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Electromagnetic Radiations
EMC terms and lab assessment conditions
Electromagnetic emission Electromagnetic susceptibility
Standardized Standardized
test test
Given EM Given EM
disturbance The best situation is disturbance
Defined Defined
Measuring Disturbance
equipment to undertake EMC tests source
Standardized Standardized
Measuring
conditions & to solve EMC problems Measuring
conditions
Emission-test
level
before they appear in situ Immunity-test
level
Emission-test Immunity-test
limit limit
Standardized Standardized
test In situ test test
Standardized Standardized
test In situ test test
ICM
2
ICM Equipment
2
IDM
IDM VDM Equipment
Z
Safety wire 1 2
Chassis ground
ICM CM current
measurement
2
ICM
IDM
IDM DM current
measurement
2.IDM
Typical input current of a 5 kVA filtered converter
DIFFERENTIAL
MODE COMMON MODE
Frequency
How to measure a disturbing voltage ?
50 µH 250 µH
EUT Line
To Spectrum 220 nF 8 µF
Analyzer Bleeder
1 µF
or 50 load 100 k
1 k 5
Ground
CISPR 50 // (50 µH + 5 ) L I S N
LISN impedance LISN 50 µH
100
50
LISN 5 µH
10
6
k
impedance
k
k
M
10
1
10
1 Increasing
=
=
=
=
zone
Z
Z
Z
Z
10 kV
Circuits severity
in series
P
P
=
E field dominates, so:
10
1
10
M
kW
kW
W
Reduce parasitic capacitors
1 kV
Limit high V/ t trace lengths
P
P
=
=
10
kW
W
=
=
10
1
W
Increasing Low
10 V
severity
impedance
1
0
10
0.
10
V diode
=
=
=
=
Z
Z
critical
zone
Z
1V
10 mA 100 mA 1A 10 A 100 A 1000 A H field dominates, so:
I
Circuits
in parallel
Reduce ESR and ESL
Limit high I/ t loop areas
Any switching circuit should
Choose “sandwich” geometries
be positioned in this plane… Use lower I circuits in parallel
Introduction
Electromagnetic Radiations
The voltage tolerance boundary
Duration of Disturbance in
Cycles (c) and Seconds (s)
106
Voltage-Tolerance
90
Envelope
2
Time response
1.8
( Vin = 1 ) Q = 10
1.6
Q=5
1.4
Q=2
1.2
0.8
Q=1
0.6
Q = 0.7
0.4
Q = 0.5
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.t
Where to install a DM Voltage Transient Suppressor ?
Overvoltage : kV Peak résidual voltage : kV
EMC
Power line CONVERTER
Filter
MOV
EMC CONVERTER
Filter
(Ageing)
EMC
Power line CONVERTER
Filter
OK
& Filter inductance prevents
Varistor at converter input : best results TVS premature triggering
Where to add protection components ?
Overvoltage
protection Diode
No impedance on the DC side to limit
reverse overvoltage on rectifier bridge
NTC L
AC Line C Output
« PFC Boost »
No voltage
A Diode avoids doubling limitation
output voltage doubling
ABut
NTCNo inrush current
nothermistor
inrush current limitation
limitslimitation yet
inrush current
The problem of the negative impedance of a DC/DC converter
Output Input
Zout EMC filter Z cable EMC filter
R + jL
Z1 Z2 Zin
SOURCE DC / DC
Negative positive
impedance Impedance
Zin
65
0
Phase
-180°
0.1 Hz 1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz
Risks : Solutions :
- No Start Up - Add a large capacitor at DC / DC input
- Output voltage instability - Reduce cable inductance (several pairs in //)
- Destruction of DC / DC converter - Reduce the converter regulation bandwidth
Introduction
Electromagnetic Radiations
Some problems of converters harmonics
Usually, even harmonics are low (because + and – half-waves look the same).
Most of inverters and AC / DC converters without PFC exceed normalized levels.
For most single – phase converters without PFC on a 3 phase network, the 3rd
harmonics (150 Hz) is an “homopolar” current. So, Ineutral can exceed Iphase.
Anti-harmonic or active filters are useful for a low power source (electric generator).
For a high power network, the problem of harmonics is not the voltage distortion
but the mastering of cabling protection scheme (cables & circuits breakers).
