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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Before starting the trainer, follow the following start up procedure.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Adjust the flow of water from the heat exchanger such that outlet water from heat
exchanger is equals to or less than that of the inlet water of the heat exchanger.
6.
ON the hot water pump so that water starts flowing through the geyser.
7.
8.
9.
Note down the temperature reading, every 5 minutes for all four observation point.
10.
After steady state temperature reaches, take the readings as per observation table.
11.
During first step, copper matrix absorbs the heat from hot water and during next step; it
gives heat to the cold water.
12.
SPECIFICATION/KNOWN DATA
Inner diameter of outer tube (Di)
36 mm
38 mm
13 mm
15 mm
1.5 m
Observation Table:
Hot water flow rate in LPH = .
Cold water flow rate in LPH =
Energy meter initial and final reading = ..
Time interval
Sr No.
(min)
Thi (oC)
Tho (oC)
Tci (oC)
Tco (oC)
1
2
.
Up to steady state (e.g., no change in temperatures for given time interval)
DATA REDUCTION:
Heat transfer rate
Heat transfer rate for hot fluid Qh = mh cph (Thi-Tho) = Vh h cph (Thi-Tho) [in Watt]
Heat transfer rate for cold fluid Qc = mc cpc (Tci-Tco) = Vc c cpc (Tci-Tco) [in Watt]
Where,
Vh , Vc = Hot and cold water flow rate, m3/s
Ti To
(T Tc 0 ) (Tho Tci )
hi
ln(Ti / To )
(T Tco )
ln hi
(
T
T
)
ci
ho
Where Ti
To
where, Uo is the overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner pipe outer diameter, Ao is the
inner pipe heat transfer surface area (diL)
COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
d i ui
d iVh
d i2
4
Re di
Pr
Prandtl number:
C p , water water
k water
hd
d
i i 1.86 Re . Pr . i
k water
L
0.33
** The physical properties of water can be obtained at the mean temperature of hot water
using the following formulae
T T2
Tm 1
2
Calculation of shell side heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
Nusselt No.:
Reynolds No.:
Prandtl number:
Nu o
ho d e
k water
Re o
where de = Di - do
d euo
Pr
d eVc
2
Di d o2
4
4Vc
Di d o
C p , water water
k water
ho d e
0.36 Re 0.55 . Pr 0.33
k water
** The physical properties of shell side fluid can be obtained at the mean temperature of cold
water using the following formulae
T T4
Tm 3
2
U o ho
2k wall L
Ai hi ho
2k wall
d i hi
Where hi, ho are the convective heat transfer coefficients inside and outside the tubes.
EXERCISES
1. Determine the log mean temperature difference (LMTD).
2. Determine, compare & analyze the theoretical and experimental overall heat transfer
coefficient.
Holman, J.P., Heat Transfer, 9th edition, McGraw Hill, NY, 2004
2.
Incropera, F. P. and Dewitt, D. P., Heat and Mass transfer, 5th Edition, 2002
*******************
Appendix
Properties of Water
Specific isobaric heat capacity of saturated liquid (cpf) [J/kg.oC]
Relation
Temperature range
1.8007
273.15
273.15
kf = 0.92247 + 2.8395
273.15
0.07344
273.15
+ 0.52577
[ Temperature T is in K]
[ Temperature is in C]
f = 0.00002414 10J
247.8
T 140
where J =
[ Temperature T is in K]
Updated on 04/Aug/2015