Case Hardening Steels

EDELSTAHL WITTEN-KREFELD GMBH
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
Engineering steels
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
Case-hardening steels
Contents
Page 4 7
Carbodur The material
Page 8 9
Energy industry
Page 10 11
Transport
Page 12 13
General mechanical engineering
Page 14 15
Steel portraits
Page 16 17
Steel production
Page 18 19
Steel processing
Material data
Page 20 31
Material Data Sheets

(Please note the text on the flap of the rear cover, which contains
information on the Material Data Sheets)
Technical information
Page 32 36
Hardenability
Page 37 39
Machining and heat treatment
Page 40 43
Case-hardening treatment
Page 44
Overview of grades and chemical composition
Page 45
Melt analysis/International standards
Page 46
Forms supplied
Page 47
Hardness comparison table
Page 48
Temperature Comparison
Page 50
List of photos
3
CARBODUR
Hard case, tough core

gets to grips
How long a component stands up

to demands, and how reliably it
withstands peak stresses, de-
pends on the material the component is made of. In the final analy-
In terms of non-metallic inclu-
sis, the load-bearing capacity of a
sions, the purity of these steels is
small part determines the cost-
higher than that of normal quality
efficiency of large machines or
steels. They also respond more
installations.
uniformly to heat treatment.
The more carefully the material is
Through precise adjustment of
tailored to the function of the re-
the chemical composition and the
spective components, the more
use of special production and test
efficient the entire system is.
conditions, we are in a position to
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld is the
supply you with steel grades
specialist for producing high-
manufactured with a wide variety
grade steels with highly specific,
of processing and service proper-
precisely defined properties.
ties. Following carburising and
The group of case-hardening
hardening of the surface, case-
steels marketed under the brand
hardening steels display great
name Carbodur is evidence of the
hardness and wear resistance in
leading international position of
the region of the surface layer,
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld in the
while the strength and toughness
field of high-strength, high-grade
of the base material are retained
steels.
in the core.
The case-hardening steels presented in this brochure are unalloyed and alloyed special
engineering steels with relatively
low carbon contents of roughly
0.10 to 0.25%.
Carbodur
with wear problems
Consequently, case-hardening
steels or case-hardened components are indispensable wherever
high wear resistance, high fatigue
strength and low notch sensitivity
are required.
The choice of a steel grade is
governed by the intended application, the types of stress involved and the dimensions of the
parts or the geometry of the components in question. Technical
and economic aspects are likewise of decisive importance. Our
materials specialists are available
for consulations concerning the
optimum choice and most expedient use of the various casehardening steel grades.
Carbodur
unbeatable for
hardness
and
durability
5
Maximum purity
nickel-chrome-molybdenum case-
High fatigue strength
The strength and toughness of
hardening steels and chrome-
Inherent compression stresses
the base material are determined
nickel-molybdenum case-harden-
arise in the surface layer when
by its chemical composition and
ing steels.
case-hardening a component.
the heat treatment it undergoes.
The great hardness and the
These stresses counteract the
Consequently, the required prop-
fatigue strength of the surface
external stresses, which are
erties of the steel are already spe-
layer are achieved by the case-
cifically targeted when first melt-
hardening treatment, i.e. by car-
ing the steel. The facilities in
burising, hardening and temper-
Witten and Krefeld permit a highly
ing (or stress relieving). If, for
accurate and reliably repeatable
example, high strength is required
chemical composition. An ex-
in combination with high tough-
tremely high degree of purity is
ness of the core, the alloying ele-
achieved by the spot-on melt
ments must be matched in such a
analysis, secondary metallurgical
way that through-hardening is
treatment and vertical continuous
guaranteed at a given cross-sec-
casting, or alternatively by remelt-
tion and with the given heat treat-
ing. Non-metallic inclusions are
ment. This steel-specific through-
virtually ruled out.
hardening is offered by Carbodur,
The high degre of macroscopic
even at large cross-sections.
and microscopic purity, the
We are in a position to offer you
homogeneity of the microstruc-
case-hardening steels manufac-
ture and the fine-grain stability of
tured specifically with the hard-
our Carbodur grades cannot be
ness you require. Make use of
beaten by any other manufacturer
this opportunity - talk to our
of high-grade steels.
materials specialists!
Controlled hardenability
High fine-grain stability
The selection of appropriate al-
The targeted adjustment of the
loying elements permits targeted
aluminium and nitrogen contents
control of the hardenability of the
of our Carbodur steels results in
base material and the hardenabil-
outstanding fine-grain stability.
mostly of a tensile nature, and
ity of the carburised surface layer.
Thanks to this high fine-grain sta-
thus increase the fatigue strength.
In addition to unalloyed case-
bility, our steels are particularly
In addition to their extraordinary
hardening steels, we also offer
suitable for the direct hardening
wear resistance, components
the following alloyed versions:
of components, a process carried
made of Carbodur steels are thus
manganese-chrome case-harden-
out at high temperatures. Coarse-
characterised by very high
ing steels, molybdenum-chrome
grain or mixed-grain steel would
strength under dynamic loads
case-hardening steels, nickel-
result in non-uniform distortion
once they have been hardened.
chrome case-hardening steels,
and reduced toughness.
However, case-hardened compo-
Spot-on
right
efficiency of series production is

already defined when ordering the
steel. The machinability of casehardening steels is influenced by
the microstructure, the strength
and the non-metallic inclusions
Carbodur has just the

chemstry for you
(sulphides, oxides) that may be

present. The machinability of the
steel can be further optimised by
increasing the amount of sulphidic inclusions, by calcium treatment and by appropriate heat
treatment, i.e. by specifically adjusting the microstructure.
Made-to-measure heat
treatment
Depending on the intended application and processing, we can
supply you with Carbodur steel
grades in a wide variety of treated
conditions, e.g. with reduced
hardness, maximum hardness or
a specific hardness range, treated
for ferrite-pearlite structure or for
spherical carbides.
Detailed technical information on
nents also have to demonstrate
Good machinability
forms supplied and machining
the highest possible ductility
The larger the quantity of compo-
can be found from Page 32
when exposed to high dynamic
nents to be manufactured, the
onwards.
stresses, in order to avoid brittle
more important the demand for
fractures. As the impact strength
good machinability of the materi-
of the component decreases with
al. This means that the economic
increasing case-hardening depth,

the latter must not be too great.
More staying
with Carbodur
The world of Carbodur steels is

the world of drive systems. Their
strengths are in demand wherever
power is transmitted. The individual components of the mighty
transmission mechanisms used in
hydroelectric power stations, wind
turbine generators or in the offshore industry not only have to
withstand enormous pressures per
unit of area, they also have to run
constantly and untiringly. This calls
for wear resistance and fatigue
strength. Precision gear wheels
made of Carbodur in the propeller
drives of drilling rigs and turbine
gears of power stations reliably
Here, the emphasis is not so much
withstand the stresses and, thanks
on resistance to impact and shock
to their wear resistance, reliably
loads as on hardness and core
guarantee the dimensional stability
strength. Our chrome/nickel or
of the components. Safety takes
chrome/nickel/molybdenum-
top priority in the mining sector.
alloyed Carbodur grades, for ex-
The underground extraction equip-
ample, offer the best prerequisites
ment essentially works non-stop
for meeting the stringent require-
without a break. Malfunctions
ments. Our Carbodur 17 CrNi 6-6
brought about by the failure of
and Carbodur 18 Cr NiMo 7-6
transmission components not only
grades, for instance, are particu-
mean expensive interruptions in
larly suitable for relatively large
production, but also increase the
cross-sections.
safety risk.
Energy industry
power
case-hardening steels
Carbodur
takes
more,
lasts
longer
9
Carbodur the winner

comes
Just as there is a wide variety of
long periods, and must also be
demands on the components for
capable of absorbing sudden
different types of vehicle, we also
blows and shocks without losing
have a wide variety of options for
any teeth. The case-hardened
precisely adapting our Carbodur
parts have to display a combina-
steels to suit the prevaillign re-
tion of wear resistance and fatigue
quirements. The suitable material
strength in the surface layer and
for the components is selected
impact strength in the core zone.
with a view to safety, economic
Safety takes top priority in the
efficiency and a long service life,
passenger transport sector. Con-
or the ability to withstand extreme
sequently, the specific properties
stresses for short periods.
of Carbodur steels are particularly
The differential of a Formula 1 car,
advantageous for engines and
for example, only has to withstand
gearboxes in automotive engi-
stress for a relatively short time -
neering. They can be used, for
the duration of a race (at least!).
example, in piston pins, speed
On the other hand, it is exposed to
change gears, drive shafts, coun-
extreme stresses for short periods
tershafts, synchroniser bodies,
of time as a result of the enormous
ring gears, differential bevel gears,
torques transmitted. Carbodur
bevel pinions and differential side
steel can be specifically tuned to
gears.
cope with this task.

In contrast, the gear wheels of a
truck that works under the tough
conditions of a building site have
to take constant punishment over
10
Transport
when it
to extreme stresses
Carbodur hard
and for the
for the
moment
duration
11
Carbodur case-hardening
the prescription
Maximum precision on the one
hand, and maximum sturdiness on

the other two different requirements, but always one task for
good idea to use the same steel in
Carbodur. In terms of precision, a
heavy-duty transmissions, e.g. in
printing press is like a giant clock-
the mining industry or in an exca-
work: screen resolutions of as little
vator, if only because of the larger
as 0.01 mm are required in order
dimensions or the machines, or of
to produce the finest prints. The
the gear wheels and other compo-
numerous gear wheels of the indi-
nents. The drivelines of mining
vidual printing units have to be
machines and construction ma-
manufactured to very close toler-
chinery have to withstand gigantic
ances. Wear means play in the
stresses. A breakdown caused by
wheelwork and impairs the quality
a broken tooth, for instance, can
of the resultant prints. Therefore,
cause expensive production stop-
the gear wheels and the individual
pages. Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld
assemblies of high-quality printing
not only supplies you with the
presses have to be manufactured
optimum steel grade for large
using a steel grade that is already
cross-sections, or bar stock with
melted to have a specific chemical
large dimensions, but also acts as
composition catering to the re-
your extended workbench, as it
quirements, or that is produced for
were, by providing pre-machined
specific hardenability. The steel, or
parts, such as pre-drilled disks.
the individual components, must
Talk to our specialists about these
be strong at the core, while the
options.
surface layer must withstand any

wear whatsoever. And it has to do
so at very high speeds and for
years on end. It would not be a
12
und
General mechanical engineering
steels
against bad teeth
Carbodur
d auf
fr den
Moment
Dauer
Prevention with
Carbodur
better than
false teeth
13
Carbodur C 15 E/Carbodur C 15 R
Unalloyed case-hardening steel for components in mechanical and automotive
engineering with low core strength, primarily for wear stresses, such as levers
and shafts.
How would you like it

