit is 1.35 times the
mean speed of the blade . The steam flow rate is 8.33
kg/s and at a particular stage the specific volume is
1.381 m 3/kg . Calculate for this stage a suitable blade
height , and diagram work . Assume the rotor mean
diameter is 12 times the blade height
(Ans :0.138 m , 15.4 kW)
12.The following data refer to a single stage impulse
turbine .
Isentropic nozzle enthalpy drop = 210 kJ/kg
Nozzle efficiency =0.9
Nozzle angle = 25 o
Ratio of blade speed to whirl compenent of steam speed
=0.5
Blade velocity coefficient =0.9
Velocity of steam entering the nozzle = 30 m/s .Find
(a) the blade angles at inlet and outlet if the steam
enters the blades without shock and leaves the blade in
axial direction
(b) Blade efficiency and power developed

(c)Axial thrust for steam flow rate of 10 kg/s

(Ans : 35.65 o ,0.8213 , 1555.7 kW , 601 N)
13. In a stage of impulse turbine operating with 50%
degree of reaction ,the blades are identical in shape .The
outlet angle of moving blade is 19 o and the absolute
discharge velocity of steam is 100 m/s in the direction of
100 o to the motion of the blades .If the rate of flow
through the turbine is 15000 kg/hr , calculate the power
developed by the turbine .
(Ans : 339.5 kW)
14.One stage of an impulse turbine consists of a
converging nozzle and one ring of moving blades .The
nozzles are inclined at 22 o to the blades whose tip
angles are both 35 o . If the velocity of steam at exit
from the nozzle is 660 m/s , find the blade speed so that
the steam passes without shock.Find the diagram
efficiency neglecting losses if the blades are run at this
speed .
(Ans : 258. 8 m/s ,0.8393 )

AIR COMPRESSORS
1.
A single acting ,single stage compressor is belt
driven from an electric motor at 400 rpm .The cylinder
diameter is 15 cm and the stroke is 17.5 cm .The air is
compressed from 1 bar to 7 bar and the law of
compression is Pv1.3 = C. Find the power of the motor , if
transmission efficiency is 97 % and the mechanical
efficiency is 90 % . Neglect clearance effect .
(Ans : 5.8 kW )
2.
A two stage air compressor compresses air from
1 bar and 200C to 42 bar . If the law of compression is
pV1.35 = C and the intercooling is perfect .Find for per kg
of air , the work done in compression and the mass of
cooling water necessary for abstracting the heat in the
intercooler if the temperature rise of cooling water is
250C .
( Ans : 648.7 kNm/kg , 1.7537 kg of water /kg of air )
3.
A three stage air compressor delivers 5.2 m3/min
of free air . The suction pressure and temperature are 1
bar and 30 0C . The ambient pressure and temperature
are 1.03 bar and 20 0C .The air is cooled to 30 0C after
each stage of compression .The delivery pressure of air is
150 bar .The rpm of the compressor is 300 .The
clearances of LP ,IP and HP cylinders are 5 % of the
respective strokes .The index of compression and reexpansion in all stages is 1.35 .Neglecting pressure
losses, find the brake power of the motor required to run
the compressor if the mechanical efficiency is 80 % .
(Ans : 72.36 kW)
4.
A two stage , double acting air compressor
operating at 200 rpm takes in air at 1.013 bar and 270C.
The size of the LP cylinder is 355 mm x 375 mm , the
stroke of HP cylinder is same as for the LP cylinder and
the clearance volume is 4 % .The air passes through the
intercooler , so that it enters the HP cylinder at 27 0C
and 3.85 bar ,finally it is discharged from the
compressor at 15.4 bar .The values of n for both

cylinders are 1.25 . The values of Cp and R are 1.0035

kJ/kgK and 0.28 kJ/kgK .
Calculate the heat rejected in the intercooler , the
diameter of HP cylinder and the power required to drive
HP cylinder .
(Ans : 7.085 kW , 182.6 mm , 37 kW)
5.
A single stage , single acting reciprocating air
compressor has a bore of 0.2 m and a stroke of 0.3 m .It
receives air at 1 bar and 293 K and delivers it at 5.5 bar
. If the compression follows the law pV1.3=C and the
clearance volume is 5% of the stroke volume .
Determine the MEP and the power required to drive the
compressor if it runs at 500 rpm .
(Ans : 1.8056 bar , 14.1817 kW )
6.
Estimate the minimum work required to
compress 1 kg of air from 1 bar ,300 K to 16 bar in two
stages if the law of compression is pV1.25=C and the
intercooling is perfect .Take R= 287 J/kg.K.
( Ans : 275 KJ / kg of air )
7.
A single cylinder ,single acting reciprocating air
compressor has piston displacement of 0.01m at
100r.p.m The suction pressure and temperatures are
1bar and 27C respectively and the delivery pressure is
8 bar.
Calculate:
Temperature at the end of compression
The work required to compress the air in the
following cases:
a) For isentropic compression for which =1.4
b) For polytropic compression for which =1.2

The isothermal efficiency in each case.

