SI.

No

Name of the Experiments

MEASUREING INSTRUMENTS

M1

VERNIER CALIPER

M2

SCREW GAUGE

M3
M4

TRAVELLING MICROSCOPE
SPECTROMETER
PHYSICS LABORATORY - I

1.(A)
1.(B)

LASER PARAMETERS
PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION BY DIODE LASER

1.(C)

DETERMINATION OF NUMERICAL APERTURE AND

ACCEPTANCE ANGLE OPTICAL FIBER

2.

SPECTROMETER - GRATING

3.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A BAD CONDUCTOT

LEES DISC

4.

AIR - WEDGE

5.

ULTRASONIC - INTERFEROMETER

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M1 SCREW GAUGE

ZERO ERROR & ZERO CORRECTION

Pitch = Distance moved by the head scale on the pitch scale

No .of the Rotations given
LEAST COUNT = Pitch / Total no.of divisions on the head scale = 1 m.m / 100
L.C = 0.01 mm or 0.0110-3m

KININDIA

M2 VERNIER CALIPERS

Jaws in

different
positions

LEAST COUNT = 1 Main scale division 1 Vernier scale Division

= 1MSD 1VSD
Value of 1 MSD = 1/10 cm = 0.110-2m
No of divisions on vernier scale = 10
9MSD = 10VSD ; 1VSD = (9/10)MSD = (9/10)(1/10) = 9/100 cm
Therefore

L.C = 0.01 cm or 0.0110-2m

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M3 TRAVELLING MICROSCOPE

Least count = 1MSD 1VSD

20 MSD = 1cm
Value of 1 MSD = 1/20 cm = 0.05 cm
No.of divisions in vernier scale = 50
50VSD = 49 MSD
Therefore 1VSD = (49/50)MSD = (49/50)0.05 = 0.049
LC = 0.05 0.049 = 0.001 cm ]
L.C = 0.00110-2m

KININDIA

M4 SPECTROMETER

Least count.
20 MSD = 10
1MSD = 1/ 2 = 0.5 = 30
LC = 1MSD 1VSD
No of Divisions in Vernier scale = 30
30VSD = 29MSD
1VSD = (29/30)MSD = 29
LC = 30 29
LC = 1( ONE MINUTE)

KININDIA

E 01 SEMICONDUCTOR LASER
Aim:
a. To determine the wavelength of the Laser light.
b. To determine the size of the particle.
c. To find out acceptance angle and Numerical aperture of the fiber.
Apparatus Required:
Diode laser, Fine micro particles nearly like same size ( Lycopodium powder), Glass plate,
Screen , Meter scale
Formula:

a. Wavelength of the Laser source =

b. Particle size d is given by d = nD / xn

sin n
m

c. Acceptance angle r / d
Numerical aperture NA = sin

Angle of the diffraction

degree

N = Number of lines per meter in the grating

n = order of diffraction.
Wavelength of laser light used.

D = distance between glass plate and the screen. m

xn = Distance between central bright spot and the nth ring. m
r = Radius of the circular image. m
d = Distance from fiber end to circular image.m

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Wavelength of LASER

Size of the particle

Diffraction pattern

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Angle of divergence

Numerical Aperture

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Procedure:
a. Wavelength of the Laser source
The grating is kept in between the source and the screen at a distance , D, from the
screen. When the laser beam passes though the grating, diffraction occurs and spots are
seen on the screen.
The positions of 1st , 2nd , 3rd . Order spots are measured from the central (direct)
spot by measuring on both sides.
b. Particle size.
The grating is removed and a glass plate on which lycopodium powder is sprinkled is
placed. Its position is adjusted to clear diffraction rings. The radii of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, .order
rings are measured. If D1 is the distance between the glass plate and screen, the size of
the particle

c. Acceptance angle and Numerical aperture

One end of the fiber is connected to the source and the other end to a NA jig Light
through the fiber passes the aperture of the Jig and a circular patch is seen on the screen.
The opening is slowly closed so that the circular patch just cuts. If r is the radius of
opening and l is the distance between jig and fiber tip , the acceptance angle = r/l and
NA = Sin. This is repeated for different l.

KININDIA

DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH OF LASER LIGHT SOURSEOBSERVATIONS

Distance between grating and screen (D) = cm = . x 10-2 m

Order of
diffraction
(n)

S.No

Readings for the diffracted image

Left side
Right side
Distance of
different
orders (Xn)
from the
central spot

Unit

Tan 1

cm

Distance
of
different
order
(Xn) from
the spot

Tan 2

Mean

cm

1.