whole or
Large cross-sections
Carbodur definitely not run-ofthe-mill, but specifically tailored to
your needs. Each of the basic
grades briefly outlined here can
be heat treated at the factory to
adapt it for optimum machining
and/or the minimum possible
distortion during case-hardening.
Above all, we are also in a position to supply these steel grades
in the form of bar stock with large
cross-sections and also in various
processed stages. For example:
disks sawn from bars, either with
Pre-machined to taste
or without a drilled hole. Our pro-
Make use of our wide-ranging
duction capabilities also include
capabilities and let us act as your
parts individually forged to shape.
extended workbench. Talk to our
The range of processing options
specialists. They can work with
goes all the way to bright surfaces
you in devising an individual solu-
with close tolerances.
tion to meet your needs.
14
Steel portraits
Carbodur 15 NiCr 13
Carbodur 17 Cr 3
NiCr-alloyed case-hardening steel for highly
Cr-alloyed case-hardening steel for compo-
Carbodur 18 CrNiMo 7-6
stressed components in mechanical engi-
nents in mechanical and automotive engi-
CrNiMo-alloyed case-hardening steel for
neering with high demands on toughness
neering with low core strength, primarily for
heavy-duty and highly stressed transmis-
at low temperatures.
wear stressed, e.g. piston pins and cam-
sion components in mechanical engineer-
shafts
ing with high demands on toughness, e.g.
Carbodur 17 CrNi 6-6
gear wheels, pinion gears and worm shafts
CrNi-alloyed case-hardening steel for high-
Carbodur 20 NiMoCrS 6-5
ly stressed components in mechanical and
NiMoCr-alloyed case-hardening steel for
automotive engineering with high strength
highly stressed components in mechanical
and toughness at relatively large cross-
and automotive engineering with high strength
sections, such as bevel pinions, pinion
and toughness, e.g. bevel pinions, pinion
gears, shafts, pins and countershafts
gears, shafts, pins and countershafts
sliced?
Carbodur 20 MnCr 5
Carbodur 20 MnCrS 5
CrMn-alloyed case-hardening steel for
components in mechanical and automotive
engineering with relatively high core strength,
e.g. gear wheels, ring gears, main shafts
and countershafts
Carbodur 20 MoCr 4
Carbodur 20 MoCrS 4
MoCr-alloyed case-hardening steels for
e.g. gear wheels, ring gears, main shafts
and countershafts
Carbodur 20 NiCrMo 2-2
Carbodur 16 MnCr 5
Carbodur 18 CrNi 8
Carbodur 20 NiCrMoS 2-2
Carbodur 16 MnCrS 5
CrNi-alloyed case-hardening steel for high-
NiCrMo-alloyed case-hardening steel for
CrMn-alloyed case-hardening steel for
ly stressed components in mechanical and
automotive engineering with very high
engineering with relatively high core
strength and toughness at relatively large
e.g. gear wheels, spiders and ball cages
strength, e.g. relatively large piston pins,
cross-sections, such as bevel pinions, pin-
Carbodur 22 CrMoS 3-5
camshafts and gear wheels
ion gears, shafts, pins and countershafts
CrMo-alloyed case-hardening steel for

Carbodur
metallurgical
e.g. gear wheels, ring gears, shafts and

spiders
delicacies la carte
15
We make our own

recipes
Our own steel production in our
able in Krefeld for the production
modern steelworks in Witten is
of case-hardening steels involving
the basis for the purity and homo-
particularly stringent demands in
geneity of our case-hardening
terms of homogeneity, toughness
steels. Precisely defined proper-
and purity.
ties are achieved by means of

exact alloying and process
Electroslag remelting process
specifications for smelting, shap-
In the electroslag remelting pro-
ing and heat treatment. The steels
cess (ESR), which works with al-
are smelted in a 130 t electric arc
ternating current, a cast or forged,
furnace.
self-consuming electrode is im-
The metallurgical precision work
mersed in a bath of molten slag,
is performed in a downstream
which serves as an electrical resis-
ladle furnace of the same size.
tor.
Depending on the steel grade and
The material to be remelted drips
the dimensions of the end prod-
from the end of the electrode
uct, the steel melted in this way is
through the slag and forms the
cast in ingots or continuous cast
new ingot in a water-cooled
blooms. Over 50 different mould
mould below. The heat dissipa-
formats are available for ingot
tion leads to directional solidifica-
casting, ranging from 600 kg to
tion in the direction of the longitu-
160 t.
dinal ingot axis.
The continuous cast blooms are
The remelting slag fulfils several
new ingot. In addition, the slag
manufactured in two strands on a
functions in this process. On the
has a high capacity for absorbing
vertical continuous casting ma-
one hand, it develops the neces-
non-metallic inclusions, which
chine in a 475 x 340 mm format.
sary process heat, while at the
means that the remelted material
A remelting steelworks with two
same time supporting chemical
is free of coarse inclusions. The
electroslag remelting (ESR) fur-
reactions, such as desulphurisa-
improvement in the microscopic
naces and two vacuum arc re-
tion, and acting as an anti-
purity is attributable to desulphur-
melting (VAR) furnaces is avail-
oxidant for the melting bath of the
isation and the resultant high
Remelting facilities
ESR
16
VAR
Ladle
furnace
Scrap
130-t-electric
arc furnace
Main production routes
Ladle degassing station

(VD/VOD)

THYSSEN KRUPP STAHL AG
Steel production
steel, using reliable

and the best ingredients
Blooming-slabbing mill
ot casting
Products
Machining
Long forging
machines
LSX 55
33 MN press
Finishing
departments,
forging shops
Heat
treatment
facilities
Peeling
machines
Finishing
departments,
rolling mills
As-rolled
Open-die forgings
as-forged or machined
Forged semis
As-forged
LSX 25
As-cast ingots
As-continuously cast
bloom material
Forged round billets

for tubemaking
as-forged or peeled
Forged bar steel
as-forged or machined
Machined tool steel
forged or rolled
Rolled semis
Rolled tube rounds
as-rolled or peeled
ontinuous bloom
er, 475 x 340 mm,
2 strands
Untreated
Blooming/billet/large-size
bar rolling mill
Rolled bar steel

as-rolled or machined
Universal plate and flats
Special products
degree of sulphidic purity, and

also to a reduction in the size and
quantity of oxidic inclusions.
Carbodur
technological
precision from the start
17
Carbodur
tailored to suit
Vacuum arc remelting process
lowest possible sulphur content
The vacuum arc remelting (VAR)
has to be set prior to remelting, in
process works with cast or
order also to meet the most strin-
forged, self-consuming elec-
gent demands on the degree of
trodes in a vacuum.
sulphidic purity. Moreover, this
Using an electric arc in a vacuum,
process guarantees the lowest
a melting bath is generated in a
possible quantities of dissolved
copper crucible, which acts as
gases in the steel and a minimum
the opposite pole to the remelting
of segregation.
electrode and is connected to a

DC voltage source via current
Steel processing
contacts.
The blooming mill in Witten pro-
A new ingot is formed from the
duces semi-finished products,
liquefied electrode material drop
steel bars and wide flats. Two
by drop in a continuous process.
modern finishing lines for check-
In the VAR process, refinement of
ing the inner and outer surface
the steel is brought about by the
condition, as well as the dimen-
reaction of the oxygen dissolved
sions and identity, are available
in the steel with the carbon in the
for rolled and forged products
molten material under the effect
and steel bars. The forge is
of the vacuum. This results in the
equipped with a 33 MN press, a
best possible degree of micro-
GFM LSX 55 horizontal long forg-
scopic oxidic purity and freedom
ing machine and a GFM LSX 25
from macroscopic inclusions. As
long forging machine.
no desulphurisation takes place

during this remelting process, the
18
Steel processing
Steels precisely
your applications
We
work ahead
for your
benefit
19
CARBODUR C 15 E / C 15 R
Material No.
Code
Material No.
Designation
Material No.
Designation
1.1141
C15E
1.1140
C15R
Chemical
composition
Typical analysis in %
C 15 E 0.12 0.18
C 15 R 0.12 0.18
Hardness in various
treatment conditions
Treated for
shearing S
HB
Si
Mn
0.40
0.40
0.30 0.60
0.30 0.60
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.0200.040
Treated
for strength TH
HB
Soft-annealed A
1)
HB
Annealed to spherical
carbides AC
HB
max. 143
max. 135
Treated for ferritepearlite structure FP

HB
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Treatment temperature
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
880 980 C
Direct hardening
Core refining
Case refining
Tempering (stress-relieving) 5)
880
880
780
150
3)
See flap for footnotes
Hardenability in the
end-quench test
980
920
820
200
Cooling
Water (oil),
Hot bath 160 250 C, case-hardening box, air
C
C
C
C
Water (oil), hot bath 160 250 C

Air
Distance from the quenched end in mm

1
45
39
42
35
35
31
33
27
32
25
28
22
26
20
24
Hardness in HRC
H
max.
min.
Hardenability diagram
55
50
45
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
40
35
30
25
20
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Distance from quenched

endininmm
mm
Abstand von der abgeschreckten
Stirnflche
20
45
4)
4)
4)
4)
CARBODUR 15 NiCr 13
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
Material No.
Designation
1.5752
15NiCr13
Si
Mn
0.14 0.20
0.40
0.40 0.70
0.035
0.035
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB
* For diameters up to 150 mm

** For diameters up to 60 mm
Cr
Ni
0.60 0.90 3.60 3.50
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
179 229
max. 255
HB
carbides AC
HB
Treated for ferritepearlite structure FP**

HB
max. 229
max. 180
166 217
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
Direct hardening 3)
Core refining
Case refining
880 980 C
end-quench test
880
840
780
150
980
880
820
200
Cooling
Oil (water), hot bath 160 250 C,
Salt bath (580 650 C), case-hardening box, air
C
C
C
C
Oil, hot bath 160 250 C

Air
4)
4)
4)
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
48
41
48
41
48
41
47
40
45
38
44
36
42
33
41
30
38
24
35
22
34
22
34
21
33
21
HH
max.
min.
48
43
48
43
48
43
47
42
45
40
44
39
42
36
41
34
38
29
35
26
34
26
34
25
33
25
HL
max.
min.
46
41
46
41
46
41
45
40
43
38
41
36
38
33
37
30
33
24
31
22
30
22
30
21
29
21
Hardness in HRC
Time-temperature-transformation diagram
for continuous cooling
1200
55
1100
50
1000
HH grade
HH-Sorte
45
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
900
HL-Sorte
HL grade
800
Temperature
inoC
Temperatur in
C
40
Hrte ininHRC
Hardness
HRC
AC3
HH + HL grade
35
30
AC1
700
A
600
400
70
500
F
75
75 75
15 25
75
45
Ms
30
50
90 95
90
50
20
300
15
15
25
200
100
20
Hardness values
Hrtewerte
HV 10
360 352 328 313 282 277 261 245
231
228
227
192 169
0
100
Zeit
Timeinins s
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

Stirnflche
endininmm
mm
45
101
102
100
Zeit ininmin
Time
min
103
104
101
102
100
Zeit
Timeininh h
105
106
103
101
104
102
21
CARBODUR 16 MnCr 5 / 16 MnCrS 5

Material No.
Code
Material No.
Designation
Material No.
Designation
1.7131
16MnCr5
1.7139
16MnCrS5
Chemical
composition
16 MnCr 5 0.14 0.19