Assume,R=300Nm/kgK.Neglect clearance
(Ans:543.3K, 2838.5 Nm, 0.7326 424.5K,2490Nm,
0.8352 )
8.
A single cylinder double acting air compressor
sucksin air at the rate of 3m/min at apresurre of 1 bar
and temperature 27C .it delivers the air to a receiver at
apressure of 7 bar . The speed of a compressor is
150r.p.m and the stroke is 0.7 times the cylinder
diameter.Neglecting the effect of clearance and if law of
compression is p.V1.25=constant,find:
i. Cylinder dimensions
ii. Indicated power o the compressors,and
iii. The shaft power if the mechanical efficiency is 85%
(Ans :26.29 cm, 18.41 cm ,11.9KW, 14KW)
9.
Determine the size of the cylinder for a single
acting single stage compressor consuming 35KW. Also
calculate mean effective pressure, intake conditions are
1 bar and 15C and polytropic index is 1.3,speed is 100
r.p.m and mean piston speed is 152 m/min ,delivery
pressure is 6 bar. Neglect clearance.
(Ans: 0.76m, 0.3972m, 2.23 bar)
10.
Air is to be compressed through a pressure ratio
of 10:1 from a pressure of 1 bar in one stage .Find the
power required for a FAD of 3.1 m3/min . Also find the
rotational speed if the swept volume is 14 litres .The
index of compression is 1.3
( Ans : 221.43 rpm , 15.7 kW )

11.
A single stage , double acting air compressor is
required to deliver 14 m3 of air per minute measured at
1.013 bar and 15C .The delivery pressure is 7 bar and
speed is 300 rev/min. Take the clearance volume as 5 %
of swept volume with a compression and re expansion
index of 1.3 . Calculate the swept volume of the cylinder
, the delivery temperature and indicator power .
( Ans : 0.02815 m3 , 450 K, 57.5 kW )
12.
In a single stage reciprocating air compressor ,
the initial pressure is 1 bar and final pressure is 16
bar.The compression is according to the law pV1.3=C .
Piston speed is 200 m/min and shaft rpm is 300.
Indicated power is 30 kW .Volumetric efficiency is 0.85 .
Calculate the cylinder bore and stroke .
( Ans : 0.2857 m , 0.2634 m )
13.
The following data refers to a performance test
of a single acting single stage 140 mm x 100 mm
reciprocating air compressor
Suction pressure and temperature : 1 bar and 20O C
Discharge pressure and temperature :6 bar and 180 O C
Compressor rpm = 1200 , Shaft power = 6.25 kW
Mass of air delivered = 1.7 kg /min
Find volumetric efficiency ,Indicated power ,isothermal
efficiency and mechanical efficiency .
( Ans : 0.7741 , 5.885 kW , 0.8825 , 0.9416 )
14.
In a test of single cylinder single acting
compressor of 10 cm diameter and 13 cm stroke , air is
taken from atmosphere at 1 bar and delivered at 8.4 bar
to receiver of 1.132 m3 capacity . A motor of 1.85 kW
drives the compressor at 425 rpm .The IMEP is 2.2 bar ,
reservoir condition originally is at 1 bar and 18 O C and
after 19 minutes
, the pressure is 7.7 bar and
O
temperature is 62 C . Calculate the air delivered in
m3/min
, volumetric
,isothermal and mechanical
efficiency .
( Ans : 0.3389 m3/min , 0.781 , 0.7556 , 0.86 )
15.
A single stage , double acting reciprocating air
compressor delivers 15 m3/min of free air measured at
760 mm of Hg and 300 K .The conditions at the end of
the suction are 1.98 bar and 40 O C . The clearance factor
is 4% whereas stroke to bore ratio is 1.3 .The speed of
the compressor is 300 rpm and the discharge pressure
is 7 bar . Calculate the volumetric efficiency with
reference to free air conditions , cylinder dimensions
,motor rating and isothermal efficiency .Index of
compression and expansion
are 1.3 . Assume
mechanical efficiency of compressor and drive as 85 % .
( Ans : 0.796 , 0.3133 m , 0.4073 m , 77.34 kW, 0.6717 )
16.
A single acting two stage compressor with
complete intercooling delivers 10 kg/min of air at 16
bar. The suction conditions are 1 bar and 15 O C .The
compression and expansion processes are are reversible
polytropic with polytropic index 1.25.Calculate the