Differential Mode interferences
IDM I2 2
I1 Z2 V2 Z Load
Z1
Power Line 1 V1
IDM
V1 V1
2 2
Convolution Result
Z Electrolytic capacitor impedance VDM
dB Rectifier bridge
dBµV wideband noise
ESR
Fd =
1 2.ESL (diode recovery for
C ESL. AC/DC converter)
ESR
1
F
There wire
C EMC Filter
Switched LISN VV11: :V Without filter
without filter
current I Cx 100
ESR L2 V2:DM WithImpedance
EMC filter
Back wire
DM
DMequivalent
equivalentscheme
schemeofofaaconverter
converterwith
without
an EMC
any filter
filter
+20
dB V2
+10
V1
Resonance before cut-off
0
-10
-20
F0 = 1
-30 2 L.Cx
F
F0
-40
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 5 7 10
Traps of a Differential Mode EMI filter
3
4
L1 L
H
LISN 7 Cx L2 C’ Electrolytic
capacitors Converter
1 2 6 5
1 - Choose the proper structure (to mismatch the impedances)
2 - Choose (L1+L2) x Cx value so that Fresonance < lowest frequency to filter
3 - Verify that no inductance saturates at max current (Max P & Min V)
4 - Limit H field coupling to leakage inductance (in air) of L1 & L2
5 - Safety margin necessary to compensate electrolytic caps ESR dispersion
6 - Add C’ as needed to reduce wideband recovery noise of rectifier bridge
7 - Limit H field-to-loop coupling to avoid parasitic voltage pick-up.
Take care of Differential Mode cabling…
NO !
Take care of Differential Mode cabling…
NO !
NO !
BETTER
BEST !
How to reduce cabling parasitic impedances…
ZG ZG
ZL ZL
V V
Serial Parallel
Impedances Capacitance
Improper
Routings
Z > 1 K
Z < 10
V V
To move
away
Correct
Routings
Minimal
length
How to measure Output Ripple…
Nominal
Input Converter R Current
50 Coaxial Cable
50 input
How to analyse Output Ripple
C = 1 µF to measure HF ripple only
C = 100 µF to measure 100 Hz ripple
Output Nominal
Input Converter R Current
terminal
Oscilloscope
50 Coaxial Cable
50 input
Voltage
Usually CM - to - DM conversion
60 mV
0
t
–60 mV
HF « NOISE » « RIPPLE »
« RIPPLE + NOISE »
( @ > 3 MHz ) ( @ Switching F )
Electromagnetic Radiations
Common Mode interferences
ICM
2
C2 ZDM Load
Power Line
V
ICM
2 C1
ZCM
1 I1 = C1 . V / t
I1 doesn’t circulate through the load, so it is little disturbing.
C : Parasitic cap between “hot conductors” & ground F0 Fc 1 to 10 MHz log (F)
Convolution Result
Resonance
1
Loop VCM
Z dBµV
admittance
dB -1 Resonance
1 flat 1
F F F
1 1
Fr =
2 LC F3
log (F)
Fr 3 to 30 MHz F0 Fc Fr log (F)
Insertion Loss of an EMC Common Mode Filter
CCM = Cp + C'p + 2 x Cy M
2 wires
CM
CMequivalent
equivalentscheme
schemeofofananisolated
isolatedconverter
converterwithout
with a afilter
filter
+20
dB V2
V1
+10 Resonance before cut-off
0
-10
-20
1
F0 =
-30
2 M.CMC
F
F0
-40
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 5 7 10
The 3 cases of Primary-to-Secondary Common Mode
Metallic chassis
Grounded
1 No disturbance outside of the chassis
output
Filter Converter
No CM noise in electronic circuits
Electronics
EMC filter easy to optimize
IMC
Not filtered
output
2 No disturbance outside of the chassis
Filter Converter
CM Noise through electronic circuits
Electronics
CM inductance
can saturate I+
Primary M
circuits I–
Connexion
Ground
to ground Ig Ig
I+ I–
I+
Primary
circuits
M I–
C 100 nF I+ = I–
50
Line 2
Common Mode
Output
Line 1 DM
input output
AND OR
Line 2 CM
input output
CM / DM separator adaptation on a commercial LISN
2 coaxial cables
with same length
Introduction
Electromagnetic Radiations
Sources of Electromagnetic Radiations
1
H
I1 I2 IMC
1 Sources of H field :
Leakage fields of windings
Secondary loop areas
Primary loop area
2 Sources of E field :
High V/t conductive parts (Heat sink, ferrite core…)
HF insufficiently filtered cables (e.g. output cable)
HF solutions must be installed close to the sources
Ni - Zn
Ferrite tube
Noisy
Load
converter
Noisy Output
converter
2 x 1 nF
Chassis metal sheet
“BLM”
Ferrite
High bead
µr
bead Clock
R MOS R R 22 C 47 pF
C
10 to
100
HF Diode
Even small converters (few W) can be very noisy (I/O CM & radiation)
Ground Loop : Definition & Effects
Apparatus Apparatus
Interconnect. cable
#1 #2
GROUND LOOP
Z I
nearest ground conductor / structure
3
4
2
5
1
Voltage
reference
The
Thereal
Theory…
world !
Ground Grid : Definition & Effects
Apparatus Apparatus
#1 #2
GROUND GRID