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Electromagnetic waves
1. These waves do not require a
material medium for their propagation.
2. These are caused by vibrations of the
particles of the medium.
3. These waves travel with a very high
speed of 3x108 m/s through vaccum.
4. These waves have usually high
frequency and low wavelength.
12. How will you prove that the sound waves exhibit longitudinal behaviour?
Answer: Take a tuning fork and a hard pad. Allow the tuning fork to strike the pad which makes the
prongs to vibrate. When it starts vibrating, the inward and outward movements takes place in prong
which causes the movement of inward and outward towards the mean position. The tuning fork is
given as,
The vibration of the tuning fork produces the compressions and refractions of the sound in the air,
When the tuning fork vibrates in air, they force the particles of the air to vibrate back and forth by a
small distance. While vibrating, when the prong moves to the right side, it sends out a compression
and when the prong moves to the left, it produces a rarefaction in air.
The longitudinal waves in series produce compressions and rarefactions in air from the tuning fork.
These compressions and rarefactions of sound waves is formed by the vibrating particles causing
vibration in the ears, the eardrum vibrates for reproduction of sound.
13. What are rarefaction and compression in case of sound waves?
Answer: Compressions: Areas in the wave where the air molecules are close together and so at a
slightly higher pressure.
Rarefaction: Areas in the wave where the air molecules are further apart and so at a slightly lower
pressure.
14. Distinguish between crests and troughs.
Answer: The highest point of a wave is known as its crest while the trough is the lowest point of the
wave. Wavelength is the horizontal distance between successive crests or troughs.
15. Write the SI unit of velocity of a wave.
Answer: m/s
16. What is the relationship between time period and frequency?
Answer: T =
1
f
A beam of ultrasonic sound is produced and transmitted by the transducer (it is a device that
produces ultrasonic sound) of the SONAR, which travels through sea water. The echo produced by
the reflection of this ultrasonic sound is detected and recorded by the detector, which is converted
into electrical signals.
The distance ( d ) of the under-water object is calculated from the time ( t ) taken by the echo to
return with speed ( v ) is given by 2d = v t .
This method of measuring distance is also known as echo-ranging.
30. How do the bats fly in dark?
Answer: Bats fly in the darkness of night without colliding with other objects by this method called
echolocation. Bats emit high-frequency ultrasonic squeaks while flying & listen to the echoes
produced by the reflection of their squeaks from the objects ( or obstacles ) in their path. From the
time taken by the echo to be heard, bats can judge the distance of the object (or obstacle) in their
path and hence avoid it by changing the direction.
Notes: Bats search their prey at night by this method only.This happens as follows : Bats emit highfrequency ultrasonic squeaks while flying & listen to the echoes produced by the reflection of their
squeaks from the prey like a flying insect.From the time taken by the echo to be heard, bats can
judge the distance of the insect & hence can catch it.
31. How RADAR is different from SONAR?
Answer: SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) uses sound wave which is mechanical energy
to "look" through water or other media, and RADAR (Radio Direction and Ranging) uses
electromagnetic radiation(radio waves) to "look" through the air or other media.
RADAR signals are mostly used for ground or atmospheric observations whereas SONAR signals
are ideal for navigation and measurement under water.
Answer:
40.