Power required ,Isothermal efficiency ,FAD and the

heat transferred in intercooler .If the clearance ratios for
LP and HP cylinders are 0.04 and 0.06 respectively .
Calculate the swept and clearance volume for each
cylinder . The compressor runs at 400 rpm.
( Ans : 44 kW , 0.8678 , 8.266 m3/min , 15.41 kJ/s ,
0.0225 m3,0.0009 m3,0.005884 m3,0.000353 m3 )
17.
A two stage single acting reciprocating air
compressor compresses air from 1 bar , 200C to 40 bar ,
following the law pV 1.33 = C .For perfect intercooling ,
find per kg of air , work done , mass of cooling water to
be circulated in the intercooler if the maximum rise in
cooling water temperature is limited to 22 O C .If the
above compression is done by a single stage ,what will
be the work done and estimate the % of work saved in
multistage .
(Ans : 393.37 kNm/kg, 1.8 kg of water /kg of air, 29.02%)
18.
A single acting , 2 stage air compressor with
perfect intercooling delivers 15 m3/min of air at 25 bar
pressure .The compressor follows the law pV 1.25 = C.
Calculate the IP ,FAD and isothermal efficiency .
( Ans : 95 kW ,15.317 m3/min , 0.8477 )
19.
A 3 stage reciprocating air compressor
compresses air from 1 bar and 17 O C to 35 bar .The law
of compression is pV 1.25 = C and is same for all the
stages of compression .Assuming perfect intercooling ,
neglecting clearance find the minimum power required
to compress 15 m3/min of free air .Also find the
intermediate pressures .
( Ans : 100 kW , 10.6 bar )
20.
A two stage single acting reciprocating air
compressor draws 6 kg /min of air at 1 bar and 20 OC.
The delivery pressure is 15 bar .Assume perfect
intercooling with n as 1.25 .Clearance factor in low
pressure and high pressure cylinders are 0.04 and 0.07
respectively . The mechanical efficiency is 85% .Speed of
the compressor is 420 rpm . Determine Shaft power,
isothermal efficiency , volumetric efficiency and heat
transferred in intercooler .
( Ans : 30.77 kW , 0.8708 , 0.9218 , 0.8632 , 9.1 kW )
REFRIGERATION
1.
A
refrigeration
plant
works
between
temperature limits of -5C and 25C. The refrigerant
CO2 is wet at entry to the compressor and has dryness
fraction of 0.6. the refrigerator has actual COP 70% of
the theoretical COP. If there is no undercooling ,
determine the ice formed during a period of 24hrs from
water at 20C .the mass of CO2 circulated is 5kg/min.
Take enthalpy of fusion of ice as 336KJ/Kg.
( Ans:706.64kg/day)
2.
Compare the COP of an ammonia refrigeration
cycle which uses wet compression with one which uses
dry compression and operates between -20C and
30C.assume compression to be isentropic and no

subcooling of liquid refrigerant .In wet compression

,vapour leaving the compressor is dry saturated whereas
in dry compression ,vapour entering the compressor is
dry saturated .
( Ans : 4.025,4.113,COP of dry compression cycle is more
than wet compression cycle )
3.
A vapour compression system using R-12
refrigerant works on simple saturated cycle with dry
compression between temperature (-15C) and 30C.
Calculate:
I.
Work of compression
II.
Heat rejected in the condenser
III.
Net refrigerating effect
IV.
Mass of refrigerant to be circulated per ton of
refrigeration
V.
Compressor capacity per ton of refrigeration
VI.
Theoretical COP
VII.
Power required to drive the compressor per ton
of refrigeration
(Ans :24.77KJ/Kg, 141.16KJ/Kg, 116.39KJ/Kg ,
1.8099kg/min/ton of refrigeration , 0.16506m/min,
4.699,0.7472KW)
4.
A refrigeration system using NH3 works on
standard vapour compression cycle.the condensing
temperature is 30C. Investigate the performance of the
system based on :

COP

Mass of refrigerant circulated

Volume of refrigerant handled by compressor

Temperature of refrigerant at compressor delivery.

