Examples: Swing Equation

Example 1
A 3-phase, 60 Hz, 500 MVA, 15 kV, 32-pole hydroelectric generating unit has an H
constant of 2.0 per unit seconds.
a) Determine the synchronous angular velocity of the rotor,
b) Determine the electrical synchronous angular velocity,

sm , in rad/s.
s , in rad/s.

c) Write down the per unit swing equation for this unit.
d) The unit is initially operating at equilibrium, i.e. Pm p.u. = Pe p.u. = 1.0 per
unit, = s and = 10 o when a 3-phase to ground bolted short circuit at the
generator terminals causes Pe p.u to drop to zero for t 0. Determine the
power angle 3 cycles after the short circuit commences. Assume Pm p.u.
remains constant at 1.0 p.u. ,and p.u.(t) = 1.0, where p.u.(t) is the per unit
rotor angle given by p.u.(t) =

m(t )
ms

Solution
a) For the 60 Hz generator,

Ns=

120 f
= 120 x 60/32 = 225 rpm
p

2
225
60
2
sm=
N
60

s=

= 23.56 rad/s

2
sm= s
p
b)

p
32
s= sm =
23.56 = 377 rad/s
2
2
c)

2 H d2
=Pm ( pu )Pe( pu)
s dt 2

becomes

2H
d2
p .u . ( t) 2 =Pm ( pu )Pe (pu)
s
dt

as p.u.(t)

is taken as 1.0 per unit.

2 x2
d2
(t ) 2 =Pm ( pu )Pe( pu)
2 60 p .u .
dt
4 d2
=Pm ( pu )Pe( pu)
2 60 dt 2

d)

At time t = 0, the change in torque angle is zero,

d (0)
dt

=0 ,

and the initial power angle/ torque angle is (0) = 10 o = 10 x/180 = 0.1745 radian
Using Pm p.u. =1.0, Pe p.u. = 0, and p.u.(t) = 1.0, the swing equation becomes

4 d2
=1.0
2 60 dt 2

for t 0.

d 2 2 60
=
1.0
2
4
dt
Integrating, and using the above initial condition,

d (t) 2 60
=
t+c ,
dt
4

d (0)
at t =0, dt =0 , c= 0

d (t) 2 60
=
t
dt
4
Integrating again,

(t)=

2 60 2
t +c , at t = 0, (0)= 0.1745 radian,
4 x2

(t)=

2 60 2
t +0.1745
4 x2

At t = 3 cycles = 3 cycles/60 cycles/second = 0.05 second.

Substitute into equation;

(0.05)=

2 60
(0.05)2 +0.1745
4x2
= 0.2923 radian = 16.75o

Example 2
A synchronous generator is initially operating in the steady-state condition. At this
steady state condition, o = 23.95o. A temporary 3-phase to ground bolted short
circuit occurs at point F which is at the generators busbar. Three cycles later the
fault extinguishes itself. Determine whether stability is maintained or not and
determine the maximum power angle. The inertia constant of the generating unit is
3.0 per unit seconds. Assume Pm remains constant throughout the disturbance.
Also assume Pmax= 2.4638 p.u.
Solution
o = 23.95o = 0.4179 radian. Pm(pu)=Pe(pu) initially equals 1.0 per unit. At t =0,
when the short circuit occurs, Pe instantaneously drops to zero and remains at zero
during the fault, since power cannot be transferred past the faulted bus.

2 H d2
=Pm ( pu )Pe ( pu ) ,
s dt 2

assuming p.u.(t) = 1.0

For 3 cycles on a 60 Hz system, t= 0.05 s when fault is cleared, Pe(pu) =0

2 H d2
=Pm ( pu )
s dt 2

0 t 0.05 s

d ws Pm ( pu)
=
2
2H
dt

Integrating twice with initial conditions (0) = 23.95o and

d (0)
=0 ,
dt

d (t) ws Pm( pu)

=
t +0
dt
2H
(t)=

ws Pm( pu) 2
t + o
4H

At t = 3 cycles = 0.05 s,
1=

(0.05)=

2 60(1)
0.052 +
4 x3

0.4179 = 0.4964 radian = 28.44o

The accelerating area A1 is given by

1

A1 =

Pm d = 1.0 d = 1 0=0.49640.4179=0.0785
o

At t=0.05 s the fault extinguishes and Pe instantaneously increases from zero to the
sinusoidal curve. continues to increase until the decelerating area A 2 equals A1.

P
2

( max sinPm) d =
A2 =

(2.4638 sin 1.0)d =

0.4964
2

Integrating,

2.4638 [ (cos) ][ ]
0.24638[cos(0.4964) cos2] ( 2 - 0.4964) = 0.0785

A1 =

0.0785

0.24638cos2 + 2 = 2.5843
This nonlinear algebraic equation can be solved iteratively to obtain
2 = 0.7003 radian = 40.12o
Thus stability is maintained.