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Introduction la mthode
des lments finis
SYS 865b
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1. Contexte
2. Mthode des lments finis
Principes
Discrtisation
Interpolation
Rsidus pondrs
SYS 865b
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Ralit physique
Contexte
Idalistaion
Expriemntation
Modlisation mathmatique
Comparaison
Solution ?
Solution analytique
exacte
Contrle des
erreurs
Approximation
Numrique approche
Analytique approche
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Champ inconnu
Gomtrie complexe
Discrtisation
Mthode de Rayleigh-Ritz
Mthode des
lments finis
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Solutions analytiques
- Sparation des variables
- Solution similaires
- Transformation de Fourrier ou de Laplace
Solutions numriques
- Diffrence finies
- Mthode de Ritz
- lments finis
- Volume fini
- lments de frontire
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quilibre stationnaire
Dpendence du temps
Valeurs propres
Dynamique, vibration
Stabilit des structures
Flux laminaire
Acoustique
Non linarit
Dynamique (cas gnral)
Thermique transitoire
Propagation (fissures)
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Principe de lapproximation
SYS 865b
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Discrtisation
lments 1 D
- Barres
- Poutres
- Coque axisymtrique
Noeuds du
maillage
Noeuds
de
gomtrie
lments 2 D
- lasticit plane
- Axisymtrie
- Plaque mince
- Coque mince
Noeuds
de
gomtrie
Noeuds du
maillage
lments 3 D
- Solide massif
- Plaques paisses
- Coques paisses
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Types dlments
lments une dimension
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lments plans
lments triangulaires
lments quadrangulaires
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lments volumiques
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Interpolation
Approximation du champ rel par le champ approximatif
(x, y, z) u(x, y, z) =
N x (x, y, z).u i
noeuds
SYS 865b
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Conditions :
1
N i (x i , yi , z i ) =
0
u(x i , yi , z i ) =
1 x ui +
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au noeud j=1
au noeuds j 1
0
j i
x uj
u(x i , yi , z i ) =
ui
Exemple :
Dterminez les fonctions de forme pour les lments liniques (1D)
suivant en utilisant les polynmes.
lment 2 noeuds (linaire) :
1
champ de dplacement :
u(x)
= a 0 + a1 x
conditions nodales :
u(0) 1 0 a 0 u1
=
u(L) =a 0 + a1.L =u 2
u(L) 1 L a1 u 2
u(0) =a 0 + a1.0 =u1
SYS 865b
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1
a
0
= 1
a 1
L
2
0
u1
1
u 2
L
(a)
1
N1 (x)
(a)et(b)
=
N 2 (x)
L
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0
1
1 =
x
L
u1
N2 ]
u 2
x
1 L
x
L
(b)
L1
A1
u1
L2
u2
L3
A2
A3
u3
u4
P
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x
F
F
A
L
=
L
=
F (
AE
)L
L
= E
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k=
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F = kx
AE
L
Noeud 3
Nud 1 :
R1 k1(u2 u1) = 0
Nud 2 :
Nud 3 :
Nud 4 :
k3(u4 u3) P =0
k2(u3-u2)
k3(u4-u3)
k3(u4-u3)
Noeud 4
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k1
k1
k k + k
1
2
1
0
k 2
0
0
0
k 2
k 2 + k3
k 3
0 u1 R 1
0 u 2 0
=
k 3 u 3 0
k 3 u 4 P
k1
k1
k k + k
1
2
1
0
k 2
0
0
R1
0
k1
k
1
0
0
k 2
k 2 + k3
k 3
k1
k1 + k 2
k 2
0
=
{R }
0 u1 R 1
0 u 2 0
=
k 3 u 3 0
k 3 u 4 P
0
k 2
k 2 + k3
k 3
0 u1 0
0 u 2 0
(c)
k 3 u 3 0
k 3 u 4 P
[ k ]{u} {F}
{Raction}=[Rigidit]{dplacement}-{chargement}
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R1