The system operates at temperature in the evaporator of
-10C and 16C respectively. Capacity of the system is
10TR.
( Ans:4.125,1.697kg/min,0.7811m/min,116.2C )
5.
An ammonia refrigeration system used in ice
plant operates between evaporator temperature of 20C and condensing temperature of 30C.it produces 10
tons of ice per day from water at 25C to ice at 0C.using
standard vapour compression cycle determine:
I.
Capacity
II.
Mass flow of refrigerant
III.
Temperature at outlet of compressor
IV.
Work done
V.
COP
VI.
Ideal COP
VII.
Bore and stroke of the twin cylinder compressor
L/D =1.3,v=0.80.N=1000 rpm.
VIII.
Mass flow of refrigerant if refrigerant is
subcooled by 10C before entering into the
expansion value .
Take CPL=4.6KJ/KgK,L ice =335KJ/Kg.
(Ans:14.47TR,2.786Kg/min,106.2C,262.3KJ/kg, 4.182,
4.182, 9.48cm,12.324cm,2.674kg/min )
6.
A vapour compression ice plant with NH3 as
refrigerant works between the pressure limits of 2.909
bar and 11.669 bar.it uses a single acting reciprocating
compressor of 12cm bore and 16cm stroke length and its
mean effective pressure is 3.2bar.the temperature of the
refrigerant at the entry and exit of condenser are 56C
and 20C respectively. The cooling water circulated
amounts to 25kg/min and it has a temperature rise of
10C.the plant forms 110kg/hr of ice at 0C from water
at 15C having its latent heat of fusion of
335KJ/Kg.compressor runs at 210 r.p.m.find the C.O.P.,
mass of refrigerant to be circulated in kg/min,the

compressor power and the condition of refrigerant at

entry to compressor.
( Ans:2.027KJ/s or KW,6,0.828Kg/min,0.7876 )
7.A water cooler works on vapour compression cycle
using R-12 as refrigerant .it works between the pressure
limits 3 bar and 7.45 bar.the cooler cools the water at
the rate of 120 kg/hour from 25C to 8C.22%of useful
cooling is lost into the water cooler.The volumetric and
mechanical efficiencies of the compressor are 82% and
85% respectively and the mechanical efficiency of the
motor is 95%.calculate:
I.
Capacity of water cooler required
II.
Mass flow rate of refrigerant in kg /min
III.
Power required to run the compressor
IV.
Motor power
V.
Piston displacement, bore and stroke of the
compressor.Assume stroke=1.2bore and speed
of compressor as 300 r.p.m.
Ans:0.823TR,1.4132kg/min,0.4295KW,
0.4521KW,
0.00318m,0.15m,0.18m )
8.
A refrigerating system using R-22 is required for
food storage at low temperatures.The temperature
limits of the cycle are -30C and 30C and the
refrigeration capacity required is 100 tons of
refrigeration .the condition of the refrigerant at entry to
the compressor is dry saturated and the refrigerant at
the exit of condenser is sub cooled by 10C before
entering the expansion value . Actual C.O.P is 70% of
the theoretical C.O.P ., find :
I.
Theoretical and actual C.O.P
II.
Mass of refrigerant to be circulated in kg/s.
III.
Compressor power
IV.
Piston displacement of the compressor if the
volumetric efficiency is 85% and it runs at 300r.p.m.
Specific heat of vapour ,C Pg =0.55KJ/Kg K
Specific heat of liquid, C Pf=1.19KJ/Kg K
( Ans:3.274,2.292,2.9853kg/s,153.44KW,0.0954m)
9.
A simple R-12 plant is to develop 5 tonnes of
refrigeration . the condenser and evaporator
temperatures are to be 40C and -10C respectively.
Determine :
I.
The refrigerant flow rate in kg/s
II.
The volume flow rate handled by the compressor
in m/s
III.
The compressor discharge temperature
IV.
The heat rejected to the condenser in KW
V.
The COP and
VI.
The power required to drive the compressor
How does this COP compare with that of a Carnot
refrigerator operating between 40C and -10C
( Ans:0.161925kg/s, 0.1242m/s, 49.95C,
25.04KW, 51.01KJ/Kg, 2.129,8.26KW, 0.4048 )
10.
A vapour compression refrigerator uses
R-12 as refrigerant and the liquid evaporates in the
evaporator 258K.the temperature of this refrigerant
at the delivery from the compressor is 288 K when
the vapour is condensed at 283K. Find the
coefficient of performance if
I.
There is no undercooling
II.
The liquid is cooled to 278K before expansion
by throttling
The specific heat of superheated vapour at constant
pressure is 0.64 KJ/Kg K and that for liquid is
0.94KJ/Kg K.
( Ans:9.272,9.595 )

