TFSE GLOBAL ELECTIVE F ASSIGNMENT

BASICS OF VACUUM

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
R V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
R V Vidyaniketan Post, Bangalore 560 059

BASICS OF VACUUM
Bioinformatics (Global Elective F Assignment)
Submitted by

Ashwanth Subramanian
USN: 1RV12CH007
Department of Chemical Engineering

Submitted to

Dr. Subramanyam TK
Professor & Head of IDRC
Department of Physics

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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TFSE GLOBAL ELECTIVE F ASSIGNMENT

BASICS OF VACUUM

R.V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

BANGALORE-560059
(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum)

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Self Study work titled BASICS OF VACUUM is carried out by
Ashwanth.S (1RV12CH007), who are bonafide students of R.V College of Engineering,
Bangalore, in partial fulfillment for the Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) in the Thin
Films and Surface Engineering subject for the VII semester during the year 2015-2016. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for the internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The Self Study report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Self Study work
prescribed by the institution for the said subject.

Marks awarded = (Evaluation1) =

10
Signature of Staff In-charge

1
0
Signature of Head of the Department

Signature of Principal:

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BASICS OF VACUUM

CONTENTS
Page No:
List of Figures

Introduction

Simple Gas laws

Boyle - Mariottes law

Charles's law

Avogadros law

Amontons law/ Lussacs law

10

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)

10

Units of P, V and T

10

Combined Ideal gas law

11

Application of gas laws

11

Mean free path

13

Modes of Gas Flow Under Various Vacuum Conditions

13

References

14

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BASICS OF VACUUM

List Of Figures
Page No:
Fig 1: Gas particles

Fig 2: Ideal Gas law Relation

Fig 3: Pressure-volume inverse relationship.

Fig 4: Pressure against inverse-volume, at constant temperature.

Fig 5: Volume-temperature direct relationship.

Fig 6: Volume-number of moles relationship

Fig 7: Pressure-Temperature relationship

10

Fig 8: Mean Free Path

13

Fig 9: Viscous flow of gas molecules during pump down.

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Fig 10: Gas molecules in transition flow conditions. Mean free path is roughly
equivalent to the pipe diameter.

14

Fig 11: Gas molecules in molecular flow conditions. Mean free path is greater than 1.5
times the pipe diameter.
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BASICS OF VACUUM

BASICS OF VACUUM
INTRODUCTION
Many chemists had dreamed of having an equation that describes relation of a gas
molecule to its environment such as pressure or temperature. However, they had
encountered many difficulties because of the fact that there always are other affecting
factors such as intermolecular forces. Despite this fact, chemists came up with a
simple gas equation to study gas behaviour while putting a blind eye to minor factors.

We must emphasize that this gas law is ideal. As students, professors, and chemists,
we sometimes need to understand the concepts before we can apply it, and assuming
the gases are in an ideal state where it is unaffected by real world conditions will help
us better understand the behaviour the gases. In order for a gas to be ideal, its
behaviour must follow the Kinetic-Molecular Theory whereas the Non-Ideal Gases
will deviate from this theory due to real world conditions.

When dealing with gas, a famous equation was used to relate all of the factors needed
in order to solve a gas problem. This equation is known as the Ideal Gas Equation. As
we have always known, anything ideal does not exist. In this issue, two well-known
assumptions should have been made beforehand:

1. the particles have no forces acting among them, and

2. these particles do not take up any space, meaning their atomic volume is
completely ignored.

An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas dreamed by chemists and students because it would
be much easier if things like intermolecular forces do not exist to complicate the
simple Ideal Gas Law. Ideal gases are essentially point masses moving in constant,
random, straight-line motion. Its behaviour is described by the assumptions listed in
the Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases. This definition of an ideal gas contrasts with
the Non-Ideal Gas definition, because this equation represents how gas actually
behaves in reality. For now, let us focus on the Ideal Gas.
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gas
The properties of gases as outlined above have their explanations based on the kineticmolecular theory of gas (KMT), which is essentially the kinetic theory of matter
applied to gases.
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BASICS OF VACUUM

Fig 1: Gas particles

According to this theory, the particles of a gas are in constant rapid and random
motion. They move in straight lines, till they collide with each other or with the walls
of the container, which changes their direction of motion. The particles are very far
apart relative to their size. This explains the fluidity, low density and compressibility
of gases.

