PRACTICE FINAL A

MATH 18.02, MIT, AUTUMN 12

You have three hours. This test is closed book, closed notes, no calculators.
Problem Points Score
There are 16 problems, and the total number of
points is 240. Show all your work. Please make
your work as clear and easy to follow as possible.
Name:
Signature:
Student ID #:
Recitation instructor:
Recitation Number+Time:

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Total

240

1. (15pts) A rectangular box lies in the corner of the first octant,

with one vertex at the origin and the diagonally opposite vertex D
at (2, 3, 1). Three other vertices are A = (2, 0, 1), B = (0, 3, 1) and
P = (2, 3, 0).

(i) Express the vectors P A and P B in terms of , and k.

Solution:

P A = 3
+ k

and

P B = 2 + k.

(ii) Find the cosine of the angle AP B.

Solution:

0, 3, 1 2, 0, 1
1
1
PA PB
= = .
cos = =
|0, 3, 1||2, 0, 1|
10 5
5 2
|P A||P B|
(iii) Find the equation of the plane through P , A and B.

Solution:
!
!

!
! 0 3
!
!2 0

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
k!!
! 0 3!
! 0 1!
!3 1!

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
6k.
1! = !
! !2 1! + k !2 0 ! = 3 2
0
1
1!

Therefore n = 3, 2, 6 is normal to the plane. As the plane contains

P = (2, 3, 0) we have
x 2, y 3, z 3, 2, 6 = 0

that is

Rearranging, we have 3x + 2y + 6z = 12.

3(x 2) + 2(y 3) + 6z = 0.

2. (10pts) What are the closest points on the plane 2x y + z = 1 to

the line given parametrically by
r(t) = 1 + t, 2 + 3t, 2 + t?
Solution:
Call the line l. The closest points to l are a line l2 in the plane, with
the same direction v = 1, 3, 1 as l. The point P = (1, 2, 2) lies on l.
The closest point Q to P lies on the line l1 passing through P parallel
to the normal direction n = 2, 1, 1 of the plane. The line l1 is given
parametrically by
r1 (t) = 1, 2, 2 + t2, 1, 1 = 1 + 2t, 2 t, 2 + t.

This intersects the plane when

2(1 + 2t) (2 t) + (2 + t) = 1

that is

6t + 2 = 1.

So t = 1/6. The point Q = (2/3, 13/6, 11/6). Therefore the line l2 is

given parametrically by
2 13 11
r2 (t) = , , + t1, 3, 1.
3 6 6

3. (10pts) Suppose a particle moves according to

r(t) = cos t, sin t, sin 2t.

Find the speed and acceleration vector a(t) at time t.

Solution: The velocity vector is

dr
v (t) =
= sin t, cos t, 2 cos 2t.
dt
Speed is the magnitude of the velocity:
"

|v (t)| = sin2 t + cos2 t + 4 cos2 2t = 1 + 4 cos2 2t.

The acceleration vector is the derivative of the velocity vector

dv
= cos t, sin t, 4 sin 2t.
a(t) =
dt

4. (15pts) Let

2 1
1
A = a 1 2 .
4 1
a
(i) For which values of a is A not invertible?
Solution: A is not invertible if and only if det A = 0.
!
!
!2 1
!
! !
! !
!
1 !!
!
!1 2! ! a 2! ! a 1!
2
! a 1 2! = 2 !
! !
! !
!
!
!
!1
! !4 a !+!4 1 ! = 2(a+2)1(a 8)+(a4).
a
!4 1
a!
Simplifying we get det A = 3a a2 . So A is not invertible if and only
if a = 0 or a = 3.
(ii) Let B be the matrix obtained by

1
1
B 1 = 7
2 3

replacing a by 1. Find b and c if

b 1
2 3 .
c 1

Solution: 2B 1 A = 2I3 , so

2 0 0
1 b 1
2 1
1
7 2 3 1 1 2 = 0 2 0 .
3 c 1
4 1
1
0 0 2
Comparing entries the first row second column, we see
1b1=0

so that

3 c + 1 = 0

so that

b = 0,

and comparing entries in the third row second column we see

c = 2.

(iii) Solve the equation Bx = b for x:

1
2 1
1
x
1 1 2 y = 2 .
4 1
1
3
z
Solution: x = B 1b, so

x
1
1
1
0 1
y = 1 7

2 = 1 .
2 3
2
2
z
3
3 2 1
3

5. (15pts) Let
x2
+ xy 2 3y.
y
(i) Find the gradient of f at (2, 1).
f (x, y) =

Solution:
2x
x2
f = + y 2 , 2 + 2xy 3
y
y

so that

(f )(2,1) = 5, 3.

(ii) Use linear approximation to estimate the value of f (2.01, 0.99).

Solution:
f fx x + fy y

so that

f 5(0.01) 3(0.01) = 0.08.

Therefore

f (2.01, 0.99) = f (2, 1) + f 3.08.

(iii) Use the chain rule to find the rate of change of f ,
df
,
dt
along the parametric curve C, x(t) = 2t2 , y(t) = t3 at time t = 1.