16 MnCrS 5 0.14 0.19
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB

Si
Mn
0.40
0.40
1.10 1.30
1.10 1.30
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.80 1.10
0.0200.040 0.80 1.10
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
156 207
1)
Cr
HB
carbides AC
HB

HB
max. 207
max. 165
140 187
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
880 980 C
Direct hardening
Core refining
Case refining
880
860
780
150
3)
end-quench test
980
900
820
200
Cooling
Oil (water), hot bath 160 250 C 4)
Air
C
C
C
C
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
47
39
46
36
44
31
41
28
39
24
37
21
35
33
31
30
29
28
27
HH
max.
min.
47
42
46
39
44
35
41
32
39
29
37
26
35
24
33
22
31
20
30
29
28
27
HL
max.
min.
44
39
43
36
40
31
37
28
34
24
32
21
30
28
26
25
24
23
22
Hardness in HRC
55
1200
1100
50
1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
45
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
900
HL-Sorte
HL grade
800
Temperature
Temperatur in
in oC
C
40
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
AC3
HH + HL grade
35
30
700
40
5
10 20
500
MS
400
97
100
81 80
85
77
300
25
100
50
37
30
15
93
Hardness values
Hrtewerte
394
317
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

endininmm
mm
Stirnflche
45
100
182 170 156
278 251 243 221 207 199 187
HV 10
0
22
65
35
200
20
AC1
65
35
60
30 40 50 50 60
20
3 10 15
600
188
101
102
103
104
105
106
Zeit inins s
Time
100
101
102
103
104
Zeit in min
Time
in min
100
Zeit ininh h
Time
101
102
CARBODUR 17 Cr 3
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
Material No.
Designation
1.7016
17Cr3
Si
Mn
Cr
0.14 0.20
0.40
0.60 0.90
0.035
0.035
0.70 1.00
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB
Treated
for strength TH
HB
Soft-annealed A
1)
HB
carbides AC
HB
max. 174
max. 155
Treated for ferritepearlite structure FP

HB
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
Direct hardening 3)
Core refining
Case refining
880 980 C
end-quench test
880
860
780
150
980
900
820
200
Cooling
Wasser (l),
Hot bath 160 250 C, case-hardening box, air
C
C
C
C

Air
4)
4)
4)
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
H
max.
min.
47
39
44
35
40
25
33
20
29
27
25
24
23
21
HH
max.
min.
47
42
44
38
40
30
33
24
29
20
27
25
24
23
21
HL
max.
min.
44
39
41
35
35
25
29
20
25
23
21
20
Hardness in HRC
55
1200
1100
50
1000
HH grade
HH-Sorte
45
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
900
HL grade
HL-Sorte
800
Temperature
inoC
Temperatur in
C
HH + HL grade
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
40
35
30
700
600
MS
500
400
AC3
15
35
AC1
75
25
70 75 72
20 25
15
1 3
30 67
B
85
65 20
15
300
25
200
100
20
446
Hardness
Hrtewerte
values
HV 10
0
100
Zeit
Timeinins s
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

Stirnflche
endin
in mm
mm
45
439
181
368
101
297 236 206
160 151
141
102
100
Zeit ininmin
Time
min
103
101
104
102
100
Zeit
Timeininh h
105
106
103
101
104
102
23
CARBODUR 17 CrNi 6-6

Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
Material No.
Designation
1.5918
17CrNi6-6
Si
Mn
0.14 0.20
0.40
0.50 0.90
0.035
0.035
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB

max. 255
Cr
Ni
1.40 1.70 1.40 1.70
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
175 229
HB
carbides AC
HB

HB
max. 229
max. 178
156 207
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
Intermediate annealing
Core refining
Case refining
880 980 C
end-quench test
630
830
780
150
650
870
820
200
Cooling
C
C
C
C
Air, furnace
Oil (water), hot bath 160 250 C
Air
4)
4)
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
47
39
47
38
46
36
45
35
43
32
42
30
41
28
39
26
37
24
35
22
34
21
34
20
33
20
HH
max.
min.
47
42
47
41
46
39
45
38
43
36
42
34
41
32
39
30
37
28
35
26
34
25
34
25
33
24
HL
max.
min.
44
39
44
38
43
36
42
35
39
32
38
30
37
28
35
26
33
24
31
22
30
21
29
20
29
20
Hardness in HRC
55
1200
1100
50
1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
45
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
900
HL-Sorte
HL grade
800
Temperature
in oC
Temperatur in
C
40
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
AC3
HH + HL grade
35
30
AC1
700
600
15
5 10
60 65
40 55
10 35
30
A
500
70 75
25
35 30
MS
100
400
100
100
100
100 97
95
100
90 85
300
70
60 35
5
25
200
Hardness values
Hrtewerte
100
20
409
HV 10
0
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

Stirnflche
endin
in mm
mm
24
45
100
Zeit inins s
Time
357
101
270
297
318
394
276
102
100
175 157
222
262
266
103
101
154
203 161 154
242
104
102
105
106
103
104
Zeit ininmin
Time
min
100
Zeit ininhh
Time
101
102
CARBODUR 18 CrNi 8
Material No.
Code
Material No.
Designation
1.5920
18CrNi8
Chemical
composition
Si
Mn
0.15 0.20 0.150.40 0.40 0.60
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB

Cr
0.035
0.035
Ni
1.80 2.10 1.80 2.10
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
199 229
max. 255
HB
carbides AC
HB

HB
max. 225
max. 180
158 205
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
Direct hardening 3)
Core refining
Case refining
end-quench test
900 950
630 650
840 870
800 830
170 210
Cooling
C
C
C
C
C

Air, furnace
Air
4)
4)
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
49
41
49
41
49
40
49
39
49
39
49
38
49
37
49
36
48
35
47
35
47
34
46
34
46
33
HH
max.
min.
49
44
49
44
49
43
49
42
49
42
49
42
49
41
49
40
48
39
47
39
47
38
46
38
46
37
HL
max.
min.
46
41
46
41
46
40
46
39
46
39
45
38
45
37
45
36
44
35
43
35
43
34
42
34
42
33
Hardness in HRC
55
1200
1100
50
1000
900
Temperature
in oC
Temperatur in
C
45
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
40
35
30
AC1
700
600
HH + HL grade
400
MS
100
100
15
20
100
100 100 95
70
65
Hrtewerte
Hardness values
HV 10
0
100
Zeit inins s
Time
15
90
200
20
10
500
HL grade
HL-Sorte
10
300
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
30
30 5
HH grade
HH-Sorte
25
AC3
800
25
30
35
40

Stirnflche
endininmm
mm
45
429
425 417
101
425
390
102
100
363
342 333 312 312 312 268 249
103
101
104
102
105
106
103
104
Zeit ininmin
Time
min
100
Zeit ininh h
Time
101
102
25
CARBODUR 18 CrNiMo 7-6

Material No.
Code
Material No.
Designation
1.6587
18CrNiMo7-6
Chemical
composition
Si
Mn
0.15 0.21
0.40
0.50 0.90
0.035
0.035
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB

Cr
Ni
1.50 1.80 1.40 1.70 0.25 0.35
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
179 229
max. 255
Mo
HB
carbides AC
HB

HB
max. 229
max. 180
159 207
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
880 980 C
Core refining
Case refining
end-quench test
630
830
780
150
650
870
820
200
Cooling
C
C
C
C
Air, furnace
Air
4)
4)
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
48
40
48
40
48
39
48
38
47
37
47
36
46
35
46
34
44
32
43
31
42
30
41
29
41
29
HH
max.
min.
48
43
48
43
48
42
48
41
47
40
47
40
46
39
46
38
44
36
43
35
42
34
41
33
41
33
HL
max.
min.
45
40
45
40
45
39
45
38
44
37
43
36
42
35
42
34
40
32
39
31
38
30
37
29
37
29
Hardness in HRC
55
1200
1100
50
1000
900
Temperature
in oC
Temperatur in
C
45
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
40
35
30
HH-Sorte
HH grade
700
HL-Sorte
HL grade
60
80 90 100
100 100 100
100
97
95
80
55
15
25
30
35
40

Stirnflche
endininmm
mm
425
45
100
Zeit inins s
Time
426
343
383
418
101
360
327
336
102
100
314
261
286
103
101
242
215
175
104
102
105
106
103
104
Zeit ininmin
Time
min
100
Zeit ininh h
Time
26
Hardness values
Hrtewerte
100
15
20
400 MS
HV 10
15
65
30
55
30
500
10
45
20
200
20
HH + HL grade
600
300
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
25
AC3
AC1
800
101
102
CARBODUR 20 NiMoCrS 6-5

Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
Material No.
Designation
1.6757
20NiMoCrS6-5
Si
Mn
0.18 0.28 max. 0.40 0.50 0.70
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB

0.035
Cr
Ni
0.0200.040 0.65 0.85 1.50 1.90 0.250.40
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
170 220
max. 255
Mo
HB
carbides AC
HB

HB
max. 220
max. 180
155 205
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
900 950 C
Direct hardening
Core refining
Case refining
870
840
800
170
3)
end-quench test
900
870
830
210
Cooling
C
C
C
C

Air
4)
4)
4)
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
49
39
49
39
48
38
47
37
46
36
45
35
44
33
44
32
42
30
41
28
39
26
38
25
38
23
HH
max.
min.
49
42
49
42
48
41
47
40
46
39
45
38
44
37
44
36
42
34
41
32
39
30
38
29
38
28
HL
max.
min.
46
39
46
39
45
38
44
37
43
36
42
35
40
33
40
32
38
30
37
28
35
26
34
25
33
23
Hardness in HRC
55
1200
HH-Sorte
HH grade
1100
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
50
HH + HL grade
1000
HL-Sorte
HL grade
900
Temperature
Temperatur in
in oC
C
45
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
40
35
30
AC3
800
AC1
700
500
400
100
20
20 80
85 85
85
90
89
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

Stirnflche
endininmm
mm
45
87
25
100
Zeit inins s
Time
15
72
Hardness
468
values
Hrtewerte
HV 10
0
-F
-P
50
B
5
M
200
35
MS
300
25
50
48
15 43
10 30
5
3
600
468
468 442 421 383 297 297 285 274 254
101
102
100
236
221 206 181
103
101
160
104
102
105
106
103
104
Zeit ininmin
Time
min
100
Zeit ininh h
Time
101
102
27
CARBODUR 20 MnCr 5 / 20 MnCrS 5

Material No.
Code
Material No.
Designation
Material No.
Designation
1.7147
20MnCr5
1.7149
20MnCrS5
Chemical
composition
20 MnCr 5 0.17 0.22

20 MnCrS 5 0.17 0.22
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB

Si
Mn
0.40
0.40
1.10 1. 40
1.10 1.40
0.035
0.035
0.035 1.00 1.30

0.0200.040 1.00 1.30
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
170 217
1)
Cr
HB
carbides AC
HB

HB
max. 217
max. 180
152 201
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
880 980 C
Direct hardening
Core refining
Case refining
880
860
780
150
3)
end-quench test
980
900
820
200
Cooling
4)