This theory states that the pressure exerted by a gas is due to the frequency of
collisions of the gas particles with each other and the walls of its container.

Simple Gas laws

The Ideal Gas Law is simply the combination of all Simple Gas Laws (Boyle's Law,
Charles' Law, and Avogadro's Law), and so learning this one means that you have
learned them all. The Simple Gas Laws can always be derived from the Ideal Gas
equation.

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BASICS OF VACUUM

Fig 2: Ideal Gas law Relation

Boyle's Law : At constant temperature, the pressure of an ideal gas is inversely
proportional to its volume.

In 1662, the English scientist Robert Boyle found that, for a gas in a container
maintained at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas decreases with rising
pressure.

The pressure-volume relationship is an example of an inverse relationship, in which

increasing the value of one parameter decreases that of the other, and vice-versa. (see
Fig. 3)

Fig 3: Pressure-volume inverse relationship.

On the basis of the KMT, decreasing the volume of a gas implies that there will be
more frequent collisions on the walls of the container by the gas particles since the
number of particles is remaining constant. Hence, the pressure, which is a measure of
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BASICS OF VACUUM

the frequency collisions of the gas particles with the walls of the container, goes up.
The opposite is true when the volume of the gas is increased.
Boyle, on taking accurate measurements, further found that not only are pressure and
volume inversely related, but at constant temperature, they are inversely proportional.
A graph of the pressure against the inverse of volume came out to be a straight line

Fig 4: Pressure against inverse-volume, at constant temperature.

P

1
V

Charles Law: At constant pressure, the volume of an ideal gas is directly

proportional to its absolute temperature.

Around 1787, Jacques Charles had found that, at constant pressure, the volume of a
gas increases with rising temperature.

This volume-temperature relationship is an example of a direct relationship, in which

increasing the value of one parameter increases that of the other.

On the basis of the KMT, increasing the temperature of a gas results in the gas
particles becoming more energetic, which increases the frequency and the force of
collisions on the walls of the container by the gas particles. If the container walls are
flexible, the container will tend to increase in volume.

Charles found that not only are volume and temperature directly related, but at
constant pressure, volume and absolute temperature are directly proportional. A graph
of the volume against temperature is a straight line (see Fig. 5).

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Fig 5:Volume-temperature direct relationship.

From the graph it might appear that as the absolute temperature reduces to 0K
(absolute zero), the volume too becomes zero. However, the gas liquefies to a liquid,
and finally solidifies to a solid, which has a certain volume, before the temperature
reaches absolute zero.
Avogadros Law:
Volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas at a constant temperature
and pressure.
V n

Fig 6: Volume-number of moles relationship

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TFSE GLOBAL ELECTIVE F ASSIGNMENT

BASICS OF VACUUM

Amontons Law / Lussacs Law:

Given a constant number of mole of a gas and an unchanged volume, pressure is
directly proportional to temperature.

Fig 7: Pressure-Temperature relationship

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
Standard condition of temperature and pressure is known as STP. Two things you
should know about this is listed below.
The universal value of STP is 1 atm (pressure) and 0o C. Note that this form
specifically stated 0o C degree, not 273 Kelvin, even thought you will have to
convert into Kelvin when plugging this value into the Ideal Gas equation or any
of the simple gas equations.
In STP, 1 mole of gas will take up 22.4 L of the volume of the container.
Units of P, V and T
The table below lists the different units for each property.

Factor

Variable

Units

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BASICS OF VACUUM

Pressure

atm
Torr
Pa
mmHg

Volume

L
m

Moles

mol

Temperature

Gas Constant

R*

see Values of R table below

Take note of certain things such as temperature is always in its SI units of Kelvin (K) rather
than Celsius (C), and the amount of gas is always measured in moles. Gas pressure and
volume, on the other hand, may have various different units, so be sure to know how to
convert to the appropriate units if necessary.