Solution:
Therefore

r (t) = 4t, 3t2

so that

r (1) = 4, 3.

df
= f r (t) = 5, 3 4, 3 = 11.
dt

6. (15pts) (i) Find the point P on the surface

z 2 = xy + x + 1
closest to the origin, by writing the square of the distance to the origin
as a function f (x, y) of only x and y.

Solution:
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = x2 + y 2 + xy + x + 1 = f (x, y).
Set the partials of f to zero to find the critical points:
fx = 2x + y + 1 = 0

and

fy = 2y + x = 0.

From the second equation x = 2y and so 3y + 1 = 0, that is y = 1/3

and x = 2/3. But then z = 1/3.
(ii) Use the 2nd derivative test to check that P is a minimum of f (x, y).

Solution:
fxx = 2

fxy = 1

and

fyy = 2.

So
A=2
B=1
and
C = 2.
AC B = 3 > 0. As A > 0 we have a minimum.
2

7. (15pts) (i) Let f (x, y, z) be a function of three variables. The equation

f (r cos , r sin , z) = 1,
implicitly defines a function z = g(r, ). Express the partial derivative
z
r
in terms of the partials of f .
Solution: We use the method of dierentials:
0 = df = fx dx + fy dy + fz dz.
Solving for dz, we get
fy
fx
dx dy.
fz
fz
As x = r cos and y = r sin , we have
dz =

dx = cos dr r sin d

and

dy = sin dr r cos d.

fx
fy
dz = (cos dr r sin d) (sin dr r cos d)
f
fz
(
'
(
' z
fy
fy
fx
fx
sin + cos d.
= cos sin dr +
fz
fz
fz
fz
z
fx
fy
= cos sin .
r
fz
fz
(ii) Suppose that f and g are functions of three variables with
(f )(1,2,3) = 2, 1, 1

and

(g)(1,2,3) = 1, 2, 2.

If g(1, 2, 3) = 0 and the points (x, y, z) are constrained to lie on the

surface g = 0, what is
' (
f
x y
at (1, 2, 3)?
Solution:
df = 2 dx + dy dz

and

0 = dg = dx 2 dy + 2 dz.

Using the second equation to eliminate dz, we have

3
1
df = 2 dx + dy + dx dy = dx,
2
2
So
' (
f
3
= .
x y
2
6

8. (15pts) Evaluate the integral

1 x
0

2xy
dy dx.
1 y4

Solution: We change the order of integration. The region R we are

integrating over is

0x1
and
0 y x.

We have
1
0

2xy
dy dx =
1 y4

2xy
dA =
4
R1 y

2xy
dx dy.
4
y2 1 y

The inner integral is

) 2 *1
1
xy
(1 y 4 )y
2xy
dx
=
=
= y.
4
1 y 4 y2
1 y4
y2 1 y
The outer integral is

y2
y dy =
2
)

*1
0

1
= .
2

9. (15pts) Two circles of radius a have their centres at (0, 0) and (a, 0).
R is the region outside the first circle inside the second circle. Set up
an iterated integral in polar coordinates to find the moment of inertia
of R about the origin, where the density = x.

Solution: The circles have polar equations

r=a

and

r = 2a cos .

These intersect when

2a cos = a
and so
Therefore

xr2 dA =

so that

= .
3
/3 2a cos
/3

1
cos = ,
2

r4 cos dr d.

10. (15pts) Consider the integral

(1 y) dx + x dy,
C

over the curve consisting of the upper half unit circle and the line
segment from (1, 0) to (1, 0). Calculate the integral in two ways:
(i) directly.

Solution: Parametrise C1 the line segment by r(t) = t, 0, 1 t 1.

Then dx = dt and dy = 0. So
1

(1 y) dx + x dy =
1 dt = 2.
C1

Parametrise the curved bit C2 by r(t) = cos t, sin t, 0 t . Then

dx = sin tdt and dy = cos t dt. So
)
*

(1 y) dx + x dy =
sin t + 1 dt = cos t + t = 2.
C1

Therefore

(1 y) dx + x dy = .
(1 y) dx + x dy +
(1 y) dx + x dy =
C2

C1

(ii) by relating it to a double integral.

Solution: Let R be the region enclosed by C. We have

curl F = Nx My ,
where N = x and M = 1 y. Greens theorem says

2 dA = ,
(1 y) dx + x dy =
R

since the area of R is /2.

11. (15pts) The solid D is bounded below by a right angled cone with
vertex at the origin, central axis the z-axis and bounded above by the
sphere of radius 1. Find the gravitational attraction on a unit mass
placed at the origin. Assume the density = 1.

Solution: The gravitational attraction is a force

F = Fx , Fy , Fz .

By symmetry, Fx = Fy = 0.

2 /4 1
Gz
Fz =
G cos sin d d d.
dV =
3
D
0
0
0
The inner integral is
)
*1
1
G cos sin d = G cos sin = G cos sin .
0

The middle integral is

)
*/4
/4
G
G 2
G cos sin d =
sin
= .
2
4
0
0
The outer integral is
) *2
2
G
G
G
d =

=
.
4
4 0
2
0

10

12. (15pts) Let

and let C be the ellipse

F = (x2 xy) + 2y
,

(2x y)2 + (5x + y)2 = 3.