Air
C
C
C
C
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
49
41
49
39
48
36
46
33
43
30
42
28
41
26
39
25
37
23
35
21
34
33
32
HH
max.
min.
49
44
49
42
48
40
46
37
43
34
42
33
41
31
39
30
37
28
35
26
34
25
33
24
32
23
HL
max.
min.
46
41
46
39
44
36
42
33
39
30
37
28
36
26
34
25
32
23
30
21
29
28
27
Hardness in HRC
55
1200
1100
50
1000
HH grade
HH-Sorte
45
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
900
HL-Sorte
HL grade
800
oC
Temperature
Temperaturin
in C
40
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
AC3
HH + HL grade
35
30
700
A
400
MS
50
87
40
50
25
80 65
60
55
45
15
200
100
20
Hardness values
Hrtewerte
HV 10
0
100
Zeit
Timeinins s
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

endininmm
mm
Stirnflche
28
AC1
300
25
65
35
10 25
35
500
60
40
60
60 60 60 40
40 40
600
45
405
101
342 302 274 263 238 212 187 171 160 182 162 153
102
100
Zeit
in in
minmin
Time
103
101
104
102
100
Zeit
Timeininh h
105
106
103
101
104
102
CARBODUR 20 MoCr 4 / 20 MoCrS 4

Material No.
Code
Material No.
Designation
Material No.
Designation
1.7321
20MoCr4
1.7323
20MoCrS4
Chemical
composition
20 MoCr 4 0.17 0.23

20 MoCrS 4 0.17 0.23
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB

Si
Mn
0.40
0.40
0.70 1.00
0.70 1.00
0.035
0.035
Mo
0.035 0.30 0.60 0.40 0.50

0.0200.040 0.30 0.60 0.40 0.50
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
156 207
1)
Cr
HB
carbides AC
HB

HB
max. 207
max. 165
140 187
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Cooling
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
880 980 C
Oil (water), hot bath 160 250 C,4)
Direct hardening 3)
Core refining
Case refining
end-quench test
880
860
780
150
980
900
820
200
C
C
C
C

Air
4)
4)
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
49
41
47
37
44
31
41
27
38
24
35
22
33
31
28
26
25
24
24
HH
max.
min.
49
44
47
40
44
35
41
32
38
29
35
26
33
24
31
22
28
26
25
24
24
HL
max.
min.
46
41
44
37
40
31
36
27
33
24
31
22
29
27
24
22
21
20
20
Hardness in HRC
55
1200
1100
50
1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
45
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
900
HL-Sorte
HL grade
800
Temperature
inoC
Temperatur in
C
40
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
AC3
HH + HL grade
35
30
55
25
5 10
15
30
600
60
65
30
65
70
65 70
30
30
30
30
30
AC1
B
500
MS
95
400
300
25
700
95
95 95
90
85
70
15
10
200
100
20
Hardness values
Hrtewerte
HV 10
0
100
Zeit inins s
Time
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

Stirnflche
endininmm
mm
45
370
101
283
260 240 238 228 210
102
100
Zeit
min
Timein in
min
189
176 165 181
103
152
156
149
104
101
102
100
105
106
103
101
104
102
Zeit ininh h
Time
29
CARBODUR 20 NiCrMo 2-2 / 20 NiCrMoS 2-2

Material No.
Code
Material No.
Designation
Material No.
Designation
1.6523
20NiCrMo2-2
1.6526
20NiCrMoS2-2
Chemical
composition
20 NiCrMo 2-2 0.17 0.23

20 NiCrMoS 2-2 0.17 0.23
Hardness in various
Treated for
shearing S
HB

Si
Mn
0.40
0.40
0.65 0.95
0.65 0.95
0.035
0.035
Ni
Mo
0.035 0.35 0.70 0.40 0.70 0.150.25

0.0200.040 0.35 0.70 0.40 0.70 0.150.25
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
161 212
1)
Cr
HB
carbides AC
HB

HB
max. 212
max. 176
149 194
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
Direct hardening 3)
Core refining
Case refining
880 980 C
end-quench test
880
860
780
150
980
900
820
200
Cooling
C
C
C
C

Air
4)
4)
4)
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
49
41
48
37
45
31
42
25
36
22
33
20
31
30
27
25
24
24
23
HH
max.
min.
49
44
48
41
45
36
42
31
36
27
33
24
31
22
30
21
27
25
24
24
23
HL
max.
min.
46
41
44
37
40
31
36
25
31
22
29
20
27
26
23
21
20
20
Hardness in HRC
55
1200
1100
50
1000
HH-Sorte
HH grade
45
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
900
HL-Sorte
HL grade
800
Temperature
inoC
Temperatur in
C
HH + HL grade
Hardness
in HRC
HRC
Hrte in
40
35
30
700
A
600
500
15
MS
P5
40
10
200
100
20
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

Stirnflche
endin
in mm
mm
45
AC3
75
75
25
AC1
25
85
96
91
97
79
49
453
453
Hrtewerte
Hardness
100
Zeit inins s
Time
234
values
HV 10
0
40
40
84
25
60
55
B
65
400
300
30
10
453
101
426 313
283 276 245 239
102
100
Zeit
min
Timein in
min
210
182
159
103
101
148
140
104
102
100
Zeit ininh h
Time
105
106
103
101
104
102
CARBODUR 22 CrMoS 3-5

Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
Material No.
Designation
1.7333
22CrMoS3-5
Si
Mn
0.190.24
0.40
0.701.00
0.035
Hardness in various
Cr
Mo
0.0200.040 0.70 1.00 0.40 0.50
Treated for
shearing S
HB
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
Soft-annealed A
max. 255
170 217
HB
carbides AC
HB

HB
max. 217
max. 180
152 201
Heat treatments
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising 2)
Direct hardening 3)
Core refining
Case refining
880 980 C
end-quench test
880
860
780
150
980
900
820
200
Cooling
C
C
C
C

Air
4)
4)
4)
4)

1.5
11
13
15
20
25
30
35
40
H
max.
min.
50
42
49
41
48
37
47
33
45
31
43
28
41
26
40
25
37
23
35
22
34
21
33
20
32
HH
max.
min.
50
45
49
44
48
41
47
38
45
36
43
33
41
31
40
30
37
28
35
26
34
25
33
24
32
23
HL
max.
min.
47
42
46
41
44
37
42
33
40
31
38
28
36
26
35
25
32
23
31
22
30
21
29
20
28
Hardness in HRC
55
50
HH-Sorte
HH grade
berschneidung
Overlap of
HH+HL-Sorte
45
HH + HL grade
HL-Sorte
HL grade
Hardness
HRC
Hrte ininHRC
40
35
30
25
20
15
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

Stirnflche
endininmm
mm
31
Hardenability
Effect of alloying elements
Fig. 1 shows an example of the ef-
For reasons of toughness, the
on hardenability
fect of alloying elements on the
carbon content is limited to about
Based on the composition of the
hardenability of various case-
0.25%. The element silicon also
alloys, case-hardening steels can
hardening steels according to
increases hardenability. It is, how-
be classified as:
DIN 10 084 in the end-quench
ever, hardly ever used as an alloy-
unalloyed
test. The hardness at a distance
ing element in case-hardening
chrome-alloyed
of 1.5 mm from the end surface is
steels because it encourages sur-
manganese-chrome and molyb-
largely determined by the carbon
face oxidation on carburising. In
content. The shape of the rest of
special cases, boron is used as
nickel-chrome-alloyed
the end-quench test curve is also
an alloying element to increase
nickel-chrome-molybdenum-
influenced by the quantities of
hardenabililty or impact tough-
other elements, such as molyb-
ness in chrome-manganese
denum, manganese, chrome and
steels.
nickel, that tend to increase hard-
In the case of some unalloyed
enability. Given small cross-
case-hardening steels, the effect
The alloying elements affect the
sections, through-hardening is
of a coarse-grain austenite struc-
hardenability of the base material
possible with chrome or chrome-
ture is used to increase hardness.
and the hardenability of the car-
manganese steels, while higher
burised surface layer.
quantities of molybdenum and
denum-chrome-alloyed
alloyed and
chrome-nickel-molybdenumalloyed case-hardening steels.
case-hardening steels
nickel must be added to

The hardenability of the base
achieve through hardening
material is identified by means of
of large cross-sections.
50
40
18 CrNiMo 7-6
the end-quench test according to

30
Hardness in HRC
DIN 50 191 and is an important

parameter for determining
hardness in the core, since casehardened components are only
17 CrNi 6-6
20
20 MoCr 4
17 Cr 3
10
16 MnCr 5
tempered at low temperatures, up

to approximately 180 C, in order
to ensure high surface hardness.
32
Fig. 1
Effect of alloying elements
on the hardenability of casehardening steels
0
10
20
30
Distance from quenched end in mm
40
50
carburisation, the heating and
Fig. 2 shows the case depth of
on hardness in the core, the
cooling conditions during hard-
various case-hardening steels
hardness and the hardness profile
ening and the hardenability in the
with the same carbon distribution
in the carburised surface layer
carburised surface layer.
in the surface layer. According to
have an important effect on the
Correlations valid for the base
this, case depth of the 17 Cr 3
properties of case-hardened
material cannot be applied to the
steel (0.80 mm) is doubled in the
components. A surface hardness
hardenability of the surface layer,
17 CrNi 6-6 steel (1.56 mm) due to
of 57 - 63 HRC has proved to the
since the effect of alloying ele-
the different alloy contents under
best for optimum wear resistance.
ments on hardenability also
otherwise identical conditions.
This degree of hardness is
depends on the carbon content.
achieved largely independently of
Up to a carbon content of about
0.90
the steel composition, with a car-
0.5%, the improvement in harden-
0.80
bon content at the surface of
ability brought about by molyb-
some 0.7%. Higher carbon con-
denum, chrome and manganese
tents in the surface layer provide
increases, only to drop again at
layer may result in reduced

toughness due to precipitation of
secondary cementite and a
hardness loss caused by increasing proportions of residual aus-
0.70
17 Cr 3
20 NiCrMo 2-2
20 MoCr 4
16 MnCr 5
20 NiMoCr 6-5
17 CrNi 6-6
0.60
0.60
0.50
1.50 mm
0.46
0.40
0.39
0.37
0.34 0.33
0.30
0.20
0.10
0
Eht
0
0.4
0.8
0.35 % C
1.16
1.35
1.42
1.52
1.56
Supercarburisation in the surface
higher carbon contents.
(acc. to U. Wyss)
0.80
only a slight increase in hardness.
Carbon content in % by weight
Quite apart from their influence
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
Distance from the surface in mm
Fig. 2: Case depth of various case-hardening steels with the same carbon profile
(acc. to U. Wyss)
tenite.
The case depth, defined as the

distance from the surface of a
case-hardened workpiece to the
point whose Vickers hardness is
usually 550 HV1 (see DIN 50 190),
is determined by the depth of
33
Suitability for direct
direct hardening are satisfactory
steels with 1.6 to 1.8% chrome is
hardening
fine-grain stability at the carburis-
appreciably higher than, for exam-
An important criterion in the
ing temperature and low residual
ple, in the 20 MoCr 4 steel with
choice of a case-hardening steel
austenite after hardening. The
approximately 0.4% chrome. The
is its suitability for direct harden-
residual austenite content after
hardness decreases at carbon
ing. The most common methods
hardening increases with increas-
contents > 0.7% at the surface,
of case hardening are direct hard-
ing chrome content and carburis-
which increases the proportions
ening (Fig. 10, Hardening from the
ing temperature. Fig. 3 illustrates
of residual austenite (Fig. 4).