X1=

X1=

2.

X2=

X2=

3.

X3=

X3=

4.

X4=

X4=

(nm)

Number of lines in grating per meter = lines / meter

Particle size determination observation

SI.NO.

Distance between
screen and glass
plate (D)

Unit

Cm

Order of
diffraction
n

Distance between
the central bright
point and nth fringe
xn

Particle size

cm

cm

1
2
3
1

2
3

1
2
3

KININDIA

Mean = ..

Wavelength of laser source

= 6900 A
= 6900 x 10-10 meter

To determine acceptance angle and numerical aperture

S.No.

Distance from
the fiber end to
circular image
d

Radius of the
circular image r

Mean

Result:
Wavelength of the laser light source = ---------------- m
Average size of the particle = -----------------------m
Numerical aperture of the optical fiber = -----------Acceptance angle of the optical fiber = --------------

KININDIA

Acceptance
angle

NA = sin a

E 02 - SPECTROMETER (GRATING)
Aim: To determine the wavelength of the lines of the mercury spectrum.
Apparatus Required: Spectrometer, Grating , Sodium vapour lamp , Mercury
vapour lamp, Reading lens.
Formula:
The number of lines of grating =

N = Sins n

s = wavelength of the sodium light

n = order of diffraction

Angle of diffraction
The wavelength of the prominent spectral
Lines of the mercury spectrum
Hg = Sinn N 10-10 m

Procedure: Preliminary adjustments are made with the spectrometer. The direct ray is made to
coincide with the vertical crosswire of the telescope. The vernier scales are adjusted to read 00
and 1800. The telescope is rotated through 900 and fixed. The grating is mounted on the grating
table and adjusted so that the reflected ray coincides with the cross wire. The vernier table is
rotated through 450. Now, the light is incident normal to grating. This is normal incidence.

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The slit is illuminated with sodium vapor lamp. The telescope is released and rotated to get the
diffracted light on either side (left & right). The readings are taken on Vernier A and Vernier B.

The difference in readings on both the scales for the two sides gives 2. Hence is noted.
Next the sodium lamp is replaced by Hg lamp and for each line is measured as before and
for each line is calculated from the relation
Determination of wavelength of various spectral lines Spectrometer readings
N = ..lines/metre

Order of the spectrum n = 1.

Least count (LC) = 1

Total readings (TR) = MSR +(VSR x LC)

Reading for the diffracted image
Left side

Spectral
lines
(colours)

Vernier A
A1

Diffference
between the
readings

Right side

Vernier B

B1

Vernier A

A2

Vernier B

B2

MSR

VSC

TR

MSR

VSC

TR

MSR

VSC

TR

MSR

VSC

TR

deg

div

deg

deg

Div

deg

deg

div

Deg

deg

div

deg

2
A1~A2

Mean
2

Mean

2
B1~B2

Violet-1
Violet-2
Blue
Bluiesh
Green
Green
Yellow1
Yellow2
Red

Result:

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The wavelength of the prominent spectral lines in the mercury source are calculated and
tabulated.

E 03 - Lees disc
Aim: To measure the thermal
Glass etc)

conductivity

of

bad

conductor (Cardboard,

Apparatus Required: Lees Disc apparatus, Bad conductors, Thermometers, Stop-clock, Steam
boiler, Screw gauge, Vernier calipers
Formula: Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor.

MS { d dt } .d ( r + 2h)
K = -------------------------------

Wm-1K-1

R2 ( 1 - 2 ) ( 2R + H)

M = mass of the disc

S = specific heat of the disc
D = thickness of the bad conductor (m)
R = radius of the disc (m)
H = thickness of disc (m)

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Procedure:
This consists of a hot chamber and a metal disc. The material is placed in between the chamber
and the metal disc.
Steam from water heater is passed through the chamber. Heat is conducted to the disc through
the bad conductor. The steady state temperature 1 (of the chamber) and 2 (of the disc) are
noted.
Now, the bad conductor is removed and the disc is heated by placing the chamber directly on the
disc. When the temperature of the disc is 2 + 100 (say ), the chamber is removed and disc is
allowed to cool. When the temperature of the disc is 2 + 50 , stop warch is started and the time
is noted in steps for every degree upto 2 - 50C. A graph is drawn between time
vs temperature and slope d/dt at 2 is found out.

