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A long structural member subject to a compressive load is called a strut. Struts with large cross sections compared with the length
generally fail under compressive stress and the conventional failure criteria apply. When the cross section area is not large
compared to the length i.e the member is slender, then the member will generally fail by buckling well before the compressive yield
strength is reached.
The notes below relate to uniform straight members made from homogeneous engineering materials used within the elastic
operating range. It is assumed that an end load is applied along the centroid of the ends. The strut will remain straight until the end
load reaches a critical value and buckling will be initiated. Any increase in load will result in a catastrophic collapse and a
reduction in load will allow the strut to straighten. The value of the critical load depends upon the slenderness ratio and the end
fixing conditions. The slenderness ratio ( )is defined as the effective length =Le / the least radius of gyration = k of the
section The principal end fixing conditions are listed below
Symbols
A = Area (m2)
k = radius of gyration of section (m)
W = End force on strut. (N)
We = Euler end force on strut. (N)
WR = Rankine end force on strut. (N)
L = Length of strut (m )
Le = effective length of strut (m)
x = position along strut
y = strut deflection at x <m)
R= Radius of bend (m)
Pc= Allowable stress (N/m2 )
M = moment (Nm)
</m)
Eulers Theory
The simple analysis below is based on the pinned-pinned arrangement. The other arrangements are derived from this by replacing
the length L by the effective length Le.
For the pinned-pinned case the effective length Le = L.
For the Fixed -Fixed case the effective length Le = L/2.
For the Fixed-Free case the effective length Le = L x 2.
For the Fixed-Pinned case the effective length Le approx. L x 0,7.
Curvature
Quick derivation for curvature (1/R)
Beam equation
Note: The derivation below is based on a strut with pinned ends. A similar method can be used to arrive at the Euler loads for other
end arrangements which will confirm the basis for the factors in arriving at the equivalent length b.
M/I=/y=E/R
The lowest value of W resulting from this procedure is called the Euler load (We ) and failure of long slender beams due to buckling
results from this much earlier than failure due pure compression.
As the moment of inertia I = A.k 2 and the end force W = A. The formula can be rewritten
Important Note: The value of I and the equivalent value of k are assumed to be the minimum values for the section under
consideration
1 / W R = 1 / Wc + 1 / We
Wc = Compressive failure Load
We = Euler Load
This design criteria provides more accurate buckling loads than the euler theory especially at lower slenderness ratios. At higher
slenderness ratios the two methods yield similar results. The experimental values for c are not in direct agreement with the
theoretical values. BS 449-2:1969 includes tables for the safe working stresses for all slenderness ratios and a range of steel
specifications.
Table showing approximate values of c
Material
Mild Steel
1/7500
Wrought Iron
1/9000
Cast Iron
1/1600
Wood
1/3000
Grade
50
(S355)
Grade
55
(S420)
MPa
Grade
43
(S275)
Grade
50
(S355)
Le/ k
Grade
55
(S420)
MPa
170
215
265
95
89
100
108
167
212
262
100
82
92
99
10
165
210
258
110
71
78
83
15
162
207
255
120
62
67
71
20
159
205
252
130
54
58
61
25
157
202
248
140
47
50
53
30
154
200
245
150
41
44
46
35
152
197
241
160
37
39
41
40
150
193
236
170
33
35
36
45
147
189
230
180
29
31
32
50
144
184
222
190
26
28
29
55
139
177
212
200
24
25
26
60
135
169
200
210
22
23
24
65
129
160
186
220
20
21
22
70
123
150
172
230
18
19
20
75
116
140
157
240
17
18
18
80
109
129
143
250
16
16
17
85
102
119
130
300
11
11
12
90
95
109
118
350