direct hardening
carburisation heat) and single
this relationship, using the
hardening after cooling from the
20 MoCr 4, 20 NiMoCr 6 5,
case (Fig. 11). Mainly for reasons
16 MnCr 5, 20 MnCr 5,
of cost effectiveness, direct hard-
17 CrNi 6-6 and 18 CrNi 8
ening is increasingly being given
steels as examples.
preference in mass production
Although differences in the
methods (see chapter on Heat
proportions of residual aus-
Treatment).
tenite in the various steels
The prerequisites for the suitability
remain relatively small at carbu-
of a case-hardening steel for
rising temperatures around 900 C
100
Hardness in HV 0.5
900
800
700
Direct hardening
925 C/oil
600
500
20 MoCr 4
20 NiMoCr 6-5
18 CrNi 8
16 MnCr 5
400
300
0
0.1 0.2 0.3
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Carbon Content in % by weight
Fig. 4: Hardness as a function of

the carbon content of the surface
layer after direct hardening
with subsequent direct hardening,
chrome content of the steels tested
60
Carborising
50 temperature
1000
in C:
40
18 CrNi 8
17 CrNi 6-6
20 MnCr 5
70
16 MnCr 5
Residual austenite content in %
80
20 MoCr 4
90
20 NiMoCr 6-5
Carborising time: 3 h
950
30
The suitability of a steel for direct
gressively at higher carburising
hardening can also be identified
temperatures. For economic rea-
by the range of carbon contents
sons, however, ever higher car-
at the surface with which a cer-
burising temperatures are being
tain minimum hardness can be
aimed at for direct hardening.
achieved. According to this, the
Given the same carburising time
20 MoCr 4 steel is more suitable
and the same carbon potential in
for direct hardening than, for
the carburising medium, the pro-
example, the 18 CrNi 8 steel.
portion of residual austenite in
Advances in the development of
the 17 CrNi 6-6 and 18 CrNi 8
modern gas carburising plants,
20
10
0
900
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Chrome content in % by weight
1.6
1.8
Fig. 3: Residual austenite content as a

function of chrome content and carburising temperature
34
they increase rapidly and pro-
with their precise, specific control
remains bound in the form of car-
and torsional stresses, the fatigue
of the carbon potential and the
bide (Fig. 10 and 11).
strength increases with increasing
carburising cycle, mean that
case depth and core strength. In
Fatigue strength
the unusual case of tensile/com-
steels can be direct-hardened,
In addition to higher wear resis-
pression stressing, the signifi-
regardless of their alloy content.
tance, case-hardened steels
cance of the core strength in-
Fig. 5 shows the different carbon
should also exhibit high strength
creases. The alloying elements
contents at the surface that have
under dynamic stressing. On
affect fatigue strength through the
to be chosen for various case-
hardening a cross-section with a
hardenability in the core and the
hardening steels in order to en-
carburised surface layer, the
surface layer and also through the
sure maximum surface hardness.
lower-carbon core undergoes
residual austenite content.
transformation before the high0.9
carbon surface layer due to the

higher martensite temperature.
0.8
Since the martensite transforma0.7
0.5
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

Chrome content in % by weight
crease in volume, high internal
18 CrNi 8
17 CrNi 6-6
20 MnCr 5
16 MnCr 5
0.6
tion is accompanied by an in20 MoCr 4
Carbon content in the surface layer in % by weight
practically all case-hardening
1.7
compression stresses develop

1.9
2.1
that are balanced by internal tensile stresses. The compression
Fig. 5: Carbon content in the surface

layer targeted during direct hardening
to obtain maximum possible hardness
as a function of the chrome content
stresses in the surface layer

counteract the external, usually
tensile, stresses and thus increase the fatigue strength.
The proportions of residual austenite are appreciably lower after
The fatigue strength of case-
single hardening since, on hard-
hardened components also
ening from lower temperatures
depends on the ratio of the car-
adjusted to the carbon content at
burised surface layer to the non-
the surface, any excess carbon
carburised section. With bending
35
Austenite grain size
Toughness of the surface
To date, no standard test for the
Fine-grain stability in case-
layer under impact loading
characterisation of the impact
hardening steels is particularly
Case-hardened components must
toughness of case-hardened
important at the high tempera-
remain ductile under high dynam-
steels has been accepted. One
tures reached during direct hard-
ic stressing in order to avoid
frequently used method is the
ening, due to the fact that grain
brittle factures. Since the high-
Brugger test, with which the
growth with coarse or mixed grain
carbon martensite in the surface
maximum impact strength of a
can lead to the danger of distor-
layer exhibits only low toughness,
case-hardened notched impact
tion and reduced toughness. By
the toughness of the component
specimen is measured.
selectively balancing the quanti-
is determined largely by the
ties of aluminium and nitrogen,
depth of the carburised surface
the inhibiting effect of aluminium
layer and the toughness of the
nitride precipitations on grain
core material. The impact tough-
growth can be used to achieve a
ness of the component dimin-
largely stable fine-grain structure.
ishes with increasing case depth.
According to DIN 17 210, fine
For reasons connected with the
grain structure is assured after
fatigue strength, however, the
treatment at 930 +/- 10 C/4 h/
case depth should not be too
water. Prior hot forming and heat
small. The toughnesss of the sur-
treatments can have a significant
face layer can be improved by
effect on the stability of the fine
choosing a nickel content > 1.5%.
grain. In disputed cases, annealing treatment at 1150 C/30 min/

air is recommended as pretreatment, in order to produce a
uniform initial state.
36
Machining and heat treatment

Chipless forming
steels tend to smear and form
Heat treatments for as-
Case-hardening steels are well
built-up edges. In such cases,
supplied conditions
suited to hot forming. Due to the
heat treatment to a particular
Depending on the product con-
low carbon content, they possess
strength (TH) is of advantage.
cerned and the anticipated pro-
good cold-working properties
With high-alloy nickel-chrome or
cessing, case-hardening steels
that, however, deteriorate with
nickel-chrome-molybdenum case-
can be supplied in various treated
increasing carbon and alloy con-
hardening steels, the transition to
conditions. The most important
tents. Depending on the chemical
the ferrite-pearlite stage is often
heat treatments are described
composition, the choice of a suit-
incomplete, leaving traces of
below. Table 1 provides an over-
able structure (AC, FP) can im-
bainite and a banded structure
view of the Brinell hardness
prove cold-forming properties.
that reduce machinability. These
values that should be chosen for
steels are therefore also ma-
these conditions.
Chip machining
chined in the AC-annealed condi-
Chip machining of case-harden-
tion.
Treatment for shearing S
ing steels is affected by the struc-
(Fig. 6, Curve 1)
tural state, the strength and non-
Case-hardening steels are fre-
Appropriate cooling and/or
metallic inclusions (sulphides,
quently produced with a con-
annealing to achieve a maximum
oxides).
trolled sulphur content of 0.020 -
hardness of 255 HB.
0.035%. Machinability is then

Ferritic-pearlitic structures, such
improved by an increase in sul-
as can be achieved with un-
phide inclusions. Deliberate con-
alloyed or low-alloy case-harden-
trol of the oxide inclusions
ing steels like Ck 15 and 17 Cr 3
(calcium treatment) also
by controlled cooling from the
allows the machinability of
forming temperature, are espe-
case-hardening steels to
ing. Special heat treatment (FP
be changed for the better.
AC3
AC1
4
Temperature
cially well suited for chip machin-
Fig. 6: Schematic representation of the

temperature/time profile when
treating for shearing (S), soft-annealing (A) and
annealing to spherical carbides (AC)
2 Soft annealing, A
3
1
annealing to spherical, AC
Treating for
shearing, S
annealing) is required for higheralloyed steels. At very low hardness values, case-hardening
Time
37
Hardnesses in treated condition1)
Steel grade
Code name
Material No.
S
(treated for
shearing)
A
(soft-annealed)
TH1)
(treated for
strength)
FP2)
AC
(treated for ferrite(annealed to
pearlite structure) spherical carbides)
HB max.
HB max.
HB
HB
HB max.
C 15 E
C 15 R
1.1141
1.1140
143
143
135
135
17 Cr 3
1.7016
174
155
16
16
20
20
MnCr 5
MnCrS 5
MnCr 5
MnCrS 5
1.7131
1.7139
1.7147
1.7149
255
255
207
207
217
217
156
156
170
170
20 MoCr 4
20 MoCrS 4
1.7321
1.7323
255
255
207
207
22 CrMoS 3-5
1.7333
255
20 NiCrMo 2-2
20 NiCrMoS 2-2
1.6523
1.6526
20 NiMoCrS 6-5
187
187
201
201
165
165
180
180
156 to 207
156 to 207
140 to 187
140 to 187
165
165
217
170 to 217
152 to 201
180
2553)
2553)
212
212
161 to 212
161 to 212
148 to 194
148 to 194
176
176
1.6757
255
220
170 to 220
155 to 205
180
17 CrNi 6-6
18 CrNi 8
1.5918
1.5920
255
255
229
225
175 to 229
179 to 229
156 to 207
158 to 205
178
180
18 CrNiMo 7-6
1.6587
255
229
179 to 229
159 to 207
180
15 NiCr 13
1.5752
255
229
179 to 229
166 to 217
180
Table 1: Brinell hardness in various treatment conditions
to
to
to
to
207
207
217
217
140
140
152
152
For diameters up to 150 mm

For diameters up to 60 mm
3)
Can be sheared in as-rolled condition
1)
2)
Soft annealing A
(Fig. 6, Curve 2)
Heat treatment for reducing the
hardness of a workpiece to
values below a certain prescribed
value.
38
to
to
to
to
transformation temperatures in
TTT-Diagram (continous)
1000
the pearlite stage for the most
Temperature
900
800
AC3
AC3
700
AC1
AC1
600
500
P
1
MS
300
The transformation time depends

on the temperature cycle, the size
400
common case-hardening steels.
of the workpiece and the state of
200
nucleation of the austenite after
100
0
Time (log.)
Time in h
= Start of transformation
A Austenite range
range of bainite structure
= End of transformation
F Ferrite range
Martensite range
forging. Considerably longer

transformation times are necessary at other transition tempera-
P Pearlite range
Treating for strength (TH)
Treating for ferrite-pearlite

structure (FP)
(Fig. 7, Curve 1)
Heat treatment with appropriate
(Fig. 8, Curve 1)
cooling and subsequent temper-
(also called pearlitising, isother-
ing in order to achieve a certain
mal annealing) Isothermal trans-
range of hardness.
formation, consisting of austenit-
20 NiMoCr 6-5
650
18 CrNiMo 7-6
660
18 CrNi 8
650
20 MoCr 4
660
17 CrNi 6-6
650
20 NiMoCr 2-2
640
20 MnCr 5
640
16 MnCr 5
640
0
ising, subsequent cooling to a

temperature in the pearlite
TTT-Diagram (isothermal)
Temperature in C
Fig. 7: Schematic representation of the temperature/time profile for