AIR CONDITIONING
1.
A retail shop located in a city at 30W latitude has
the following loads:
Room sensible heat load =58.15KW
Room latent heat load =14.54KW
Outside design condition =40 C DBT,27C BT.
Inside design condition=25C DBT,50%RH
70m/min of ventilation air is used; determine the following if
the bypass factor of cooling coil is 0.15
I. Ventilation load
II. Grand total heat
III. Effective sensible heat factor
IV. Apparatus Dew point
V. Dehumidified air quantity
VI. Condition of air entering and leaving apparatus
( Ans: 48.02KW,120.71KW,0.768, 10.2C,239cmm, 29.4C
DBT,20.8C WBT,13.1C DBT,12.2C WBT )
2.
A hall is to be maintained at 24C DB and 60% RH
under following conditions:
Outdoor condition =38C DB and28C WB
Room SH load = 46.4KW
Room LH load = 11.6KW
Quantiy of infiltration =1200m/hr,Adp=10C
Quanity of recirculated air =60%
If the quantity of the recirculated air is mixed with conditioned
air after the cooling coil find
I.
Condition of air leaving the coil
II.
Condition of air entering the hall
III.
The mass flow rate of air entering the cooler
IV.
The mass flow rate of total air passing the through the
hall
V.
Bypass factor
VI.
The refrigeration load on the cooling coil in TR
( Ans:11.475kg/s,0.125, 69.43TR )
3.
A rectangular duct suction 500mm350mm size
carries 1.25m/sec of air having density of 1.15kg/m.determine
equivalent diameter of circular duct if (a)the quantity of air
carried in both cases is same(b)velocity of air in both the cases
is same.if f=0.001 for sheet metal ,find pressure loss per 100m
length of duct.
( Ans:0.46m,0.412m, 2.9mm of water )
4.
A circular duct of 40cm is selected to carry air in an
air conditioned space at a velocity of 440m/min to keep the
noise level at desired level .If this duct is to be replaced by a
rectangular duct of aspect ratio of 1.5 find out the size of the
rectangular duct for equal friction method when
(a)
the velocity of air in the two duct is same
(b)
the discharge rate of air in the two duct is same.
If f=0.015,find out the pressure loss per 100m length of the
duct .take density of air 1.15kg/m
( Ans : 33.5cm, 49.5cm, 29.8m, 44.7cm, 47.24mm of water )
5.
A rectangular duct 0.15m0.12m is 20m long and
carries standard air at the rate of0.3m/s.Find total pressure
required at the inlet to the duct in order to maintain this flow
and air power .f=0.005.
( Ans:671.98 N/m2,201.6watt )
6.
A circular duct of 36cm is selected to carry air in an
air conditioned space at a velocity of 420m/min.if this duct is to
be replaced by a rectangular ducts of aspect ratio 1.4 for equal
friction method when
a) The velocity of air in two ducts is same .
b) The discharge rate in two ducts is same.
If f=0.015,find out the pressure loss per 100m length of
duct.density of air 1.12kg/m
( Ans : 43.2cm, 46.62mm of water )

7.
An office is to be airconditioned for 50 staff when the
outdoor conditions are 30C DBT and 75%RH.if the quantity of
air supplied is 0.4m/min/person.find the following :
I.
II.
III.

The capacity of cooling coil in tons of refrigeration

Capacity of heating coil in KW
Amount of water vapour removed per hour

Assume that required air inlet conditions are 25C DBT and
65%RH.air is conditioned first by cooling and dehumidifying
and then by heating .if the heating coil surface temperature is
28C.find the bypass factor of the heating coil.
( Ans : 3.5TR, 3.22KW, 10.092Kg/hr )
8.
100m of air per minute at 15C DBT and 80%RH is
heated until its temperature is 22C.calculate the heat added
to the air per minute,RH of the heated air and wet bulb
temperature of the heated air .
( Ans:846.43KJ/min,51%,15.5C )