Find the flux of F out of the region R bounded by C.

Solution:
We apply Greens theorem in normal form:

F n
ds =
div F dA =
2x y + 2 dx dy.
C

Let u = 2x y and v = 5x + y. Then

!
!
! !
(u, v) !!ux uy !! !!2 1!!
= 7.
=
=
J=
(x, y) ! vx vy ! !5 1 !

So

du dv = 7 dx dy.

It follows
that

(2xy)2 +(5x+y)2 3

2x y + 2 dx dy =

u+2
du dv.
7
u2 +v 2 3

Now u is anti-symmetric about the v-axis, and R is a circle centred at

the origin in uv-coordinates, so

u du dv = 0.
u2 +v 2 3

The area of R in uv-coordinates is 3. Putting all of this together, the

flux out of C is
6
.
7

11

13. (15pts) Let

F = z 2 + z sin y
+ (2z + axz + b cos y)k.
(i) Find the values of a and b such that F is conservative.
Solution: We want the curl to be zero:
!
!

!
!

k
!
!

!
! = (b sin y + sin y) (az 2z)
.
! x
!
y
z
! z 2 z sin y 2z + axz + b cos y !

So F is conservative if and only if b = 1 and a = 2.

(ii) For those values of a and b find a potential function f for F in a
systematic way.
Solution: We solve the three pdes
fx = z 2

fy = z sin y

and

2z + 2xz cos y.

If we integrate the first pde with respect to x we get

f (x, y, z) = z 2 x + g(y, z),

where g(y, z) is an arbitrary function of y and z. Plugging this into the

second pde we get
gy = z sin y.
Integrating this equation with respect to y we get
g(y, z) = z cos y + h(z),

where h(z) is an arbitrary function of z. So f (x, y, z) = z 2 x z cos y +

h(z). Plugging this into the third pde we get
2zx cos y + hz = 2z + 2xz cos y

so that

hz = 2z

Therefore h(z) = z 2 + c and

f (x, y, z) = z 2 x z cos y + z 2 ,

is a potential function.
(iii) For the same values of a and b, calculate the work done to move a
particle in the force field F along the parametrised curve
x = t3

y = 1 t2

z=t

for

1 t 1.

Solution: By the fundamental theorem of calculus

F dr = f dr = f (1, 0, 1) f (1, 0, 1) = 1 1 = 0.
C

12

14. (15pts) Let R be the region

0za

x2 + y 2 1.

and

(i) Set up the volume of R as a triple integral in cylindrical coordinates

Solution:

1 dV =

r dr d dz.

(ii) Set up the volume of R as the sum of two triple integrals in spherical
coordinates.

Solution:

1 dV =
R

/4

sec
2

sin d d d+

13

/2

/4

cos

2 sin d d d.

15. (20pts) Calculate the flux of F = (1 z 2 )k out of the solid hemisphere

x2 + y 2 + z 2 < 1
and
z > 0,
(i) directly,
Solution: The boundary is divided into two parts, the curved bit S and
the unit disc R in the xy-plane. The surface S is defined implicitly by
g(x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
If
= g = 2x, 2y, 2z
N

=
dS

then

1
N
dx dy = x, y, z dx dy.

k|
z
|N

Let R be the unit disc in the xy-plane.

F dS =
(1 z ) dx dy =
S

R
2

r3 dr d,

since 1 z = x + y = r . The inner integral is

) 4 *1
1
1
r
3
= .
r dr =
4 0 4
0
The outer integral is
2
1

d = .
4
2
0
Over R, n
= k and F n
= 1, so the flux is minus the area . The
total flux is /2.
(ii) using the divergence theorem.
Solution: div F = 2z. Let D be the solid hemisphere. By the divergence theorem we have
2 /2 1

2z dV =
F dS =
23 sin cos d d d.
S

The inner integral is

)
*1
1
1 4
1
3
2 sin cos d = sin cos = sin cos .
2
2
0
0
The middle integral is
)
*/2
/2
1
1
1
2
cos
= .
sin cos d =
2
4
4
0
0
So the flux is /2.
14

 Let C be the
16. (20pts) Let F be the vector field y + xz
+ y k.
2
2
boundary of the half circular cylinder S, x + y = 1, y 0, 0 z 1,
with corners at (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1) and (1, 0, 1), oriented in
that order.
(i) What is curl F ?

Solution:
!
!
!
!
! x y
! y xz

!
k !!
!

= (1 x) + (z 1)k.
z !
y!

(ii) Calculate the work done going along C using Stokes theorem.

Solution:
The orientation on S compatible with C is the one pointing outwards.
We have
= x, y, 0 d dz,
dS
in cylindrical coordinates. So
= 1 x, 0, z 1 x, y, 0 d dz = x(1 x) d dz.
( F ) dS
By Stokes,

=
( F ) dS
F dr =
C

cos (1 cos ) d dz.

The inner integral is

*
)

1

2
cos cos d = sin + sin 2 = .
2 4
2
0
0
So the work done is /2.

15