TH annealing , hardening und tempering
transition temperature in C
tures in the pearlite stage.
20
40
60
80
100
120
Pearlitising time in minutes
Fig. 9: Time ranges for complete

transformation to pearlite for various casehardening steels (austenitising temperature
range 870-900 C)
* Acc. to P. G. Dressel and H. Gulden
1000
stage and holding, so that
Temperature in oC
900
AC3
800
700
600
500
400
300
AC1
MS
M
the austenite is trans-
Annealing to spherical
formed completely into
carbides AC (Fig. 6, Curves 3, 4)
ferrite-pearlite. Fig. 9
Annealing with the aim of spher-
shows the shortest trans-
oidising the carbides. This gener-
formation times at ideal
ally comprises holding for a
200
100
0
Time (log.)
lengthy period of time at a tempe-
= Start of transformation
A Austenite range
= End of transformation
F Ferrite range
M Martensite range
P Pearlite range
range of bainite structure
Fig. 8: Schematic representation

of the temperature/time profile
for pearlitising (FP)
rature near AC1, oscillating about

this temperature, if necessary.
39
Case-hardening treatment
Case hardening consists of the
A distinction is therefore made
piece exhibit different AC3 and MS
following stages:
between:
temperatures and also different
1. Carburising of the surface
Powder carburising,
transformation behaviour.
layer to certain case depths
Salt bath carburising,
The most favourable hardening
and certain carbon contents in
Gas carburising.
temperatures for the core are
the layer.
approx. 100 C above those for
2. Subsequent hardening.
The quantity of carbon introduced
the surface layer (see Material
3. Tempering (stress-relieving).
into the surface layer is primarily
Data Sheets, Page 22 ff.). In prac-
dependent on the carburising
tice, this behaviour leads to
For the carburising and hardening
effect of the medium. The case
various treatment cycles.
stages, there are various proven
depth depends mainly on the
processing cycles that are
temperature and duration of the
chosen on the basis of technical
treatment. Since the rate of diffu-
and economic aspects.
sion increases with rising temperatures, the time required to reach
Carburising
the desired case depth is reduced
Carburising means the thermo-
at higher temperatures. Similarly,
chemical treatment of a work-
the gradient of the carbon con-
piece in the austenitic condition
tent from the surface to the core
with the aim of enriching the sur-
becomes flatter.
Hardening
face layer with carbon. After this

treatment, the carbon is usually in
In order for the surface hardness to
(Fig.7, Curve 2)
the austenite in solid solution.
be high enough and, at the same
Hardening is taken to mean heat
time, for residual austenite and
treatment consisting of austenitis-
Carburising takes place in a
secondary cementite to be elimi-
ing and cooling, under conditions
medium which releases carbon.
nated as far as possible, it is nec-
leading to an increase in hard-
The carburising medium can be a
essary to aim for a carbon content
ness due to more or less com-
solid (powder), liquid or gas.
at the surface which is below that
plete transformation of the aus-
of the eutectic composition.
tenite into martensite and possi-
In line with their carbon content,
bly bainite.
the surface and core of the work40
Single hardening
Quenching after carburising is

Carburisation (gas or salt bath)
preferably carried out in oil. For

Temperature
Ac3 (core)
Ac3 (surface)
workpieces of complicated design, hot bath hardening at approximately 160 - 250 C, followed by cooling in air, is advis-
Hardening (oil)
hardening process carried out
Tempering
after prior carburising and cooling

Time
10
Single hardening means a single
Direkthrten
Direct Hardening
Fig. 10: Direct hardening
able. For coarser workpieces of
to ambient temperature. If carburising is followed by isothermal

transformation, this is referred to
simple design, quenching in water
The time required for the case-
as single hardening with isother-
can be chosen. In order to trans-
hardening of steels can be con-
mal transformation.
form larger proportions of residu-
siderably reduced by ensuring a
al austenite into martensite after
high carbon potential during the
In the case of single hardening,
hardening, final subzero cooling
actual carburising phase and the
the carburised parts are first
to -180 C can be carried out, e.g.
subsequent diffusion period,
cooled slowly in the carburising
on CrNi and CrNiMo steels.
and/or by using high tempera-
vessel and then hardened in the
tures. Since higher carburising
usual way, possibly after interme-
Direct hardening (Fig. 10)
temperatures have a negative
diate treatment. The hardening
Direct hardening means quench-
effect on attempts to minimise
temperatures used usually lie just
ing immediately after carburising
distortion when quenching, it is
above the AC3 point of the surface
treatment that has been carried
expedient to let the temperature
layer. It is, however, also possible
out in the austenite temperature
drop somewhat after carburising
to choose hardening tempera-
range.
and then quench from a lower
tures that are just above or below
During the direct hardening of
temperature that is still sufficient
the AC3 point of the core.
case-hardening steels, quenching
for hardening (denoted V). This is
is carried out immediately after
especially true for parts with a
carburising, either directly from
complex design. Distortion can
the case temperature or after a
be minimised in this way.
short pause (V in Fig. 10). This

method is mainly used in connection with gas carburising in the
mass production of gearing components.
41
Single hardening after cool-
hardening lie in the fact that the
face layer. Traces of residual aus-
ing from the case (Fig. 11)
non-carburised area remains
tenite should favour smooth run-
When hardening from tempera-
machinable, even after quench-
ning of gear wheels, for example,
tures just slightly above the AC3
ing, and that distortion remains
and also facilitate running-in.
value for the surface, only partial
negligible due to the low harden-
Quite apart from that, a surface
transformation occurs in the core
ing temperature.
layer absolutely free of residual
The disadvantage is that
austenite is, for many alloyed
low toughness in the core
case-hardening steels, virtually
must be expected.
impossible without the use of
Carburisation
Temperature
Ac3 (core)
Ac3 (surface)
Hardening (oil)
Cooling
(case or air)
Tempering
special methods (e.g. low-
Time
When hardening from temFig. 11: Single hardening after cooling

from the case
temperature treatments)
peratures that are above the AC3

temperature of the core (C in Fig.
Single hardening after inter-
because the hardening tempera-
11), the core undergoes complete
mediate annealing (Fig. 12)
ture is then under the AC3 value
transformation, becomes fine-
In certain cases, for example the
for the core. The core then re-
grained and thus gains in strength
elimination of distortion caused
mains soft and can have a coarse
and toughness. Although the
by carburising and cooling, it can
structure as a result of the long
grain of the surface layer then
be expedient to introduce an
holding time at the high carburis-
becomes somewhat coars-
ing temperature. In the case layer,
er, any cementite lattice is
Carburisation
C
Temperature
Hardening
(oil)
Ac3 (core)
Ac3 (surface)
Ac1 (core)
on the other hand, a hard, fine-
dissolved and surface em-
grain, homogeneous structure
brittlement eliminated.
develops that provides good wear
Since, on hardening from
and fatigue strength properties. If
high temperatures, the amount of
cementite has formed, precipi-
residual austenite in the carbu-
tated out at the grain boundaries
rised surface layer increases with
intermediate processing stage
as a lattice pattern, the low hard-
increasing carbon content, espe-
before hardening. To this end, the
ening temperature is not sufficient
cially with alloyed case-hardening
parts are subjected to interme-
to dissolve the cementite lattice.
steels, it is advisable to aim for a
diate annealing below the AC1
The advantages of this method of
lower carbon content in the sur-
temperature.
Cooling
(case or air)
Tempering
Time
42
Fig. 12 Single hardening

after intermediate annealing
Single hardening after iso-
Double hardening (Fig. 14)
Tempering
thermal transformation
Double hardening means two
(Fig. 7, Curve 3)
(Fig. 13)
stages of hardening, in which
Tempering means the single or
This method of treatment is suit-
quenching is generally carried out
repeated heating of a hardened
able for high-alloy case-hardening
from different temperatures.
workpiece to a prescribed tem-
steels (e.g. 18 CrNi 8) that show a
With carburised workpieces, the
perature (< AC1), holding at this
tendency to stress corrosion
first hardening process can be
temperature and subsequent
direct hardening, while the

Carburisation
Temperature
Ac3 (core)
Ac3 (surface)
Pearlite stage
(core)
Hardening (oil)
Salt bath
Isothermal transformation
appropriate cooling.
second is carried out from

a lower temperature.
After hardening, it is advisable to
Tempering
temper the workpieces at 150 Time
13
Double hardening is usual-
Single hardening after isothermal transformation
180 C for unalloyed steels and at
ly used when tough surface layers
170 - 210 C for alloyed steels.
and core zones are required,
Martensite tempered in this way
cracking after cooling in air from
together with greater case depth.
has less of a tendency to form
the case, due to differences in the
Double hardening is generally
grinding cracks. The hardness in
transformation rates between the
carried out first from the AC3
the surface layer drops only
surface and the core.
temperature of the core and then
slightly (approx. 1 - 2 HRC).
Fig. 13: Single hardening after isothermal

transformation
from the AC3 temperature of the

surface area. The tendency to
distortion is greatest with double
hardening.
Temperature
Carburisation
Ac3 (core)
Ac3 (surface)
Hardening
(oil)
Hardening (oil)
Tempering
Time
Double hardening
Fig. 14: Double hardening
43
Overview of grades
and chemical composition
Overview of grades
Carbodur
Code name
Carbodur C 15 E
C 15 E
Carbodur C15 R
C15 R
Carbodur 17 Cr 3
Chemical composition
Main alloy contents in % (typical values)
Material No.
Si
Mn
P max.
Cr
Ni
Mo
1.1141
0.12-0.18
0.40
0.30-0.60
1.1140
0.12-0.18
0.40
0.30-0.60
0.035
0.035
0.035
0.020-0.040
17 Cr 3
1.7016
0.14-0.20
0.40
0.60-0.90
0.035
0.035
0.70-1.00
Carbodur 16 MnCr 5
16 MnCr 5
1.7131
0.14-0.19
0.40
1.00-1.30
0.035
0.035
0.80-1.10
Carbodur 16 MnCrS 5
16 MnCrS 5
1.7139
0.14-0.19
0.40
1.00-1.30
0.035
0.020-0.040
0.80-1.10
Carbodur 20 MnCr 5
20 MnCr 5
1.7147
0.17-0.22
0.40
1.10-1.40
0.035
0.035
1.00-1.30
Carbodur 20 MnCrS 5
20 MnCrS 5
1.7149
0.17-0.22
0.40
1.10-1.40
0.035
0.020-0.040
1.00-1.30
Carbodur 20 MoCr 4
20 MoCr 4
1.7321
0.17-0.23
0.40
0.70-1.00
0.035
0.035
0.30-0.60
0.40-0.50
Carbodur 20 MoCrS 4
20 MoCrS 4
1.7323
0.17-0.23
0.40
0.70-1.00
0.035
0.020-0.040
0.30-0.60
0.40-0.50
22 CrMoS 3-5
1.7333
0.19-0.24
0.40
0.70-1.00
0.035
0.020-0.040
0.70-1.00
0.40-0.50
20 NiCrMo 2-2
1.6523
0.17-0.23
0.40
0.65-0.95
0.035
0.035
0.35-0.70 0.40-0.70 0.15-0.25
20 NiCrMoS 2-2
1.6526
0.17-0.23
0.40
0.65-0.95
0.035
0.020-0.040
0.35-0.70 0.40-0.70 0.15-0.25
Carbodur 20 NiMoCrS 6-5
20 NiMoCrS 6-5
1.6757
0.17-0.23
0.15-0.40 0.60-0.90
0.035
0.020-0.035
0.30-0.50 1.40-1.80 0.40-0.50
17 CrNi 6-6
1.5918
0.14-0.20
Carbodur 18 CrNi 8
18 CrNi8
1.5920
0.15-0.20
18 CrNiMo 7-6
1.6587
0.15-0.21
Carbodur 15 NiCr 13
15 NiCr 13
1.5752
0.14-0.20
Table 2: Overview of grades and chemical composition of the steels
Table 2 contains an overview of