0
k1
k
1
0
k1
k1 + k 2
k 2
0
0
k 2
k 2 + k3
k 3
0 u1 0
0 u 2 0
(c)
k 3 u 3 0
k 3 u 4 P
1
k
1
0
0
k1 + k 2
k 2
0
0
k 2
k 2 + k3
k 3
0 u1 0
0 u 2 0
=
k 3 u 3 0
k 3 u 4 P
[Rigidit]{dplacement}-{chargement}
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u1 = 0
u
2
u
3
u 4
f1=k(ui+1-ui)
f1=k(ui+1-ui)
ui
ui
=
f1 k (u i u i +1 )
=
f i +1 k(u i +1 u i )
ui+1
ui+1
fi+1=k(ui+1-ui)
fi+1=k(ui+1-ui)
(b)
(a)
f i k k u i
=
u
f
k
k
i +1
i +1
k k
[K] =
k k
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lment (1)
lment (2)
lment (3)
SYS 865b
[K]
(1)
[K]
(2)
[K]
(3)
k1 k1
=
k1 k1
k
= 2
k 2
k3
=
k 3
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k 2
k 2
k 3
k 3
[K]
(1G )
k1
k
= 1
0
[K]
(2G )
[K]
(3G )
k1 0
k1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 k
2
=
0 k 2
0 0
0
0
=
0
0
k 2
k2
0
0 0
0 0
0 k3
0 k 3
0 u1
0 u 2
0 u 3
0 u 4
0 u1
0 u 2
0 u 3
0 u 4
0 u1
0 u 2
k 3 u 3
k3 u 4
[K]
(G )
[K]
(G )
= [K]
(1G )
k1
k
= 1
0
+ [K]
(2G )
k1
k1 + k 2
0
k 2
k 2
0
k 2 + k3
k 3
+ [K]
(3G )
0 u1
0 u 2
k 3 u 3
k3 u 4
1
k
1
0
SYS 865b
0
k1 + k 2
k 2
0
0
k 2
k 2 + k3
k 3
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0 u1 0
0 u 2 0
=
k 3 u 3 0
k 3 u 4 P
Vrification =
1
P 1800
=
= 3.75MPa
A1 480
=
1
P 1800
=
= 15MPa
A2 120
=
3
P 1800
=
= 5MPa
A3 360
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SYS 865b
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nergie de dformation
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n (e) m
=
Fu
=
0
i i
u i u i e 1 =
u i i 1
=
pour=
i 1, 2,3..., n
ui
lment fini :
AE 2
(u i +1 + u i2 2u i +1u i )
= E dV=
L
V
2
u i +1 u i
L
(e) AE
=
(u i u i +1 ) = k(u i u i +1 )
u i
L
(e) AE
=
(u i +1 u i =
) k(u i +1 u i )
u i +1
L
SYS 865b
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(e)
u
i k k u i
(e) =
u
k
k
i +1
u i +1
(e)
u i k k u i
(e) =
k k u i +1
u i +1
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(Fu
i i ) = Fi
u i
(Fi +1u i +1 ) = Fi +1
u i +1
Rsidus pondrs
Ex. 1.2 Soit une membrure en aluminium de section variable qui est fixe
une extrmit et soumise une charge P lautre extrmit telle quillustre
la figure 1.14. Sachant que son paisseur est t tandis que et le module
dlasticit de laluminium est E dterminez la rpartition de lallongement de
la membrure suivant sa longueur.
SYS 865b
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SYS 865b
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du =
Pdy
EA(y)
A(y)
= (w1 + (
u(y)
=
w 2 w1
)y)t
L
du
=
0
Pdy
=
EA(y)
Pdy
w w1
E(w1 + ( 2
)y)t
L
PL
(w 2 w1 )
=
u(y)
ln w1 +
y ln w1
Et(w 2 w1 )
L
SYS 865b
u(y)
y
(mm)
(mm)
0.0
0.000000
63.5
0.026089
127.0
0.056206
190.5
0.091828
254.0
0.135424
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du
EA(y) P =
0
dy
u(y) =a1 y + a 2 y 2 + a 3 y3
w 2 w1
2
(w
+
(
)y)t
E
(a
+
2a
y
+
3a
y
) P =
1
2
3
1
Application numrique
A( y)
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Galerkin :
b
dy
=
a
y(
0 E )dy = 0
L
2
y
0 ( E )dy = 0
L
3
y
0 ( E )dy = 0
L
0=
i 1, 2,..., N
302102849857.62 a1 2001.0262045882
3468595.2133333 1101278980.2333
550639490.11665 201401899905.07
a = 338840.43731026
59682096338527
2
100700949952.54 39788064225692 1.237489975502.(10)6 a 3 64549103.307609
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Solution exacte
de Galerkin
(mm)
SYS 865b
Approximation
par la mthode
u(y) (mm)
u(y)I (mm)
0.00
0.00000
0.00000
63.5
0.026089
0.026447
127.0
0.056206
0.056391
190.5
0.091828
0.092060
254
0.135424
0.135678
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Pr-processeur
Solveur
Post-processeur
SYS 865b
H 2014