MEASUREMENT OF THE RADIUS OF THE METALLIC DISC (r)

Z.E = ----------- div
L.C = 0.01102m

Z.C = -----------div

S.No

MSR

VSC

OBSERVED READING =
MSR+VSC(LC)

Unit

102m

div

10-2m

CORRECT
READING
= OR + ZC
10-2m

1
2
3
4
5
Mean Diameter

D = ---------10-2m

KININDIA

TO FIND THE THICKNESS OF THE BAD CONDUCTOR (d)

Z.E = ----------- div
L.C = 0.01102m

Z.C = -----------div

S.No

PSR

HSC

OBSERVED READING =
PSR+HSC(LC)

Unit

103m

Div

10-3m

CORRECT
READING
= OR + ZC
10-3m

1
2
3
4
5
Mean thicknessd = ---------10-3m

TO FIND THE THICKNESS OF THE METALLIC DISC (h)

S.No

PSR

HSC

OBSERVED READING =
PSR+HSC(LC)

Unit

103m

Div

10-3m

CORRECT
READING
= OR + ZC
10-3m

1
2
3
4
5
Mean thicknessd = ---------10-3m

KININDIA

DETERMINATION OF THE RATE OF COOLING OF METALLIC DISC.

{ d dt }

Steady temperature in the metallic disc ( 2) = -----------------0C

TEMPERATURE
0

TIME (t)
Second

TEMPERATURE(
0

TIME(t)
Second

Result
Thermal conductivity of the bad conductor = W m-1 K-1

KININDIA

E 04 - AIR WEDGE
Aim: To determine the thickness of a thin wire by Air Wedge.
Apparatus Required:
Travelling microscope, Sodium vapor lamp, Two optically plane glass plate, Condensing lens,
Thin wire, Reading lens.
Formula:
Thickness of the thin wire T = L 2 m
= wavelength of the light.
L = Distance of the wire from the edge of contact
Mean width of one fringe

Procedure
The wire is introduced at one end between two optically plane glass plates. A parallel beam of
monochromatic light is incident on this at right angles. The rays of light reflected from the front
and back surfaces interfere and produce dark and bright fringes. The vertical cross-wire of the
travelling microscope is made to coincide with nth , n + 5th , n + 10th etc fringes and readings
are taken. From this , the fringe width , , is calculated.

KININDIA

TO FIND THE FRINGE WIDTH:

Order of the
band

MSR

Unit

102m

LC= 0.001 cm

Microscope Readings
VSC
TR =
MSR+(VSCLC)
Div
102m

Width of 5
bands
102m

Mean Width
of one fringe
()
102m

n
n+5
n+10
n+15
n+20
n+25
n+30
n+35
n+40
n+45
Mean fringe Width

--------102m

To determine the distance between edge of contact and specimen wire

Position

MSR
102m

VSC
Div

Rubber band

TR=MSR+(VSC+LC)
102m
R1

(edge of contact)
Specimen wire

L = R1- R2 = ----------------------------102m

Result :
Thickness of the given thin wire = ---------------- meter

KININDIA

R2

E 05 - ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER

Aim: To determine the Ultrasonic velocity and compressibility of liquids.

Apparatus Required: Ultrasonic interferometer, Wave generator, Liquids.
Formula:
Wavelength of the Ultrasonic waves =
Velocity in liquid

d/n

u = s frequency of crystal ms-1

Compressibility of the liquid =

K = 1 / u2 m2 N-1

d = Distance moved by the reflector

n = Number of oscillations
= Density of the liquid Kg / m3

Procedure:
The liquid is taken in the cell. This has a crystal transducer at the bottom and a metal reflector
attached to a micrometer screw is immersed. When the reflector is moved, the ammeter shows
maximum when the distance between the crystal and reflector is equal to whole multiplies by
sound due to the formation of standing waves.
The micrometer reading is noted for a particular maximum in the ammeter. Then readings are
noted for every five maxima. The difference in reading for two consecutive maxima gives
sound / 2. Thus sound is measured.

KININDIA

TO FIND THE WAVELENGTH OF THE ULTRASONIC WAVES

Type of liquid

Frequency of the generator (f)

2 MHz (Constant value as per the experimenmtal set up )

Least Count (LC)

0.01 mm

Total Readings (TR)

PSR + (HSC x LC)

S.No

No.of
oscillation
(n)

Water

Readings for n oscillations

Initial reading(R1)
Initial reading(R2)
PSR HSC TR
PSR HSC TR
103
m

div

103
m

103
m

div

103
m

Distance
moved by
reflector d
= R1-R2
10-3m

Wave
length
d/n
10-3m

1
2
3
4
5

Mean(m/s

Result :
Velocity of the Ultrasonic waves in the liquid = --------------------------- m/s

KININDIA

Compressibility of the given liquid = ----------------------- m2 N-1