the most common case-hardening
steels that, with the exception of
the 18 CrNi 8 and 20 NiMoCr 6-5
steels, are included in standard
DIN EN 10 084, together with the
chemical composition of the
case-hardening steels.
44
0.50-0.90
0.035
0.035
1.40-1.70 1.40-1.70
0.15-0.40 0.40-0.60
0.035
0.035
1.80-2.10 1.80-2.10
0.40
0.50-0.90
0.035
0.035
1.50-1.80 1.40-1.70 0.25-0.35
0.40
0.40-0.70
0.035
0.035
0.60-0.90 3,00-3,50
0.40
Permissible deviations between check analysis and melt analysis

Element
Maximum
permissible content
in the melt analysis
Permissible deviations of the check analysis1)

from the limits
for the melt analysis to DIN EN 10084
0.31
0.02
Si
0.40
+0.03
1.00
0.04
Mn
>1.001.40
0.05
0.035
0.005
0.040
+0.0052)
Cr
1.80
0.05
Mo
0.30
0.03
>0.300.50
0.04
2.00
0.03
>2.003.50
0.07
Ni
1) means that, for a given melt, either

the upper or the lower limit of the
range given for the melt analysis in
Table 2 may be exceeded, but not both
at once.
2) For steels with a range of 0.020 bis
0.040% sulphur according to the melt
analysis, the deviation from the limit
is 0.005%.
Comparison of international standards

Carbodur
Material No.
Code name
to DIN EN 10084
Standardised in
USA
SAE/ASTM
Japan
JIS
Carbodur C 15 E
1.1141
C 15 E
DIN EN 10084
1015
S 15
Carbodur C 15 R
1.1140
C 15 R
DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 17 Cr 3
1.7016
17 Cr 3
DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 16 MnCr 5
1.7131
16 MnCr 5
DIN EN 10084
5115
Carbodur 16 MnCrS 5
1.7139
16 MnCrS 5
DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 20 MnCr 5
1.7147
20 MnCr 5
DIN EN 10084
5120
SMnC 420 H
Carbodur 20 MnCrS 5
1.7149
20 MnCrS 5
DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 20 MoCr 4
1.7321
20 MoCr 4
DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 20 MoCrS 4
1.7323
20 MoCrS 4
DIN EN 10084
1.7333
22 CrMoS 3-5
DIN EN 10084
1.6523
20 NiCrMo 2-2
DIN EN 10084
8620
SNCM 220 (H)
1.6526
20 NiCrMoS 2-2
DIN EN 10084
1.6757
20 NiCrMoS 6-5
1.5918
17 CrNi 6-6
DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 18 CrNi 8
1.5920
18 CrNi 8
1.6587
18 CrNiMo 7-6
DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 15 NiCr 13
1.5752
15 NiCr 13
DIN EN 10084
3310 / 3415 / 9314
SNC 815 (H)
45
Forms supplied
Product
Bar steel
and round
billets for
tubemaking
rolled
Dimensions
55 250 mm dia.
Tolerances
Dia. or edge length
Lengths
Straightness
DIN 1013
Subject to
purchase
order
80 mm:
4.0 mm/m
> 200 mm dia. standard incompany tolerance, closer

tolerance on request
Sharp-edged
50 103 mm square
DIN 1014
Flat:
Width: 80 510 mm
Thickness:
25 160 mm
Width/thickness
ratio 10:1 max
DIN 1017
up to 150 mm width and
60 mm thickness;
over 150 mm width
standard in-company tolerance
Sheet bars
rolled with
bulbous narrow face
Width:
25 160 mm
Tolerance on request
Semis
rolled
50 320 mm square,
rising in 1 mm increments
Special:*)
+100/-0
> 80 mm:
2.5 mm/m
Lengths/
weights
4.0 10 m, Hot-sawn
other lengths or hot abrasion request
ve-cut
Special:*)
100 mm +/- 1%
of edge length
As-supplied
condition
Surface finish
Untreated
Rough-peeled finish
available for 52 Cold-sheara240 mm
ble
Max. permissible
Special:*)
Cold-sawable surface defect depCold-sawn,
ths:
cold abrasive- Normalized
cut
Round: 1% max. of
Treated to
dia. + 0.05 mm
ferrite-pearlite
Square: 1% max. of
structure
edge length
Treated to
Flat: 1.5% max. of
hardness
width, 2.0% max. of
range
thickness
Soft-annealed
Special:*)
Spheroidize- Smaller surface
defect depth on
annealed
request
Stress-relieved
< 1000 mm2:

4.0 mm/m
> 1000 mm2:
2.5 mm/m
Special:*)
Specially
straightened
Thickness:
80 550 mm
< 210 mm +/- 2%
> 210 mm +/- 3%
of edge length
End
condition
210 mm
square:
hot-sawn
or hot abrasive-cut
Standard:
6 mm/m
Special:*)
4 mm/m
> 210 mm
square:
hot-sheared
> 100 mm 210 mm

+/- 1.5% of edge length
Special:*)
Cold abrasivecut, cold-sawn
Quenched
Edge radius:
and tempered
< 210 mm - 12-18%
of edge length
> 210 mm: without
defined edge radius
Max. perm. surface
defect depth:
140 mm sq.
0.3 mm max.
> 140 - 200 mm sq.
0.6 mm max.
> 200 mm sq.
visible defects eliminated
Bar steel
and semis
forged
65 750 mm dia.
DIN 7527
265 650 mm
square
Bar steel:
to DIN within
the tolerance
limit
flat: on request
Bright steel
peeled
52 400 mm dia.
ISA Tol. 11 or comparable

tolerance
peeled and
polished
52 300 mm dia.
ISA Tol. 11 or comparable

tolerance
ground
52 100 mm dia.
As-cast
ingots/c.c.
blooms
Open-die
forgings
on request
Semis:
as-forged
straightness
ISA-Tol. 8 or comparable
tolerance
As-peeled
straightness
2 mm/m,
1 mm/m or
closer as a
function of
dimensions
on request
Lengths as
a function of
dimensions
and heattreatment
condition
on request
Hot abrasivecut or coldsawn
3 - 10 m, on
request 30 m
max. as a
function of
dia. and
max. bar
dead weight
of 7 t
Hot-sawn/hot
abrasive-cut
38m
Forgings forged to
shape on request
(drawing)
*) Special finishes subject to further inquiry (partly dependent on quality, dimensions and condition)
46
Special:*)
Cold abrasivecut
Special:*)
Cold-sawn/
abrasive-cut
Dimensions 50
- 105 mm with
round chamfer
30 or 45,
chamfer width
approx. 5 -12
mm, other
widths by arrangement
Special:*)
- Rough-peeled
- Turned
- Milled
Technically crack-free
condition e.g. eddycurrent tested or
comparable technique, defined depth
of roughness and suitable packaging by
special arrangement
Hardness comparison table

Tensile strength, Brinell,
Vickers and Rockwell hardness
Tensile
strength
Rm
N/mm2
255
270
285
305
320
335
350
370
385
400
415
430
450
465
480
495
510
530
545
560
575
595
610
625
640
660
675
690
705
720
740
755
770
785
800
820
835
850
865
880
900
915
930
950
965
995
1030
1060
1095
1125
1155
1190
1220
1255
1290
1320
1350
1385
1420
1455
1485
1520
1555
1595
1630
1665
1700
1740
1775
1810
1845
1880
1920
1955
1995
Brinell hardness
Ball indentation mm
d
HB
6.63
6.45
6.30
6.16
6.01
5.90
5.75
5.65
5.54
5.43
5.33
5.26
5.16
5.08
4.99
4.93
4.85
4.79
4.71
4.66
4.59
4.53
4.47
4.43
4.37
4.32
4.27
4.22
4.18
4.13
4.08
4.05
4.01
3.97
3.92
3.89
3.86
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.72
3.69
3.66
3.63
3.60
3.54
3.49
3.43
3.39
3.34
3.29
3.25
3.21
3.17
3.13
3.09
3.06
3.02
2.99
2.95
2.92
2.89
2.86
2.83
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.73
2.70
2.68
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.59
2.57
76.0
80.7
85.5
90.2
95.0
99.8
105
109
114
119
124
128
133
138
143
147
152
156
162
166
171
176
181
185
190
195
199
204
209
214
219
223
228
233
238
242
247
252
257
261
266
271
276
280
285
295
304
314
323
333
342
352
361
371
380
390
399
409
418
428
437
447
(456)
(466)
(475)
(485)
(494)
(504)
(513)
(523)
(532)
(542)
(551)
(561)
(570)
Rockwell hardness
Vickers
hardness
HV
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
HRB
41.0
48.0
52.0
56.2
62.3
66.7
71.2
75.0
78.7
81.7
85.0
87.1
89.5
91.5
92.5
93.5
94.0
95.0
96.0
96.7
98.1
99.5
(101)
(102)
(104)
(105)
HRC
HR 30 N
20.3
21.3
22.2
23.1
24.0
24.8
25.6
26.4
27.1
27.8
28.5
29.2
29.8
31.0
32.2
33.3
34.4
35.5
36.6
37.7
38.8
39.8
40.8
41.8
42.7
43.6
44.5
45.3
46.1
46.9
47.7
48.4
49.1
49.8
50.5
51.1
51.7
52.3
53.0
53.6
54.1
54.7
55.2
41.7
42.5
43.4
44.2
45.0
45.7
46.4
47.2
47.8
48.4
49.0
49.7
50.2
51.3
52.3
53.6
54.4
55.4
56.4
57.4
58.4
59.3
60.2
61.1
61.9
62.7
63.5
64.3
64.9
65.7
66.4
67.1
67.7
68.3
69.0
69.5
70.0
70.5
71.2
71.7
72.1
72.7
73.2
Tensile
strength
Rm
N/mm2
Brinell hardness
Ball
indentation
mm d
HB
2030
2070
2105
2145
2180
2.54
2.52
2.51
2.49
2.47
Rockwell hardness
Vickers
hardness
(580)
(589)
(599)
(608)
(618)
HV
HRB
HRC
HR 30 N
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
720
740
760
780
800
820
840
860
880
900
920
940
55.7
56.3
56.8
57.3
57.8
58.3
58.8
59.2
59.7
60.1
61.0
61.8
62.5
63.3
64.0
64.7
65.3
65.9
66.4
67.0
67.5
68.0
73.7
74.2
74.6
75.1
75.5
75.9
76.4
76.8
77.2
77.6
78.4
79.1
79.7
80.4
81.1
81.7
82.2
82.7
83.1
83.6
84.0
84.4
Conversions of hardness values using this conversion table are only approximate.
See DIN 50 150, December 1976.
Tensile strength
N/mm2
Rm
Brinell hardness1)
1)
Calculated from:
HB = 0.95 HV
Diameter of the
ball indentation in mm
(0.102 F/D2 = 30)