Combined Ideal Gas Law:

The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas.

Combined gas law is a gas law that combines Charles's law, Boyle's law, and
Gay-Lussac's law.

Application of gas laws:

A 3.00 L container is filled with Ne(g) at 770 mmHg at 27oC. A 0.633g sample of
CO2 vapor is then added. What is the partial pressure of CO2 and Ne in atm? What is
the total pressure in the container in atm?

SOLUTION

Step 1: Writing down all given information, and convert as necessary.

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Step 2: After writing down all your given information, we find the
unknown moles of Ne.

Because the pressure of the container before the CO2 was added contained only Ne,
that is the required partial pressure of Ne.

Step 3: Now that have pressure for Ne, we must find the partial pressure
for CO2 using the ideal gas equation.

But because both gases share the same Volume (V) and Temperature (T) and since the
Gas Constant (R) is constants, all three terms cancel and can be removed them from
the equation.

Partial pressure CO2

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Step 4: Finding total pressure.

Mean free path:

The distance a gas molecule can travel (on the average) is a function of total pressure
and the diameter of the gas molecules.

Fig 8: Mean Free Path

Modes of Gas Flow Under Various Vacuum Conditions:

The three modes of gas flow that we will be interested in describing are: turbulent (or
viscous), laminar (or transition) and molecular flow. The flow regime created when air
is induced to move through cylindrical tubes is a function of the tube diameter and the
average pressure.

D P 0.18

D P 0.004

Criteria for Viscous Flow Regime

Criteria for Molecular Flow Regime

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BASICS OF VACUUM

0.004 D P 0.18 Criteria for Transition Flow Regime

D is the inside diameter, in inches, and Pbar is the average pressure in Torr

Fig 9: Viscous flow of gas molecules during pump down.

Fig 10: Gas molecules in transition flow conditions. Mean free path is roughly
equivalent to the pipe diameter.

Fig 11: Gas molecules in molecular flow conditions. Mean free path is greater than 1.5
times the pipe diameter.
References:
1. Hutchinson, John. The Ideal Gas Law. Connexions. 16 Jan. 2005
<http://cnx.org/content/m12598/1.2/>.
2. Laugier, Alexander; Garai, Jozef. "Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law." Journal of
Chemical Education. 2007, Vol. 84, Iss. 11, pgs. 1832 -1833.
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3. Levine, S. "Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law." Journal of Chemical Education.1985,

Vol. 62, Iss. 5, pgs. 399.
4. Luder, W. F. "Ideal Gas Definition." Journal of Chemistry Education. 1968, 45(5),
p351 DOI:10.1021/ed045p351.1
5. Petrucci, Ralph H., William S. Harwood, F. G. Herring, and Jeffry D. Madura.
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River:
Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.
6. Timberlake, Karen. General Organic and Biological Chemistry. Prentice Hall, 2007.
7. West, John B. "Robert Boyles landmark book of 1660 with the first experiments on
rarified
air"
Journal
of
Applied
Physiology
98:31-39,
2005.
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00759.2004

8. Bishop, M, An Introduction to Chemistry (First Version), viewed 10 February

2007 <http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Chemistry_First.htm>, 2005.
9. FHSST, Chemistry Grades 10 - 12, ver 0, viewed 10 March, 2009,
<http://www.fhsst.org>, 2008.
10. McMurray, J & Fay, RC, Chemistry, 4th edn, USA: Prentice Hall, 2003.
11. Myers, RT, Oldham, KB & Tocci, S, Holt Chemistry, USA:Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 2006.
12. Nathan, HD & Henrickson, C, CliffsQuickReview Chemistry, NY, USA:
Hungry Minds, 2001.
13. Uvarov, EB & Chapman, DR, A Dictionary of Science, 5th edn, UK: The
Chauser Press, 1979.
14. Whitten, KW, Davis, RE, Peck, L & Stanley, GG, General Chemistry, 7th edn,
Belmont, USA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004.

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