D = 10
Hardness
value =
Vickers hardness
Diamond pyramid
Test forces 50 N
HV
Rockwell hardness
Ball 1.588 mm (1/16)

Total test force = 98 N
HRB
Diamond cone
HRC
0.102 2 F
D (D D2 d2)
Diamond cone
HB
HR 30 N
47
Temperature Comparison
Chart
X = particular
X 273
9 /5 (X273) + 32
measured
9 /5 X + 32
X + 273
temperature
5 /9 (X32)
5 /9 (X32) + 273
48
0,00
380,00
716,00
653,15
910,00
1670,00
1183,15
454,00
3,15
390,00
743,00
663,15
920,00
1688,00
1193,15
328,00
73,15
400,00
752,00
673,15
930,00
1706,00
1203,15
150,00
238,00
123,15
410,00
770,00
683,15
940,00
1724,00
1213,15
100,00
148,00
173,15
420,00
788,00
693,15
950,00
1742,00
1223,15
90,00
130,00
183,15
430,00
806,00
703,15
960,00
1760,00
1233,15
80,00
112,00
193,15
440,00
824,00
713,15
970,00
1778,00
1243,15
70,00
94,00
203,15
450,00
842,00
723,15
980,00
1796,00
1253,15
60,00
76,00
213,15
460,00
860,00
733,15
990,00
1814,00
1263,15
50,00
58,00
223,15
470,00
878,00
743,15
1000,00
1832,00
1273,15
40,00
40,00
233,15
480,00
896,00
753,15
1010,00
1850,00
1283,15
30,00
22,00
243,15
490,00
914,00
763,15
1020,00
1868,00
1393,15
20,00
4,00
253,15
500,00
932,00
773,15
1030,00
1886,00
1303,15
17,78
0,00
255,37
510,00
950,00
783,15
1040,00
1904,00
1313,15
10,00
14,00
263,15
520,00
968,00
793,15
1050,00
1922,00
1323,15
0,00
32,00
273,15
530,00
986,00
803,15
1060,00
1940,00
1333,15
10,00
50,00
283,15
540,00
1004,00
813,15
1070,00
1958,00
1343,15
20,00
68,00
293,15
550,00
1022,00
823,15
1080,00
1976,00
1353,15
30,00
86,00
303,15
560,00
1040,00
833,15
1090,00
1994,00
1363,15
40,00
104,00
313,15
570,00
1058,00
843,15
1100,00
2012,00
1373,15
50,00
122,00
323,15
580,00
1076,00
853,15
1110,00
2030,00
1383,15
60,00
140,00
333,15
590,00
1094,00
863,15
1120,00
2048,00
1393,15
70,00
158,00
343,15
600,00
1112,00
873,15
1130,00
2066,00
1403,15
80,00
176,00
353,15
610,00
1130,00
883,15
1140,00
2084,00
1413,15
90,00
194,00
363,15
620,00
1148,00
893,15
1150,00
2102,00
1423,15
100,00
212,00
373,15
630,00
1166,00
903,15
1160,00
2120,00
1433,15
110,00
230,00
383,15
640,00
1184,00
913,15
1170,00
2138,00
1443,15
120,00
248,00
393,15
650,00
1202,00
923,15
1180,00
2156,00
1453,15
130,00
266,00
403,15
660,00
1220,00
933,15
1190,00
2174,00
1463,15
140,00
284,00
413,15
670,00
1238,00
943,15
1200,00
2192,00
1473,15
150,00
302,00
423,15
680,00
1256,00
953,15
1210,00
2210,00
1483,15
160,00
320,00
433,15
690,00
1274,00
963,15
1220,00
2228,00
1493,15
170,00
338,00
443,15
700,00
1292,00
973,15
1230,00
2246,00
1503,15
180,00
356,00
453,15
710,00
1310,00
983,15
1240,00
2264,00
1513,15
190,00
374,00
463,15
720,00
1328,00
993,15
1250,00
2282,00
1523,15
200,00
392,00
473,15
730,00
1346,00
1003,15
1260,00
2300,00
1533,15
210,00
410,00
483,15
740,00
1364,00
1013,15
1270,00
2318,00
1543,15
220,00
428,00
493,15
750,00
1382,00
1023,15
1280,00
2336,00
1553,15
230,00
446,00
503,15
760,00
1400,00
1033,15
1290,00
2354,00
1563,15
240,00
464,00
513,15
770,00
1418,00
1043,15
1300,00
2372,00
1573,15
250,00
482,00
523,15
780,00
1436,00
1053,15
1310,00
2390,00
1583,15
260,00
500,00
533,15
790,00
1454,00
1063,15
1320,00
2408,00
1593,15
270,00
518,00
543,15
800,00
1472,00
1073,15
1330,00
2426,00
1603,15
280,00
536,00
553,15
810,00
1490,00
1083,15
1340,00
2444,00
1613,15
290,00
554,00
563,15
820,00
1508,00
1093,15
1350,00
2462,00
1623,15
300,00
572,00
573,15
830,00
1526,00
1103,15
1360,00
2480,00
1633,15
310,00
590,00
583,15
840,00
1544,00
1113,15
1370,00
2498,00
1643,15
320,00
608,00
593,15
850,00
1562,00
1123,15
1380,00
2516,00
1653,15
330,00
626,00
603,15
860,00
1580,00
1133,15
1390,00
2234,00
1663,15
340,00
644,00
613,15
870,00
1598,00
1143,15
1400,00
2552,00
1673,15
350,00
662,00
623,15
880,00
1616,00
1153,15
1500,00
2732,00
1783,15
360,00
680,00
633,15
890,00
1634,00
1163,15
2000,00
3632,00
2273,15
370,00
698,00
643,15
900,00
1652,00
1173,15
2500,00
4532,00
2773,15
273,15
459,67
270,00
200,00
Photos
Page
Source
Object/Motif
Cover
03
04
4 5
4
5
Bavaria
Lohmann + Stolterfoth
Steinmetz
Sauter, Bachmann
Sauter, Bachmann
Sauter, Bachmann
Company photo
ATA-GEARS
Company photo
Steinmetz
CarboTech
Bavaria
ATA-GEARS
Image
Bavaria
Schreiber/Flender
Frese
Schuster
Bavaria
ATA-GEARS
Company photo/Flender
Gear wheel
Planetary gear
Team meeting
Spiral bevel gears
Set of gears
Precision worm
Micrograph
Hardening of a ring gear
Steel bars
Chips
Cutting drum
Hydroelectric power station
Planetary gear
Spiral bevel gears
Drilling rig
Wind turbine generators
Gears for wind turbine generator
Gear wheel
Airbus
Formula 1 racecar
Ring gear with pinion
Set of gears
DAF
VW
Imagine
MAAG Gear
Company photo
Company photo
Company photo
Company photo
Imagine
Steinmetz
Steinmetz
Steinmetz
Company photo
Company photo
Company photo
Company photo
Company photo
Company photo
Company photo
Steinmetz
Sauter, Bachmann
ATA-GEARS
Frese
XF95 truck
VW Golf
Oil tanker
Marine gear
Cable car
Printing press
Parabolic reflector
Set of gears
Gear wheels for combing cylinder gear
Crane truck
Wheel loader
Ariane rocket
Gear detail
Sawing of disks
Disks with and without drilled hole
Steel bars
Ground gear wheels
Electric arc furnace
Continuous casting plant
ESR plant
Forged steel bars
Peeling of steel bars
Forging of steel bars
Sawing of steel bars
Disks with drilled hole
Spiral bevel gears
Case hardening of a large wheel
Ground gear wheels
Spiral bevel gears
Gear wheel
Gear wheels for combing cylinder gear
Planetary gear
6 7
7
7
8
8 9
8
9
10
10 11
10
11
12
12 13
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
18 19
36
40
42
43
44
48 49
50
General note (liability)

All statements regarding the properties
or utilisation of the materials or products
mentioned are for the purposes of
description only. Guarantees regarding
the existence of certain properties or a
certain utilisation are only ever valid if
agreed upon in writing.
51
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
Case-hardening steels
Sales - Case-hardening steels

Tel. (+49) 23 02/29 43 46 Telefax (+49) 23 02/29 46 87
E-mail: ressing@ewkgmbh.de

Auestrasse 4, D-58452 Witten Tel. (+49) 23 02 / 29 43 07 Telefax (+49) 2302 / 29 43 08
E-mail: dr.sobottka@ewk.thyssen.com Internet: www.edelstahl-witten-krefeld.de
7/99Ec
Quality Department
Tel. (+49) 23 02/29 40 20 Telefax (+49) 23 02/29 44 36
Tel. (+49) 21 51/83 20 46 Telefax (+49) 21 51/83 41 56

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EDELSTAHL WITTEN-KREFELD GMBH

Carbodur The material

General mechanical engineering

Material Data Sheets

Machining and heat treatment

Overview of grades and chemical composition

Melt analysis/International standards

Hardness comparison table

Hard case, tough core

How long a component stands up

In terms of non-metallic inclu-

sis, the load-bearing capacity of a

sions, the purity of these steels is

small part determines the cost-

higher than that of normal quality

efficiency of large machines or

steels. They also respond more

uniformly to heat treatment.

The more carefully the material is

Through precise adjustment of

tailored to the function of the re-

the chemical composition and the

spective components, the more

use of special production and test

efficient the entire system is.

conditions, we are in a position to

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld is the

supply you with steel grades

specialist for producing high-

manufactured with a wide variety

grade steels with highly specific,

of processing and service proper-

precisely defined properties.

ties. Following carburising and

The group of case-hardening

hardening of the surface, case-

steels marketed under the brand

hardening steels display great

name Carbodur is evidence of the

hardness and wear resistance in

leading international position of

the region of the surface layer,

Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld in the

while the strength and toughness

field of high-strength, high-grade

of the base material are retained

High fatigue strength

The strength and toughness of

hardening steels and chrome-

Inherent compression stresses

the base material are determined

arise in the surface layer when

by its chemical composition and

the heat treatment it undergoes.

The great hardness and the

These stresses counteract the

Consequently, the required prop-

fatigue strength of the surface

external stresses, which are

erties of the steel are already spe-

layer are achieved by the case-

cifically targeted when first melt-

hardening treatment, i.e. by car-

ing the steel. The facilities in